The agreement is part of a technique, being tried so far in about 10 of the FAA’s 676 facilities nationwide, in which labor-management committees try to resolve disputes. The FAA says it hopes to have the system in about 20 more facilities by September, and in all of them by late 1993.
Union ranks are hotly divided on the new approach, generally known as Quality Through Partnership, or QTP. Some members of the National Air Traffic Controllers Association, or Natca, bitterly attack the idea, stirring talk of new militancy. The joint approach is "nothing more than a scam," says Joe Bellino, a regional Natca official and a veteran controller at Chicago’s big O’Hare airport.
But others see signs of hope. At Leesburg, where such boards have been used informally for the past six months, "things have improved tenfold," says Paul Williams, the local Natca representative. Joyce Sexton, the center’s manager, agrees that "the trust level has improved."
The impact goes beyond labor relations and is significant for airline passengers’ safety and efficient air travel, says Larry Anderson, the center’s assistant manager. "By acting objectively instead of subjectively, we think we will give better service to the flying public," he says.
Synopsis
This document provides a set of requirements, guidelines, and suggestions to help staff and students in the Institute of transport and logistics studies toprepare papers, reports, essays, and theses. It covers content and structure, layout requirements, headings, titles, lists, capitalisation, the referencing system, and binding. It also provides some rules and hints on improving writing. The document also contains a fairly complete treatment of exactly how to apply Harvard Referencing, according to current standards.
Table of Contents
Biographical
16 May 2005, that was my first day arrive Brisbane, Australia. I was nineteen years old on that year. When I face the brand new city and so many unfamiliar faces, I felt both so daunting and so exciting. I studied in Griffith University (Brisbane) from 2005-2008, and gained my first degree which was the Bachelor of Hotel Management. After that, I continue the master degree of Tourism Management in University of Queensland. In 2009, I finished the two degrees and began to work in Holiday Inn Hotel, as a casual staff in event department. I never realize how narrow and limited I know about lodging industry in real world until I transferred to operation department. In the operation department, the major thing you deal with every day was supply chain management. You must understand the amount of demand and pick up appropriate suppliers to match and satisfy requirements. For this reason, I initially think about further study in supply chain field. Fortunately, I received the offer from University of Sydney in January 2010. There will be so much that’s new going on in my university life, hope I will improve myself effectively in Institute of Transport and Logistics.
1.0 Introduction
Air mode is the number one choice for most international traveller. However, safety and airplane delay are common problems which bring millions troubles for passengers. I had one experience that I stayed in Airport nearly 11 hours because of flight delay. That was a disaster for me. Therefore, I am very interested to analyse air traffic control management in order to improve overall transport service.
Air Traffic Control requires high technology and skilled staffs to deal with the safety zone between aircrafts and also to ensure the airplanes safely take-off and landing. For instance, New York is busiest airspace in the world. It has three airports in which around 7500 planes arrive and depart each day. The three airports from a triangle around New York and are only15 miles from each other locate. Consequently, the process of air traffic control is complex and difficult in operational management, as it contains different controllers (TRACON, controller, Tower controller and ground controllers); each controller has different operational functions over it.
This report will relate the theory of planning and control to air traffic control management, also analysing the five performance objectives and explaining how the performance works or relates to air traffic control management.
2.0 Theory of Planning and Control
Planning is a formalization of what is intended to happen at some time in future.(Nigel, Stuart & Robert, 2004). Control is the process to cope with changes in this variable. So Planning and control activities provide the systems, procedures and decisions which bring these two entities together. There are four main aspects which influence the content of planning and controlling. They are loading, sequencing, scheduling, monitoring and controlling. (see Appendix 1)
2.1 How the theory contributes to the air traffic control
Planning and control means to minimize the risk of aircraft collisions while maximizing the number of aircraft that can fly safely at the same time in a particular area ( ). Air traffic controllers should maintain and monitor the safe separation of aircraft in flight, and ensure that pilots receive important information about the airspace they are flying in. The whole process of air traffic control must be linking to each other.
Firstly, the finite loading of air traffic control work is heavy, such as each NEW YORK airport handle100 landings and take offs per hour, about one every 45 seconds ( ). There are several strategic rules for controller to deal with sequence of each work:
l Due Date (DD) sequence means that work is sequenced according to when it is “Due” for delivery , irrespective of the size of the each job or the importance of each customers .It usually improves the delivery reliability of an operation and improve average delivery speed. For example, during the earlier morning rush period, there are about 25 planes waiting to depart. Every plane has departure time and landing time, which one depart first or second is decided by the time of departure. When tower controller is informed the due time of the each plane to depart, the tower controller will direct the pilots the accurate time to take off or landing in. This rule meet “due date” promised to customers dependability. So the tower controllers have to follow this rule when navigating.
l Johnson’s rule is another method for sequence. It applies to the sequencing of several jobs through two work centers. Tower controller itself control two runways that cross each other, one for take off, the other for landing. The controller look at the smallest processing time if that time is associated with the first work center then schedule that job first, or as near first as possible. If the next smallest time is associated with the second work center then sequencing that job last or as near last as possible. In this case, the controller has to shoot the gap to get the planes to take off in between the stream of landing aircraft, sometimes times less than 60 seconds . According to this rule, the controller has to make a very clear calculation to know how many minutes or seconds the different size of planes spends when they landing or taking off.
l Thirdly, First in first out (FIFO) establishes a fair order, based on estimated times of arrival, and determines proper separations. Because of the randomness of the traffic, gaps will remain in the scheduled sequence of aircrafts an airway intersection, or a specific runway.These gaps are filled, or partially filled, by time-advancing the leading aircraft after a gap while still preserving the FIFO order. (http://atcmonitor.com/)
After sequencing , the controller must make a detailed timetable showing at time the airplane take off or landing should start，which is known as scheduling . When everything has been done, the last step should be monitor and control. The controller in each tower will monitor and control all the flights depart, landing and even in the airspace. However, the air traffic control system is a vast network of people and equipment that requires very high level operation management. Therefore, air traffic controllers must coordinate the movement of air traffic to make certain that planes stay a safe distance apart; also they must direct planes efficiently to minimize delays
l Ground controllers direct aircraft that are moving on the ground, using the taxiways and parking ramps of airports. It is hands over to the ground controllers who are responsible for navigating it through the maze of interconnecting taxiways found at most international airports ( ).
l Tracon controllers manage different sectors of airspace, with plans being handed over from one controller to the next ( ).
l Tower Controller:
To sum up, Planning and controlling are very important in the air traffic control. If the is no planning and controlling, everything will be in disorder, the controllers in each tower must get the same rule or the same data when they make the planning and controlling. The airplane can be landed and take off only under the strict operational system, so planning and control are the crucial factors to impact the aircrafts take off and landing successfully.