Role women and men at work at current time in United Kingdom have a different faces. That essay will be contribute to gender and their role at job market and how gender may affect on these subject, and how that all is changing. Gender still has a huge influence on choosing of occupation. Described relations are between gender and work, and changes in that topic, which professions are now choosing predominantly, and which are may choosing now which never would not have been selected at the past. Mentioned issues are a horizontally and vertically segregation (Truss et al, 2013), pay gap, different behaviours at work which have link with gender. Currently approach of males and females to work different than in the past, females are more conscious of the own values, they are more focused on career. They want to be more independent than ever before and males besides work want today more participation in family life (Lynda Gratton, 2013).
At environment of work, males and females are subjected to segregation. Segregation may be has different sizes (Jacobs, J. A., 1995). May be in horizontally and vertically. Horizontally refers to occupations in which women dominated and salaries are poorly. The labour market of women has been changed during the last 40 years in Great Britain; these changes were the result of legislation to counter of discrimination. Although still is to a large extent dominated by typically female professions which are also lower paid, these occupations are for example: care services and secretarial work. Wages women’s are lower than men’s although this difference now is 10% for full time workers. Differences between salaries are seen not only at low positions, but also at high. Males bosses receive by half larger benefits than female bosses (Simon Goodley, 2013) Vertically segregation may be described as inferior occupation in hierarchy, for example if we take some enterprise women position is usually not so prestige as men. Males are on higher and more important positions at company (Truss et al, 2013). Such a division is taken from stereotypical view on gender. Women and men have different nature to female fit professions which characterize gentleness, woman’s have contact with others people, which are related with occupation in service. Men are seen like sex who are stronger and to them belong occupations which is need force physical but also mental, male are better in decision making (Truss et al, 2013). About occupational segregation are also mentioned report Horylood which says that women professions are major at: cleaning, caring and clerical work. (ROBBIE DINWOODIE, 2012)
Differences between men and women are visible at education stage. Females are more likely to learn occupations in services such as: hairdressing, beauty therapy, social care, health and business administration as opposite to men which more often choosing professions more linked with engineering, technology, manufacturing and construction (Facts about women and men in GB, 2006), at higher education females predominated at areas: education, law, social studies and in medicine and dentistry, men the most dominated in: computer science, mathematical science, engineering and technology. Decision making regarding to choosing a future job is related with often with upbringing, with what culture someone grew up, but also from differing quality between male and female, at theme physically and psychically and psychic factors. Physically because males are sex who is stronger than women, for that not each profession can be doing by women (R. KERLAN & R. MACKENZIE, 1988). Other differences are in behaviour women and, in perceptions of risk, women in risk see as threat, men as challenge, for that men are better in decision making, men have more tendency to doing things which require bravery, for that responds emotions women and men, males are more confident than females for that is more men on managerial positions and positions which require fast decision like policeman or fire-fighter (Genesee, U., & Croson, R., 2009)
At the workplace are seen also that the women are more strive than men, women gain to development own skills, that differences between gender is reasoned inherent characteristics of women. Small girls are more systematic, usually are more learn than men, devote more attention to learn new things than boy (Jonathan Richards, 2013). This early disparities are a reflection a behaviours at work, but despite all the care women are perceived by males as sex which is on the other conditions at work, is that because women and female is are different from easy reasons, that women bear children, they need furlough, but when females becoming from holidays rest of men colleagues look on theme like on someone who is on different and better laws, that have a place in companies where dominated are men, males at work are often severe. Females very often have to struggle with issues at work and at home, so decided give up on career (Jonathan Richards, 2013). Relations between genders are very important, in equal measure and roles man to women and vice versa, work should be on level which will not make those talented women or men by policy at workplace will leave the work (Jonathan Richards, 2013).
Leadership is a next area of work which makes difference between women and men, men are seen as better leader and manager through stereotypical assessment of gender. Women is characterized as sensitive, which care about other and which have a problem with harming someone, men are described as aggressive, unhesitating, uninfluenced (Powell, G. N., 2011). According to Powell (2011) women can have problem in leadership of employees by prejudice to woman which theme rules, other reason that women could be on wrong link with differences with behaviour women and, author says that men decision achieve better financial performance. Men as managers are more authoritarian and dictatorial; they are not so inclined to consultations in decisions making with rest of workers (Barbara Oaff, 2001). Women are considered as persons who are more open on staff needs, is spoken that females are capable in larger extent to co-operation. Women are more focused on relations between people in company, they are caring for feelings of employees, female manager strives to good communication between her and personnel (Barbara Oaff, 2001), this are a general features regarding to managing by different sex, but that qualities may not fit to all women and to all men, according to some people way of managing depends most from management style than from sex, management style depend from business sense not from biological traits. Most of surveys showing that males and females have more joint features than dissimilar (Barbara Oaff, 2001)
Glass ceiling according to The Herald (2012) is something which is not seen, some barrier which results in unequal treating women and men, on all levels of work, that not depends if that is a low paid work or highly paid usually without another reasons than sex are differences in behaviour towards males and females. Graham Snowdon (2011) presents the problem of glass ceiling, says that women managers still believe in that barriers, in percent 73% of them, men only 38%, so difference between sexes is large, but according to some women advancement is depends from their motivation, self-confidence and skills. If women have that everything she do not should feel any difficulties in getting higher positions in their work (Graham Snowdon, 2011). Currently is visible striving some of large companies in UK to equalizing roles women and men at work, one of theme is Lloyds bank. That company would like to achieved in 2020 40% percent of women in their boardrooms, this is a evidence how world is changing (Louisa Peacock, 2014), a few years ago nobody not suggested such an idea, but looking on that proffer is seen that males role will be still more important than women and that if this propositions will be achieved will be noticeable for 6 years.
Vertically situation confirms fact that in UK from 597 directors merely 15 was women (Julia Finch, & Jill Treanor, 2003), achieved positions with high incomes for women is hard because only 1 women from 190 directors had earnings more than ??1m on year, business world is full of men. According Guardian research at 2003 from 107 polled companies 43 from them do not had in their boards any women (Julia Finch, & Jill Treanor, 2003). View of UK business is so much cornered by men. Despite that now it is year 2014 disproportion are still visible. Great variations at workforce may spot in UK government. Women councillors usually focus on issues regarding to ”social services and social inclusion, housing, health and community and neighbourhood services, while they are less likely to have responsibility for spheres such as corporate affairs, regeneration and economic development and transport” (Bochel, C., & Bochel, H., 2008), that is the next fact which shows that more liability tasks are in hands of man. Some tests shown that men have worse chances on improvement their qualifications than women at place of work, but men have better view on their prospects of development, according that tests women despite education, knowledge in similar level as men they have more problem in used this possibilities in operating at innovate way (Truss, C. at al.,2012). Rachel Ellis (2010) in her article says that less than 30% of women are on position consultant in the health service despite the fact that two-thirds of doctors which starting work are female. Great disproportions in health service are seen in for example in emergency medicine and surgery, female is only less than 10%. That situation is explained by article that the achieved high positions at work are often hard to reconciling with family life, and women are usually choosing family than career (Rachel Ellis, 2010). Another reason is that women do not feel such pressure for appointment to high positions in their occupation. Future doctors shows that women will be have better position in possibilities of development because forecasts says that in 2017 the most doctors will be women (Sarah Boseley, 2009), but say also that men still will be hold on the best professions.
According to new research in Great Britain say that more female than male working. Number of working women increased from year 1971, indicator was 53% and no is 67, but for men that indicator is lower, from 92% fell off to 76% (Plymouth Herald, 2013). That situation is caused by the women which now are more determinate on work, more mothers try connects work with family life, when men due to well paid profession. Almost half of the working women have work at part-time job. When from working men at part-time work only 12%, and males working more than females at week, average 44 hours, when women 4h less (Plymouth Herald, 2013) Another article says that working women at these days is more than ever but number of men is falling, that is caused by worse operating of manufacturing from four decades, quantity of working men dropped by 11% (Jill Sherman, 2013).
Contemporary world is changing; today may meet more often women on place men or men on place women. At 2012 year was near 10% men which stayed at home for carrying their children, when their women was sole breadwinner, number of stay-at- home father increased at 2012 the most from 10 years, started records in 1993, was 19 thousands more (Sunday Times, 2013). In these days in UK the conviction that the women should stay at home and carrying children is becoming not so obvious, current times partners are thinking what will be more financially beneficial. If woman earn more than man, men more often have not feel worries with stay at home (Tracy McVeigh, 2012).Changes are seen also in choosing occupations by women, now is more possible seeing female at occupation from long time reserved only for men, such as: truck drivers, mechanic, butcher, from all truck drivers in UK 0,05% are women (Deirdre Claffey, 2012), so may say that human consciousness is different than several years ago, sight women as mechanic is not such strange phenomenon. Still is much to do in raising awareness that role women and men at work may be the same on many domains. People have at head that women and men are so different beings with so many features which exclude doing the same things, but thinking at stereotypical way, it is smaller part in UK now (Harriet Minter, 2013), survey shows that more than 60% of people at Great Britain think that female and male may do what want, that gender not matters. However if asked who is a better surgeon, 35% from respondents said that better are men and 5% said that better are women, so looking at the future may say that sex differences on choosing occupations will be have less impact, but the important occupations on workforce will be still associated with men (Harriet Minter, 2013).
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Marc Easton (2012) writes that now the most of professional places of work is hold by women, occupations which are current occupied by women are: teachers, journalists, lab technician, therapists and librarian, but that advantage is only thanks to that women where work mainly at part-time job, comparing how many women and men is at work, 58% at work is men and 42% are women.
Male earnings are lower than the other day, this started from 2009 after crises , from average pay which was 14, 24 in 2009, in 2013 was 12,93, female earning decreased only to 6%, despite that males still average earn 20% more than women, but generally men salary declining faster than women (Emily Gosden, 2014). Emily Gosden (2014) mentioned also that most low pay influence on the young employees aged between 22- 29, 8, 9% lower pay, that differences in pays is the most important for this young men, because that is age in which usually people set up a family, want to achieved own purposes, if salaries still will be decreasing attaining the stabilization in future life will be not easy.
Discrimination, if someone hears this notion everyone think about women, but Polly Curtis (2006) says that discrimination applicable also men, author refers to work in secretarial jobs, in that occupation men have problem witch getting the job. Article describe situation where comparing women and men regarding quantity invited on jobs interview, women on engineering posts and men on secretarial jobs, results that survey are a little bit surprising because shown that women have been 4 more often invited on interview for job commonly recognized males than men on interview to work which generally belong to women (Polly Curtis, 2006). Looking at the proportions between sexes in area of accountancy is 30% of women and 20% in computer analyst job, changes are seen but issues with occupational segregations still exist (Polly Curtis, 2006).
Now men want to have similar impact on raising children like women, they do not want to only to be for bringing money to home, they won’t to actively participate in children life. Through that their role at workplace also should to be changed, males want to flexible working hours, more part time jobs for men (Lynda Gratton ,2013). Unfortunately future that changes for men will be not easy and fast because work is still patriarchal for men. Males often do not take furlough to caring for children because they are afraid of stigmatising at work, as long as companies will be having thinking that men have duty work without taking into consideration, that men have also obligations relative to family as long men will be the smaller part of participation in being in children life (Lynda Gratton, 2013). Males want to be in family life more than ever but job is still the most important part of men life, work gives sense of security, sense of values (Viviola G??mez,2006), having a work is for theme is the determinant of masculinity, for men loss of job and acceptation this situation is more difficult for men than for women.
Summarizing gender has impact of career. Differences in behaviours towards women and men are still visible. Fight for inequality in salaries is still continued at UK, is a long way before institutions will find way to ending these differences, maybe that issue will be never solved. Achieving high positions at work links with women and their worse position to done this only through their gender, men predominate in boardroom. Looking to the perception people Great Britain regarding choosing occupation by women and men is seen more tolerance, this bodes well for the future. Currently females wants to be significant part of work market and according Hannah Summers (2013) two third of women, 81% think that having a baby may harm their career, most of women thinking that reconciliation achieving success at work with raising a children is impossible, because always some duties will be worse performed. Very important matter is role men at work and their role of father, their long hours spent at work and participation in family life in greater extent is hard as long as companies do not changed their policy. Males want to be more involved in caring of children but women want to be achieved more success at work, often females are willing to not having children in return occupational career (Lynda Gratton ,2013). In conclusion may say that role women and men have been changed and still are changing, but differences between genders will be long in UK society.