RESEARCH ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS
4.1 Introduction
Level analysis is the most important stage of a survey. At this stage, the questionnaires and the information obtained will be reviewed and analyzed to carry out the process on the next level. If the analysis is carried out not correctly, then the information is inaccurate will be produced. In addition, this chapter also an important component in the study because it would generate new discoveries which could form the general proposals for use in assessing the design layout is more safe, comfortable and effective.
The study is focused on a housing area in which housing is located in the town of Batu Pahat. The population of this housing area is about 1583 population, this data was taken in Batu Pahat Municipal Council.
4.2 Survey Techniques
Survey technique is a method to find out the actual situation with regard to the related problem in the housing, residential that can influence the occurrence of crime in addition to look into the Safe City Concept as the main approach. There is some excellent technique in this study such as;
4.2.1 Population Survey Methods
The first method is a questionnaire which acts as a tool for collecting data in this study. It is done directly to the residents in housing estates of Taman Nira at Batu Pahat, Johor. Through this, each respondent will give a different perception of safety in the residential areas mainly involving crime and security.
This questionnaire is being carried out to obtain the current data on the profile of the population, which can be linked with the current state of crime. In addition, the respondents view of the study area on the level of safety, the types of crimes that can occur in the neighborhood, resident’s satisfaction of their residential neighborhood as well as proposed actions taken to prevent physical crime. This study is important in knowing the level of safety of the study area through the perception of the population. There are 110 questionnaires to be distributed to the residents of the study area.
4.2.2 Sample Determination of Respondents
In this analysis, the sampling method used is the probability sampling method. Probability sampling techniques used are area sampling. In this study, Batu Pahat had 4 areas have implemented Safe City Program. This technique also needs to choose one of the four area. After the selected area, the size of the population must be identified.
To determine the sample size, it is determined by the use of sample size calculator Raosoft. Using the sample size calculator Raosoft, it has applied the four factors in determining the sample size. There are four factors in determining the sample size, which is margin error, the confidence level, the population and the response distribution. Suggested minimum sample size for the survey totaled 149. The following table shows the four factors that determine the sample size by using the sample size calculator Raosoft.
Table 4.1: Sample size calculator
Raosoft Type Type Number
Margin Of Error 5%
Confidence Level 85%
Population Size 1583
Response Distribution 50%
Minimum Recommended Size 151
Source: http://www.raosoft.com/samplesize.html
4.2.3 Limitations of Time
To achieve the 151 respondents, there were obstacles while performing research on there are having a few problems. Which is that has no resident outside their home when the survey studies conducted. In addition, circumstances cannot be made when raining in the evening. Weather often causes restricted and difficult done in doing this study. This greatly influenced the number of respondents who made.
The questionnaire was done in for 1 week to complete a number of the respondents. But, it has not been to complete the full amount because a few problems. The time taken for 1 week’s days was done by repeatedly but has yet to reach the number of respondents. The number of respondents that could make only 110
4.2.4 Data Processing
The gathered information will be processed using Statistical Package of Social Science (SPSS) Software for operating frequency statistic. The results of the study can help in generating reserves in implementation of the Safe City in the area of study. The views of the respondents against environment factor and social according to agreement to agreement with the analysis by using a weighting method was appropriate for determining the views of the respondents with the goal of the study.
4.2.5 Taking Photograph
During observation in the study area, taking photograph are also being carried out with regard of the Safe City Concept in the residential area. The photos will be serving as evidence and guidelines for this study. Photos taken are concerned with the problems faced by the residents of the study area, the types of Safe City Concept found in the Taman Nira, the surrounding environment and facilities in the study area and it’s also taking into the analysis.
4.2.6 Secondary Data Collection
Secondary data collection is one of the approaches in this study. Secondary data are obtained from the government departments such as a Batu Pahat Municipal Council, the police used to support information to be analyzed. Among the information from the related department are the current number of population, crime index and location plans for the study area.
4.2.7 Observational Study Area
Observation method and observation studies are conducted by researchers to find out the security situation around the study area during the day and night. The study is also focused on crowded places such as shop lots, children’s playground, bus stops, street design, and residential units and so on. Each physical must not increase the potential for any criminal acts in which the situation is expected to be unsafe and should be identified.
4.3 Analysis Questionnaire Taman Nira Residents
A survey of the residents of the study area Taman Nira is carried out to find out about the background of the respondents such as gender, race, age, marital status and employment status. Although the base of the study is looking at the application of the concept of safe city, but the basic information about the respondent’s question survey should be taken into the analysis. In addition, the views of the respondents interviewed also take into a several aspects such as the crimes that occurred in the residential area. Furthermore, the suggestions and comments of the respondents also take on how far to assess the environmental conditions, the level of security and with respect to the application of the Safe City. In this survey, a total of 110 respondents were interviewed.
4.3.1 Respondent Profiles
I. Gender of Respondent
Referring to Table 4.1 the results of questionnaires to randomly selected respondents from Taman Nira is 110 members. Of the total, from the total of 110 respondents, there are 64 respondents, 58 percent of male and 46 female respondents that had 42 percent. Based on this table, the number of men in a residential area is more than 16 percent. A study concerning the gender of respondents needs, because men view women is different. This happens because the statistics are interviews being done in the area of eateries around the study area and at home, the men who usually are in the stalls in the morning on weekends.
Table 4.2: Gender of Respondents
Gender Number Percentage
Male 64 58
Female 46 42
Total 110 100
II. Race of Respondent
The number of respondents randomly picked for the Malay is about 78 percent, followed by 15 percent china and Indians while only 6 per cent. Table 4.2 shows that Malays gives more feedback from the survey was conducted. Malays are the majority in this area, therefore, not surprising that the majority of respondents selected are Malays. In that area also there has a shop lot that owner by the resident and mostly the owner is malay.
Table 4.3: Race of Respondent
Race Number Percentage
Malay 86 78
Chinese 17 15
Indian 7 6
Total 110 100
III. Age of Respondents
Based on table 4.2 shows the analysis of race and age in the study area. Results of interviews with residents were found that the age range of 41-50 years is the highest at 31 respondents and 28 percent. These age ranges are the most active in their housing area. It is also because in this age range, they are conscious about all aspects of safety and comfort of their housing area. The age groups are categorized as the active compared with the age < 20 years. The second highest age group is the age group <20 years. This group of respondents can be categorized as those who are still in school. In this case, they can also be categorized as a group that is active as well. If seen in table 4.3 below, the respondents age category is equal respond.
Table 4.4: Age of Respondent
Age Number Percentage
<20 years old 22 20
21-30 years old 19 17
31-40 years old 21 19
41-50 years old 31 28
>51 years old 17 15
Total 110 100
IV. Marital Status of Respondents
From the aspect of marital status, can be seen in Table 4.4 clearly shows the majority of respondents who live in this area are those who have a family which is 74 respondents at 67 percent. The rate of respondents who were married were clearly indicating that the study area are those with families. In table 4.5 shows marital status and age, if can see range age between 41-50 years old ages that most people married that show 25 respondents and 23 percent. This is because they are already married status is more concerned about safety, especially to their children. In the context of the study, the marital status plays an important role as to see whether the people living in the study area are those who already have a family. This has been one factor that most crimes occur side in a residential area is a region inhabited by those who are married. However, this aspect is not seen as a major contributor to crime scenes.
Table 4.5: Marital Status of Respondents
Marital Status Number Percentage
Single 30 27
Married 74 67
Others 6 5
Total 110 100
Table 4.6: Marital Status and Age of Respondents
Marital Status Age
<20 years old 21-30 years old 31-40 years old 41-50 years old >51 years old Total Percentage %
Single 18 6 6 0 0 30 27
Married 4 13 15 25 17 74 67
Others 0 0 0 6 0 6 5
Total 22 19 21 31 17 110 100
V. Analysis of the age and Employment
Based on the questionnaire was carried out, a large number or majority of randomly selected respondents was made up of those who are already working. This can be approved based on table 4.3 where a total of 84 and 76 percent of respondents are working. Categories are not considered as employees in the table below are retirees, students and others. Self-employed is the most populous job sector in the study area of 30%. This is because in the study area there are many shops owned by residents of the study area itself. The bustle of people with a job may result in an increase in the study area because the residents are not at home during the time of the crime to commit a crime suitability of either robbery or others.
Table 4.7: Status Career
Status Of Career Number Percentage
Government 24 21
Private 10 9
Self employed 42 38
Student 16 14
Retired 13 11
Others 5 4
Total 110 100
VI. Period of living
In associating factor in the period of staying of residential studies on criminal problem, refer to table 4.7 shows the duration of respondents living in very review. There are respondents say living in the study area began since it was built. Refer to the age of 70 of the respondents occupying the residence were staying in housing more than 8 years, 71 percent of the total. This explains that there are still residents not doing the migration out areas since it was built.
This factor strategic housing location of environmental facilities that can be enjoyed or income status is still under the ability to buy better homes. For residents who reside in this study area, they were more expert and know all things security in this area. Once the local authority does in City programs in this study area, such as the involvement of the population involving many NBOS study areas. It will be able to reduce the occurrence of crime in the area, but the opinion of respondents on the implications of safe safety programs also need to secure known.
Table 4.8: Respondents staying this area
Period of living Number
Percentage
<1 year 0 0
1-3 year 6 4
4-5 year 14 12
6-8 year 11 9
>8 year 79 77
Total 110 100
IV. Police Patrol and Housing Type
Table 4.8 below shows the police patrol in a residential area. The result of the division questionnaire for the residents of the area found a total of 65 people and 59 percent say the police do not patrol. In addition also can be seen in police patrols in residential areas do most of the House detached compared to the terrace. A total of 21 people living in detached houses or 19 percent said the police patrol.
Residents of the area who lives in types of terrace houses, a total of 41 and 37 percent of people say no patrol made by the police. This may be due to shortage of manpower from the police. In addition to the security police can also be made with care from the private sector and need to pay them. Monitoring and supervision of residential environment by security or police is for security purposes. Patrolling needs to be done regardless of the type of home, should be a particular party should patrol the entire area in order to prevent crime or other things happen. The frequency of the monitoring influence to the reduction of crime rate.
Table 4.9: Police Patrol and Housing Type
Type of housing
Police patrol Total
Yes % No %
Detached 31 28 14 13 45
Semi detached 12 11 9 8 21
Terrace 22 20 21 19 43
Apartment 0 0 1 1 1
Total 65 59 45 41 110
VII. Type of Housing
Refer to Table 4.9 below shows the type of respondent. A total of 45 respondents and 40 percent were living types of detached house and is the second highest terrace house which consist of 43 respnden 39 percent. It shows the feedback is more fully see at home this type of detached and terrace
Table 4.10: Type of Housing
Type Of Housing Number Percentage
Detached 45 40
Semi detached 21 19
Terrace 43 39
Apartment 1 1
Total 110 100
4.3.2 The Opinion of respondent
I. Safety Level
The problem of crime often occurs in residential areas, whether in the form of violent crime or property crime. Among the reasons crime happened is because the planning of a residential area that is an important safety feature. Based on table 4.10 found that highest of 45 people or 40 percent of the respondents in the study area are of the opinion that the level of safety in the study area was less secure. The second highest given by respondents in the study area is safe, which is a total of 40 respondents and 36 percent. This is because the majority of the residence consists of different races, but other incidental factors also affect security. Less satisfied of environmental conditions has become one of the area is poor of lighting and not maintained. Other than that there are few elements of the safe city in this area are not implemented. So that the safety level are still going, but less from before this safe city implemented in this study area. In addition, the percentage of the opinion of the respondents says safety is less satisfied due to the dark and quiet in the evening after 8 pm unless there is a night market on Sunday
Table 4.11: Respondents opinion on the safety level of the Study Area
Safety level Number Percentage
Most satisfied 0 0
Very satisfied 22 20
Satisfied 40 36
Less satisfied 45 40
Not satisfied 3 2
Total 110 100
II. Type of Crime
Based on the table 4.11 below shows clear crimes involving property that is stealing makes the main contributor to the highest number criminal cases in the study area. 40 respondents had registered criminal stealing cases and 36 %, followed by burglary with a total of 34 people and 31 percent. This shows that the program is safe cities that have been made by local authorities to be less efficient because of the occurrence of criminal cases like this.
Respondents also say that criminals usually do with entering the door or path behind the house. It is also caused by a lack of patrolling authority. Patrols made only by police, but they did not show efficacy. It’s May be due to the lack of the number of members makes monitoring. Table 4.12 below shows the total of 65 people say the police do not patrol the area under study.
Some of the respondents indicating a patrol carried out infrequently. This is causing crime still occurs, but is reduced compared to before the program of safe city concept. Theft is happening is like staling motorcycles, staling money of residents and others. From the interview with respondents theft happens is such a small theft.
Table 4.12: Type of Crime
Type of Crime Number Percentage
Snatch Thief 24 22
Arment Robbery 12 11
Stealing 40 36
Rape 0 0
Breakinghouse 34 31
Total 110 100
Table 4.13: Patrol police in study area
Police Patrol Number Percentage
Yes 45 59
No 65 41
Total 110 100
III. Respondents Opinion about Crime safety
Based on the table 4.13 below shows respondents’ opinion about the crime safety in residential areas. From the results of the questionnaire to the respondent was found that the respondents put the less satisfied at the height of about 56 people and 53 percent of the total of 110 people, the second highest is Less satisfied at 34 respondents and 32 percent. From this survey, it can be concluded that the population of the study area is not yet satisfied with the level of security crimes. CCTV, security mirrors are also needed in the fight against crime to secure this city.
Table 4.14: The Opinion of the Respondents about Security Crime
Crime Safety
Number Percentage
Most satisfied 4 0.4
Very satisfied 12 11
Satisfied 34 32
Less satisfied 56 53
Not satisfied 4 0.4
Total 110 100
IV. The opinion of respondents why the study area is not safe
During the survey conducted, questions about this also listed in the questionnaire. A total of 110 respondents gave shrubs and dirty sources of insecurity in this study. 35 respondents say a lot of shrubs and dirty is the highest and 32 percent. Next highest was hanging d symptoms among adolescents and adults in the area which is where they hang out. A total of 28 people and 26 percent. Symptoms hanging out and shrubby areas and dirty would be the focus of criminals to commit crimes.
Table 4.15: The Opinion of the Respondents why the area not safe
Why Not safe Frequency Percentage %
Dark 16 15
Nobody 5 5
Many Foreigners 5 5
Shrubs And Dirty 35 32
Gangsters 8 8
Symptoms Hanging 28 26
Others 12 11
Total 110 100
4.3.3 Opinion respondent of Safe City Concept Carried Out by Local Authorities
In 2013 the study area has been selected by the local authority to serve as a residence for the safe city concept since this housing area has the highest crime rate based on the Batu Pahat Police statistic. Various effort the local authority to do the safest city in this area. This study to identify the implication of the safe city concept or programs has been secure run by local authorities. Among the elements that have been implemented in the residential area as:
4.4 Respondents’ Views on the Elements of a Safe City That Has Been Provided
I. Separation of Pedestrian Walkways From Motorized Routes
A pedestrian walkway is important to an area. The importance of pedestrian is the criteria to be taken prior to set up and build the ideal amenities for pedestrian. Based on table 4.15 shows the opinion of the respondent about separation of pedestrian walkway and motorized routes has been made by local authority. The result of the question is found satisfaction respondent were satisfied with the separation pedestrian in Taman Nira. This is because having made the observation walkway in the area is still good and potential event of any crime and accidents is less. Indirectly, this walkway can beautify the area surrounding the Taman Nira. This area can also be used as residential areas for jogging in the morning.
Table 4.16: Separation of Pedestrian Walkways From Motorized Routes
Pedestrian
Number Percentage
Most satisfied 0 0
Very satisfied 26 24
Satisfied 52 47
Less satisfied 30 27
Not satisfied 2 2
Total 110 100
II. Lighting
The table below shows the opinion of respondents about the lighting was made by local authorities in the safe city. The result of the questionnaire that has been done can be seen that a total of 38 people and 35 percent. Were very satisfied with the changes in them. This Safe City program effectiveness can be seen. The second highest percentage followed by the less satisfied, such 32 percent. Less satisfied because of there no lighting at the backlane hosing. In terms of safety, public utilities should not be protected from public opinion and must be equipped with lighting “street lighting” as well as measures to avoid things that are bad happening. This is one of the innovative planning not only in terms of design, but in terms of facilities.
Table 4.17: The Opinion of the Respondents about Lighting
Lighting
Number Percentage
Most satisfied 0 0
Very satisfied 38 35
Satisfied 33 30
Less satisfied 35 32
Not satisfied 4 4
Total 110 100
B
III. Safety Mirror
Local authorities should put in some safety mirrors the scene snatch theft and theft as insulated halls. With this mirror can provide exposure conditions in the gap or the lanes usually became the cradle of a criminal activity of theft, thefts and other crimes.
Table 4.17 shows respondents’ views on the safety mirror assembly in the study area. A total of 53 persons or 48 percent. are not satisfied. This is caused by the need to add more security mirror in the proper place. Adequate security mirror assembly can further reduce crime or accidents in residential areas.
Table 4.18: The Opinion of the Respondents about safety mirror
Safety Mirror
Number Percentage
Most satisfied 0 0
Very satisfied 28 26
Satisfied 21 19
Less satisfied 53 48
Not satisfied 8 7
Total 110 100
IV. CCTV
The ninth step in the secure City was the installation of closed circuit television (CCTV) on business premises and in public areas. The purpose of this camera installation is to record all incidents that occur in the place. If a mishap occurs, the police will refer to the CCTV footage.
For other than residential gated housing also recommended installing a CCTV system. CCTV cameras are encouraged to put the following: great
• Spaces in and out of the main road to residential and
• Best possible facing camera Positions 90 degrees towards the main road.
The questionnaire in the study area could identify the views of residents against CCTV is not satisfied, a total is 49 people and 45 percent and the second highest is satisfied, namely, a total of 40 people and 37 percent. Installation of CCTV at the main road and shops lot is the safety of the public and the residence.
Table 4.19: The Opinion of the Respondents about CCTV
CCTV
Number Percentage
Most satisfied 0 0
Very satisfied 8 7
Satisfied 40 37
Less satisfied 49 45
Not satisfied 13 12
Total 110 100
V. Open Space
Based on the table 4.19 shows respondents’ opinions on the open after the program is implemented safely City. The study area includes the existing open spaces near the mosque. The questionnaires were administered to obtain satisfactory results from a population with 51 people, or 47 percent were satisfied with the condition of open space in their neighborhood. Only 9 people are unhappy. The open space is essential in every residential area. The open space is a place for children to play in the evening or at other times. If the residential area is not an open likelihood of accidents is high.
Guidelines for the Provision of Open Space and Recreation JBPD have been provided to ensure public open spaces are provided for all types of development. The provision of public utilities has been adopted in each housing development. It became a legal clause to the approval of planning permission. However, it will only be implemented when adopted by the State Government through the Local Authority land as matter is the exclusive right of the State.
Table 4.20: The Opinion of the Respondents about safety mirror
Open Space
Number Percentage
Most satisfied 0 0
Very satisfied 51 47
Satisfied 50 46
Less satisfied 7 6
Not satisfied 2 2
Total 110 100
4.3.5 Support Level the View Physical Environment Area Housing Environment
This questionnaire is carried out for knowing the views of respondents on the level of support the physical environment housing area. It is also to find out the level of their knowledge about the city secure indirectly. Knowledge of the elements secures City, this is something that is important to their safety. Here are some of the things asked to respondents. Among them are:
I. Poor lighting from street can pose a risk crime
Lighting is an important element in all aspects of design and building. This lighting aspects are taken consider security features such as placement in recreational areas or playgrounds, parking, etc. Results observational study conducted found that aspects of concern to lighting but not very well maintained. There is also a lamp post that was prevented by the lights dimmed causing the landscape to explain the circulation system in the study area. In addition, most of the units did not install lights in the backyard for the enjoyment of burglary tools.
The table below shows that a total of 110 respondents agree with bad lighting from street lights can give rise to crime in the area. None of the respondents disagree with the above. Indirectly indicate they understand by safe city programed has been implemented in a secure residential area.
Table 4.21: The Opinion of the Respondents about Poor lighting
Lighting Number Percentage
Not agree 0 0
Less agree 0 0
Agree 10 10
Strongly agree 95 87
Most agree 5 5
Total 110 100
II. Trees That are Too Big, That Can Be Dangerous
The implementation of the concept of Safe City also takes into account the aspects of landscape planting in the residential area. However, this aspect is not ignored by the people in the study area by planting trees, landscapes are great on the side of the House. This may cause to the existence of a secret hiding place and lead to grazing and robbery activities. However, this article has been in place in the questionnaire to respondents. The result of the questionnaire as per the table below. The results show they agree and strongly agree with this. This shows they are sensitive about this. 110 people declare that they agree with this article. Photo 4.21 shows the big tress inside housing that should remove from tide housing, it can cause dangerous.
Table 4.22: The Opinion of the Respondents about trees too big can be dangerous
Big trees Number Percentage
Not agree 0 0
Less agree 0 0
Agree 18 16
Strongly agree 88 80
Most agree 4 4
Total 110 100
III. Shrub Can Cause Crime.
Shrubs can cause and criminal incidents such as rape pose, grazing, etc. though it creates an environment that is beautiful. Respondents showed positive feedback in study of aspects, namely the city secure elements. A total of 96% of the respondents agrees with the aspect which is contributing to crime. Photo 4.22 shows, shrub in study area. This area can be the place criminals hide. It can cause the crime.
Table 4.23: Shrub Can Cause Crime
Shrub Number Percentage
Not agree 0 0
Less agree 4 4
Agree 22 20
Strongly agree 38 34
Most agree 46 42
Total 110 100