b. Analysis of implementation of these polices with respect to that era and Drawbacks/failure attributes of these polices
Educational conference 1947:
When Pakistan was created it was necessary to look at the existing educational facilities and the steps that could be taken to improve them. Under the leadership of Quaid-e-Azam Pakistan’s first educational conference was held in Karachi in December 1947. The main Dimensions of educational conference 1947 were spiritual, vocational, and social. In that conference it was recommended that education system should be based on the ideology of Pakistan. Primary and religious education was made compulsory to raise the literacy rate of Pakistan. Different steps were taken to promote technical and scientific education and to increase the women and adult literacy rate. At the time of creation of Pakistan the educational plan was very good and meant to make educational system strong but unfortunately this plan is not completely implemented.
Failures:
The planning’s that were made was uncoordinated. More focus was laid on the primary education and a very little attention was made for higher education. To some extent British colonial system was continued.
Implementation of educational policy 1947:
This educational policy was not implemented completely due to the increase number of migrants and administrative problems of newly born state.
National Education commission 1959:
2nd educational policy was made under the supervision of Gen Ayub Khan. The main focus was laid on the child mental, moral and physical growth so that a sense of confidence and passion of hard work created in the child. Primary education is made compulsory for all. Religious education was made compulsory. The medium of education was national language. Refresher courses were arranged for teachers. Focus was laid on higher education and research work was made compulsory for university teachers.
Failures:
National education commission 1959 ignored Islamic objectives. The proposed system was not according to the ideology of Pakistan. This commission laid focus on the setup of public schools which can only serve some specific class of society. A new structure was not developed according to the needs of country. The allocated budget for education was not enough. Many of the targets of education policy were not realistic. This education policy lacked political support.
Implementation:
Due to the conditions of country and limited resources this policy was not applied properly.
National education policy 1972:
On 29th march 1972 national education policy was announced by Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto. Main focus was laid on the ideology of Pakistan. Establish a national unity among provinces.
Primary education was made compulsory for all. Under-privileged groups and mentally-retarded and physically-handicapped children and adults were given preference. Some schools were promoted into colleges. Establishment of literacy centers was recommended. All private institutions were nationalized refreshers courses were arranged for teachers. Basic education was made free for all. Welfare committees were made for students. University grant commission was practically implemented. Religious education was made compulsory.
Failures:
Semester system was introduced in higher educational institutions but this system could not implement. The recommendation increases the expenditures of education. Due to expansions of the enrollment in education institutions goals could not be met.
Implementation:
Due to some drawbacks in the policy the targets couldn’t achieved.
Recommendations:
Following are the recommendations for the education system of Pakistan.