Essay: DC motors

Chapter : 1
Introduction
As we know that in any industry , the system easily monitoring and controlling is first requirements . For that we design a system which is wirelessly monitoring industrial parameters such as voltage fluctuations and power failure condition using zigbee . If voltage increase or decrease on certain value than device automatic off.
It also monitoring a circuit or connection are properly grounded or not. If not than red light will indicate and load will remain off (cut off) . Here we also control a speed a dc motor as per requirements with direction also by giving an input on laptop.
About dc motor summary speed control of dc motor many methods are available which are either be a
mechanical or electrical .for example armature control, field control, flux control method etc but this methods required large size hardware to implement. So for easy control of speed and the direction control of dc motor the wireless speed and direction control of dc motor by using zigbee is very much essential and economical to used. For variable ac voltage we can used a controlled rectifiers which are converted a variable ac voltage from fixed dc voltage. Recent development in the area of semiconductor technology have made faster ,very small size microprocessors and microcontroller are available at in much reduced cost and easy control.
1.1 : Problem of Summary
Motor Control And Protection :
We have a solve the problem of DC Motor speed control as per requirements with direction control. And also Protection of Dc Motor. A speed control device is provided such that the speed of DC motors is controlled to remain constant with varying voltages supplied from a power source.
In DC motor control, it is general practice to supply a DC power signal to the motor armature and field windings and to control the direction of motor rotation by selectively reversing the polarity of the DC power signal supplied to the motor armature while maintaining the direction of current flow through the field winding constant. In general, the DC power supplied to the motor is derived by full wave rectifying an incoming AC signal and subsequently filtering and smoothing the full wave rectified signal.
Protection about voltage fluctuations , power failure condition and Also Ground fault detection of DC Motor .
1.2 : Aim and objectives of the project
Our Aim is “ZIGBEE BASED DC MOTOR CONTROL AND PROTECTION “About in any industry of Food Packing on conveying belt and the system easily monitoring and controlling of any industry. our project is also applicable in robotics arm in many industry such as paper mills, rolling mills, printing machine tools, excavators and cranes etc for peak and place purpose and also given protection about under voltage , over voltage and ground fault .
1.3 : Problem specifications
In many industry such as paper mills, rolling mills, printing machine tools, excavators and cranes etc the
dc motor is used for waying a product from one place to another on the conveyer belt . So due to these the
speed and direction control of the dc motor is very important so that purpose we design a one device for dc
motor control and protection. Motor speed controller is to take a signal representing the required speed and to
drive a motor at that speed For that purpose wireless speed and direction control of dc motor by zigbee . The
microcontroller ATMEGA 32 is used to control the dc motor speed and used for direction control.
1.4 : Literature review
[ 1] : SPEED AND DIRECTION CONTROL APPARATUS FOR DC MOTORS
Inventors : Thomas E. Kasmer, Endicott, NY.
A speed and direction control apparatus for DC motors supplied from an AC power line. The control apparatus includes a trigger able bi-directional current conducting element selectively triggered to pass either positive or negative half cycles of the incoming AC signal to thereby control the direction of motor rotation. Triggering of the bi-directional current conducting element may be accomplished by using a photo electric
switch control circuit. In the specific embodiment of the invention the DC motor in combination with the
control apparatus is adapted to operate as a servo system.
[ 2 ] : SPEED CONTROL CIRCUIT FOR A DC MOTOR
Inventors : Bil] H. Niemi; Stephen J_ Kreinick
A speed control circuit for a DC motor includes a digital to-analog (D/A) converter. 3 regulator/controller. and a control circuit which applies a compensating current to the DC motor that compensates for variations in loading applied to the motor. The regulator/controller compares a reference voltage provided by the D/A converter with a feedback signal provided by the motor to generate a signal to activate the “011ml circuit thus to Supply a compensating to the motor.
[ 3 ] : DEVICE FOR DETECTING VOLTAGE FLUCTUATION
Inventor: Eiji Murao, Sa1tama, Japan
A device for detecting voltage fluctuation including a first amplifier for amplifying an input voltage Signal,
a second amplifier for amplifying the same input voltage Signal with a fixed delay time relatively to the first amplifier and a voltage comparator for comparing the respective amplified output voltages to produce a high output at the time of increase or decrease of the input voltage signal.
[ 4 ] : PORTABLE GROUND FAULT DETECTOR
Inventor : Roland R. Blondin, Mississauga, Canada
A portable ground fault detector for use on tanker trucks to Provide visual and audible warning of unsafe conditions. Closing of a grounding circuit operating at low voltage permits energizing of a circuit to show safe grounding conditions and interruption of continuity of the grounding circuit provides visual and audible warning of unsafe condition.
[ 5 ] : DC MOTOR CONSTANT SPEED PWM CONTROL
Inventor: Kosta L. Pelonis , Taipei (TW)
A pulse Width modulated (PWM) output signal controller circuit is provided for controlling operation of an electronically commutated, direct current (DC) motor. This DC motor may be used for operating cooling fans in sensitive electronic equipment. The controller circuit maintains the motor speed as constant resulting in
a minimizing of the motor power consumption and resultant noise generation. Controller circuit output PWM
signals are maintained at a constant pulse Width even in the presence of variations in the voltage levels supplied to the controller circuit. The controller circuit includes a current pulse sensor circuit that senses
changes in current direction in a motor coil.
1.5 : Plan of our work
Project work is first understood theoretically. Then decided flow of project work and design circuit diagram and block diagram of over project. First we will create the simulation of main part of project and then starting making of hardware after this.
Block diagram
Figure 1. Block diagram
Circuit diagram
Figure 2. Circuit diagram
first 230V ac supply is given to the step down transformer which transform 230V ac into 12V ac and it is apply to the bridge rectifier which convert 12V ac into 12V dc. capacitor is use for convert variable dc supply into pure dc (it work as a Filter) and it is given to IC-7805 which convert into 5V dc apply to microcontroller which control whole device.12V dc supply is also apply to motor driver ic which connected to the motor.LCD will be connected to the microcontroller which display motor rotate at forward ,reverse direction.
1.6 : Materials
Materials used in over project :
– TRANSFORMER
– CONTROLLER(AVR)
– IC L293D(MOTOR DRIVER)
– IC 7805( FOR 5 V dc)
– L C D
– DC Motor
– L E D
– ZIGBEE
– BUZZER
– RELAY
– VOLTAGE SENSOR
– P C
DC MOTOR
DC motors requires a basic understanding of the design and operating characteristics of the various type available: the series motor, the shunt motor, and the compound motor. Each type has unique operating characteristics and applications.
The relationship between torque v/s speed and current is linear as shown left; as the load on a motor increases, speed will decrease. The graph pictured here represents the characteristics of a typical motor. As long as the motor is used in the area of high efficiency (as represented by the shaded area) long life and good performance can be expected. However, using the motor outside this range will result in high temperature rises and deterioration of motor parts. If voltage in continuous applied to a motor in a locked rotor condition, the motor will heat up and fail in a relatively short time. Therefore it is important that there is some form of protection against high temperature rises. A motor’s basic rating point is slightly lower than its maximum efficiency point. Load torque can be determined by measuring the current drawn when the motor is attached to a machine whose actual load value is known. We will select the most suitable motor for your application after receiving your information.
LED (Light Emitting Diode)
LEDs are semiconductor devices or say type of diode. Like transistors, and other diodes, LEDs are made out of silicon. What makes an LED give off light are the small a mounts of chemical impurities that are added to the silicon, such as gallium, arsenide ,indium, and nitride.
When current passes through the LED, it emits photons as a byproduct. Normal light bulbs produce light by
heating a metal filament until it is white hot. LEDs produce photons directly and not via heat, they are far more efficient than incandescent bulbs.
Typical LED
Symbol of LED
Figure 3. LED
Not long ago LEDs were only bright enough to be used as indicators on dashboards or electronic equipment. But recent advances have made LEDs bright enough to rival traditional lighting technologies. Modern LEDs can replace incandescent bulbs in almost any application. alphanumeric or multi-color.
Figure 4. Different Types of LED’s
LCD(Liquid Crystal Diode)
The most commonly used LCDs found in the market today are 1 Line, 2 Line or 4Line LCDs which have only one controller and support at most 80 characters, whereas LCDs supporting more than 80 characters make use of 2 HD44780 controllers. A part from displaying some simple static characters you can create animated text scripts and a lot more! Most LCDs with 1 controller has 14 Pins and 16 Pins (two extra pins are for back light LED connections). Pin description is shown in the table below. (We may also have 16 pins in 2 controllers refer to the datasheet for exact details).
Figure 5. LCD
LCD Pin Description
CONTROLLER(AVR)
Features
• High-performance, Low-power AVR® 8-bit Microcontroller
• Advanced RISC Architecture
— 32 x 8 General Purpose Working Registers
— Fully Static Operation
• Nonvolatile Program and Data Memories
— 1024 Bytes EEPROM
— 2K Byte Internal SRAM
— Programming Lock for Software Security
• I/O and Packages
— 32 Programmable I/O Lines
• Operating Voltages
— 4.5 – 5.5V for ATmega32
• Speed Grades
— 0 – 16 MHz for ATmega32
Figure 6. ATMega32 PIN diagram
Pin Descriptions
VCC : Digital supply voltage.
GND : Ground.
Port A (PA7..PA0) : Port A serves as the analog inputs to the A/D Converter. Port A also serves as an 8-bit bi-
directional I/O port, if the A/D Converter is not used. Port pins can provide internal pull-up resistors (selected
for each bit). The Port A output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source
capability. When pins PA0 to PA7 are used as inputs and are externally pulled low, they will source current if
the internal pull-up resistors are activated. The Port A pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active,
even if the clock is not running.
Port B (PB7..PB0) : Port B is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for each
bit). The Port B output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source capability.
As inputs, Port B pins that are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The
Port B pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running.
Port C (PC7..PC0): Port C is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for each
bit). The Port C output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink band source capability. As inputs, Port C pins that are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port C pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running. If the JTAG interface is enabled, the pull-up resistors on pins PC5(TDI), PC3(TMS) and PC2(TCK) will be activated even if a reset occurs. The TD0 pin is tri-stated unless TAP states that shift out data are entered .
Port D (PD7..PD0) : Port D is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for each
bit). The Port D output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source capability.
As inputs, Port D pins that are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up resistors are activated .The Port D pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running.
RESET :
Reset Input. A low level on this pin for longer than the minimum pulse length will generate a reset ,even if the
clock is not running .The minimum pulse length is given in Table 15 on page 35. Shorter pulses are not guaranteed to generate a reset .
XTAL1: Input to the inverting Oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit.
XTAL2 : Output from the inverting Oscillator amplifier.
AVCC : AVCC is the supply voltage pin for Port A and the A/D Converter. It should be externally connected to
VCC, even if the ADC is not used. If the ADC is used, it should be connected to Vcc through a low-pass filter.
AREF : AREF is the analog reference pin for the A/D Converter.
Transformer
Transformer : Transformer is a static device, which transform electrical energy from one Form to another Form and without any change in Frequency.
Transformer is two type ; 1 : Step up transformer
2 : step-down transformers
we have a used a step-down transformers in over project . Step-up transformers increase voltage, step-down
transformers reduce voltage. Most power supplies use a step-down transformer to reduce the dangerously high voltage to a safer low voltage. The input coil is called the primary and the output coil is called the secondary. There is no electrical connection between the two coils; instead they are linked by an alternating magnetic field
created in the soft-iron core of the transformer. The two lines in the middle of the circuit symbol represent the
core. Transformers waste very little power so the power out is (almost) equal to the power in. Note that as
voltage is stepped down and current is stepped up.
Figure 7. Step-down transformer
Power supply of 5V &12V :
Whole circuitry work on +5V, +12V DC power supply of 230V AC is applied to the transformer. By using transformer, rectifier, filters, IC regulators, etc. we get the desired output.
Figure 8. power supply block diagram
RECTIFIER
• Rectifier is used to convert ac supply into dc supply. It is a circuit which converts AC to DC Output of a rectifier is not pure DC, it is pulsating DC.
• There are basically two types of rectifier
— Half wave rectifier
— Full wave rectifier
– Bridge rectifier
• We are using Bridge rectifier to get desired DC output voltage of +12V
Figure 9. power supply circuit
Chapter : 2
Design Methodology And Methodology and Implementation Strategy
2.1 AEIOU canvas
This canvas is divided into 5 parts : 1) Activities
2) Environment
3) Interaction
4) Object
5) Users
ACTIVITIES :
Our project activities is control a speed of dc motor as per requirements with direction also and wirelessly monitoring and controlling of industrial parameters .
ENVIRONMENT:
Our project environment is The main effect related to Noisy, Vibration, Heating, Coaling device, Pressure unit in any industry .
INTERACTIONS:
The main interact or for product use is customer, manufacturing organization, distributor, organizational companies.
The main objective of project is to achieve positive response from the users.
OBJECTS:
The components used in this project are transformer, LED, LCD,DC motor ,IC , Capacitors, ZIGBEE resistor and microcontroller.
The specialty of the component is, they are easily available to use.
Features of that component is less effect on environment and it has high efficiency.
USERS:
The Product uses at Worker , Manager, Super visor , Technicians , Engineer etc in any industry used over project
2.2 Empathy canvas
– Empathy canvas describes application of project like in industry, educational institute.
– It states that our project is consultant by the spear technology for food packing on a conveying belt.
– The standard for this project are BSI, ISI and some IEEE papers are used.
– The main used of this project is a dc motor directional control and speed control and also required protection purposing.
2.3 Ideation canvas
– Ideation canvas describe that our project used in educational institute, industry purpose.
– The main component of our project is dc motor .we control the speed and direction of dc motor.
– The main problem occurs in this project are under voltage, over voltage, power failure, and ground fault.
– This states that our project application is used in industry on a conveying belt .i.e. food packing.
2.4 Product development canvas
– Our project application in robotic arm for peak and place purpose, in industry protection about under voltage, over voltage and ground fault protection and also in lab protection purpose.
– The features of the project are easy monitoring, easy speed and direction control, wireless controlling, simple construction.
Chapter 3:
Simulation Circuit And Results
3.1 Block diagram
Figure 10. Block diagram
3.2 Simulation Circuit
Figure 11. Simulation Circuit
3.3 Flow chart
Figure 12. Flow Chart
3.4 SIMULATION RESULTS
Figure 13. 12 V AC Wave form
Figure 14. 12 v dc wave form by using Rectifier
Figure 15. 5 v dc wave form by using IC 7805
Figure 16. Input Wave form of Dc motor
Chapter : 4
Summary
4.1 Result
The direction control of the dc motor is achieved By using microcontroller programming . Direction control has been achieved with higher performance, reliable operation and easy control .
4.2Advantages
– Easy monitoring
– Protection about under voltage and over voltage
– Easy speed and direction control
– Wireless controlling
– Simple construction
– Indication of under voltage, over voltage, power failure, ground fault and speed on pc and LCD
– In faulty condition device will be automatically off
4.3: APPLICATION
– In many industry such as paper mills, rolling mills, printing machine tools, excavators and cranes etc the dc
motor is used for way a product from one place to another on the conveyer belt .
– Robotics arm for peak and place purpose.
– In industry protection about under voltage ,over voltage and ground fault protection.
– In electrical lab protection purpose.
Present Work:
In Present Semester We Achieve Direction Control Of Dc Motor . It Perform On Simulation As Well As Hardware Also.
Future Work:
In Upcoming Semester We Are Going To Simulate The Whole Circuit In Simulation As Well As Hardware Also To Achieve Wireless Operated,
1. Speed And Direction Control of Dc Motor.
2. Under Voltage Protection,
3.Ground Fault, And
4. Over Voltage Protection About The Whole Device.
REFERENCE
DC MOTOR CONTROL:
– SPEED AND DIRECTION CONTROL US 3,857,077
APPARATUS FOR DC MOTORS
– DIGITAL SPEED CONTROL CIRCUIT US 4,656,403
FOR A DC MOTOR
– DC MOTOR CONSTANT SPEED PWM US 6,731,082 B2
CONTROL
PROTECTION :
– DEVICE FOR DETECTING VOLTAGE US 4,795,971
FLUCTUATION
– PORTABLE GROUND FAULT US 5,034,726
DETECTOR
– POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION BOOK
– INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTRONIC AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING.
ISSN 0974-2174 VOLUME 7, NUMBER 9 (2014), PP. 943- 952