Essay: ESSENTIAL REQUIREMENT OF AUTOMATION

Automation is used to control the power system with instrumentation and control devices. It refers to control and automation capabilities within the substation, and control commands from remote users to control power-system devices. substation automation depends on substation integration, Power-system automation includes generation and delivery of power. Monitoring and control of power delivery systems in the substation and to reduce the occurrence of outages and shorten the duration of outages. The communications protocols, and communications methods, work together as a system to perform power-system automation. The term ‘power system’ describes the collection of devices that make up the physical systems that generate, transmit, and distribute power. The term ‘instrumentation and control (I&C) system’ refers to the collection of devices that monitor, control, and protect the power system. Data acquisition refers to acquiring, or collecting, data. This data is collected in the form of measured analog current or voltage values or the open or closed status of contact points, engineers, planners, and administration. Computer processes or monitor, the conditions and status of the power system using this acquired data. Operators and engineers monitor the information remotely on computer, at the device Traditional supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems rely on operators to supervise the system and initiate commands from an operator console on the master computer. Field personnel can also control devices using front-panel push buttons or a laptop computer. In addition, another task is power-system integration, which is the act of communicating data to, from, or among IEDs in the I&C system and remote users. Substation integration refers to combining data from the IED’s local to a substation so that there is a single point of contact in the substation for all of the I&C data. Power-system automation processes depends on data acquisition; power-system supervision and control work together in a coordinated automatic fashion. The commands are generated and transmitted as operated commands. transformers with protective relays are used to sense the power-system voltage and current. They are connected to power-system apparatus and convert the actual power-system signals. The transducers convert the analog output from one magnitude to another such as from an ac current to dc voltage. Also the input data is taken from the auxiliary contacts of switch gears. The I&C devices built using microprocessors are commonly known as intelligent electronic devices (IEDs). Microprocessors are single chip computers that allow the devices to process data, accept commands, and communicate information like a computer. Automatic processes can be run in the IEDs. Some IEDs used in power-system automation are: A remote terminal unit is an IED that can be installed in a remote location, and acts as a termination point for field contacts. copper conductors is used to sense every contact and transducer value. These conductors originate at the power-system device, are installed in overhead cable and are terminated on panels within the RTU. The RTU can transfer collected data to other devices and receive data and control commands from other devices. RTUs are referred to as ‘smart RTUs.’ an IED that is used to create accurate measurements of current, voltage, and power values. values such as demand and peak are saved within the meter to create information about the activity of the power system.A digital fault recorder (DFR) is an IED that records information about disturbances. It is required to store data in a digital format when conditions detected on the power system. Harmonics, frequency, and voltage are examples of data captured by DFRs. supervisory control and data acquisition system transmits and receives logic or data from events of controls, metering, measuring, safety and monitoring of process devices such as Electrical equipment, Instrumentation devices, telecommunication on industrial applications. Power system elements ranging from pole-mounted switches to entire power plants can be controlled remotely over long distance communication links. Remote switching, (showing voltage, current, power, direction, etc.), even automatic synchronization is used in some power systems Plc can be programmed to perform logical control. As with the RTU, a dedicated pair of copper conductors for each contact and transducer value is terminated on panels within the PLC.It is like a work-horse which work upon the command given by their master. A protective relay is an IED designed to sense power-system disturbances and automatically perform control actions on the I&C system and the power system to protect personnel and equipment. The relay has local termination so that the copper conductors for each contact do not have to be routed to a central termination panel associated with RTU Load tap changers are devices used to change the tap position on transformers. These devices work automatically or can be controlled wit another local IED or from a remote operator or process. Recloser controllers remotely control the operation of reclosers and switches. They also accept commands from a remote operator or process. it is a substation controller that has the functions of many other I&C devices into one IED. It has many communications ports to support multiple communications links. The communications processor performs data acquisition and control of the other substation IEDs and concentrates the data that is acquired for transmission to one or many masters inside and outside the substation lines and electrical equipment must be protected against the cause of the overcurrent is nearby then automatically then the cause of overcurrent is outside local area a provision is automatically disconnects because of time delay. Note that disconnection can, have a effect, leading to overcurrent in other circuits that then also must therefore disconnect automatically. suddenly have lost load because of such a protection operation it gets shut down automatically, and it take hours to restore a balance in the system, partly because there must be proper before any parts of the system is reconnected.