engineering
title Passenger Information System
pagename passenger-information-system.php
1.1 Introduction
With today’s Global Position System (GPS) receivers, we are able to pinpoint our own position on the globe. For this we require various parameters like longitude, latitude, and altitude. These parameters are received from the satellites covering the whole world and that information is displayed on the LCD. In this way we are able to navigate the position of the vehicle.
To design the navigation system, we combine the GPS ability to pinpoint location along with the ability of the global system for mobile (GSM) to communicate with a remote system (Mobile Phone) in a wireless fashion. Information from the Satellites is displayed on graphical LCD.
A passenger information [display] system (PIS or PIDS) is an electronic information system which provides real time passenger information. It may include both predictions about arrival and departure times.
PID’s or Passenger Information Displays are LCD based interior passenger information display mounted within the train car salons. The purpose of this type of display indicator is to provide Public Announcement, Train Operational, Way Finding, News and 3rd Party Advertising content to passengers throughout the train. Content types such as Video Clips, Flash Movies, Text Scrolls and Still Images are all able to be displayed on the PID’s. Although we do carry standard units, most PID’s are designed specifically for each rail car installation to meet the technical specification of each system and its physical constraints.
The aim of this project is to construct a system using GPS that can identify its current location and based on that it shows the advertisement assigned for that location automatically. Current operational information on service running is collected from automatic vehicle location systems and from control systems, including incident capture system. This information can be compared by computers with the published service timetable to generate a prediction of how services will run in the next few minutes to hours. And also if information is matched then system displays the advertisement which is store in database. This project has a provision of dynamically storing location along with current location coordinates display on LCD. This project consists of Location Identification Device called GPS Receiver and a LCD for displaying the current location coordinates and location based advertisement.
1.2 What is Advertising?
Advertising or advertising is a form of communication for marketing and used to encourage, persuade or manipulate an audience (viewers, readers or listeners; sometimes a specific group) to continue or take some new action. Most commonly, the desired result is to drive consumer behavior with respect to a commercial offering, although political and ideological advertising is also common. This type of work belongs to a category called affective labor.
‘ History
Egyptians used papyrus to make sales messages and wall posters. Commercial messages and political campaign displays have been found in the ruins of Pompeii and ancient Arabia. Lost and found advertising on papyrus was common in Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. Wall or rock painting for commercial advertising is another manifestation of an ancient advertising form, which is present to this day in many parts of Asia, Africa, and South America. The tradition of wall painting can be traced back to Indian rock art paintings that date back to 4000 BCE. History tells us that Out-of-home advertising and billboards are the oldest forms of advertising.
As the towns and cities of the Middle Ages began to grow, and the general populace was unable to read, signs that today would say cobbler, miller, tailor or blacksmith would use an image associated with their trade such as a boot, a suit, a hat, a clock, a diamond, a horse shoe, a candle or even a bag of flour. Fruits and vegetables were sold in the city square from the backs of carts and wagons and their proprietors used street callers (town criers) to announce their whereabouts for the convenience of the customers.
As education became an apparent need and reading, as well as printing, developed advertising expanded to include handbills. In the 18th century advertisements started to appear in weekly newspapers in England. These early print advertisements were used mainly to promote books and newspapers, which became increasingly affordable with advances in the printing press; and medicines, which were increasingly sought after as disease ravaged Europe. However, false advertising and so-called "quack" advertisements became a problem, which ushered in the regulation of advertising content.
‘ 19th Century
Thomas J. Barratt from London has been called "the father of modern advertising". Working for the Pears soap company, Barratt created an effective advertising campaign for the company products, which involved the use of targeted slogans, images and phrases. One of his slogans "Good Morning, Have you used Pears’ soap?" was famous in its day and well into the 20th century. Under Barratt’s guidance, Pears Soap became the world’s first legally registered brand and is therefore the world’s oldest continuously existing brand.
In June 1836, French newspaper La Presse was the first to include paid advertising in its pages, allowing it to lower its price, extend its readership and increase its profitability and the formula was soon copied by all titles. Around 1840, Volney B. Palmer established the roots of the modern day advertising agency in Philadelphia. In 1842 Palmer bought large amounts of space in various newspapers at a discounted rate then resold the space at higher rates to advertisers.
‘ 20th Century
Figure 1 Graph for money (in billions) on Ads vs Year
Advertising increased dramatically in the United States as industrialization expanded the supply of manufactured products. In order to profit from this higher rate of production, industry needed to recruit workers as consumers of factory products. It did so through the invention of mass marketing designed to influence the population’s economic behavior on a larger scale. In the 1910s and 1920s, advertisers in the U.S. adopted the doctrine that human instincts could be targeted and harnessed "sublimated" into the desire to purchasecommodities. Edward Bernays, a nephew of Sigmund Freud, became associated with the method and is now often considered the founder of modern advertising.
1.3 GPS based Passenger Information System
As published in ‘The Economic Times’ a GPS based passenger information system will be installed in the Mumbai and Howrah Rajdhanis from this month, enabling passengers to find out the exact location, speed and arrival time of trains on real-time basis. GPS receivers are being acquired to be installed and once the installation is completed, the Satellite Imaging for Rail Navigation (SIMRAN) system will be operational in four trains (two rakes each of Mumbai Rajdhani and Howrah Rajdhani), a senior Railway Ministry official said.
Developed by the Research Designs and Standards Organization (RDSO) in collaboration with IIT-Kanpur, SIMRAN will replace the manual tracking system by connecting about 8,000 trains and 8,177 stations through GPS across the country in a phase-wise manner. "Intensive trials are being carried out before installing it in four Rajdhani trains," he said, adding, "One can even track these Rajdhani trains on Internet after the system becomes operational."
Railways has earmarked Rs 160 crore to implement the GPS-based system which aims at providing information to the public through Internet, SMS, call centers and train indication boards at stations. It will also give information to onboard passengers through the provision of display system inside the coaches.
Currently, to keep track of trains, station masters call up the control room at the divisional headquarters every time a train passes their station. Because of this manually controlled system, the information is sometimes inadequate. "Railways have already taken the bandwidth from the ISRO and a satellite hub has been created near New Delhi station to receive data," the official said. As per the plan, Railways is to install the GPS devices in all locomotives and stations to receive dynamic data on train movement through satellite.
Name of the incoming train, speed, time duration and all relevant information required by passengers will be made available automatically once the system becomes operational for all trains.Digital mapping of 8,177 stations of Indian Railways have so farbeen done. "All our control offices are now computerized. The system will be utilized for tracking freight trains as well," the official said.
2.1 Technical Specification of Project
‘ Supply Voltage: 230V AC
‘ Input Current: 3??A to 2mA
‘ Input Voltage: 5V to 12V
‘ Operating Temperature: -40??C to 125??C
‘ Working frequency: 11575MHz
‘ Range: 5m
3.1 Component List
‘ LPC2148 Microcontroller
‘ GPS Module-1141
‘ SIM300 GSM Module
‘ LCD
‘ MAX232
‘ RS232
‘ Battery
4.1 Block Diagram
Figure 2 Block Diagram of the project
4.1.1 Description of Block Diagram
The aim of the project is Location based Advertisements and Passenger Information System so we need the current position of the vehicle and this can be achieve by GPS navigation system. Now GPS module gets the data from the satellite about the current position of the object by measuring its latitude and longitude.
The GPS module continuously transmitsserial data (RS232 protocol) in the form of sentencesaccording to NMEA standards. The latitude and longitude values of the location are contained in the GPGGA sentence.To communicate over UART or USART, we just need three basic signals which are namely, RXD (receive), TXD (transmit), GND (common ground). So to interface UART with LPC2148, we just need the basic signals.
Now the latitude and longitude will check with previously stored value in database by microcontroller. If it matches with the database then the advertisement displays otherwise it simply display the current location. Here Crystal oscillator provides the frequency to the microcontroller.
This advertisement will display on the LCD. The LCD display also includes the next terminal name and arrival time and how far it is from the current location. After display of the advertisement owner can get the information about his advertisement display through the GSM module.
The transmit signal of serial port of microcontroller is connected with transmit signal (TxD) of the serial interface of GSM Modem while receive signal of microcontroller serial port is connected with receive signal (RxD) of serial interface of GSM Modem.
The GSM modem sends the message in text mode which can contain only 140 characters at the most. It depends upon the amount of information collected from GPS Engine that you need at the base station for tracking vehicle or person.
4.2 Schematic Diagram
Figure 3 Schematic Diagram of the project
4.3 Interfacing Diagrams
4.3.1 Interfacing of LPC2148 with GPS module-1141
Figure 4 Interfacing of Microcontroller with GPS module
We now want to receive data from satellite to LPC2148Primer Board by using GPS module through UART0. The serial data is taken from the GPS module through MAX232 into the SBUF register of LPC2148 microcontroller (refer serial interfacing with LPC2148). The serial data from the GPS receiver is taken by using the Serial Interrupt of the controller. This data consists of a sequence of NMEA sentences from which GPGGA sentence is identified and processed.
4.3.2 Interfacing of LPC2148 with SIM300
Figure 5 Interfacing of Microcontroller with SIM300
We want to display a text in mobile from LPC2148 Primer Board by using GSM module through UART. In LPC2148 Primer Board contains two serial interfaces that are UART0 & UART1. Here we are using UART0. The GSM modem is being interfaced with the microcontroller LPC2148 Primer Board for SMS communication. The SMS can be sending and receiving for the data sharing and situation information and control.
The transmit signal of serial port of microcontroller is connected with transmit signal (TxD) of the serial interface of GSM Modem while receive signal of microcontrollerserial port is connected with receive signal (RxD) of serial interface of GSM Modem.The SMS message in text mode can contain only 140 characters at the most. It depends upon the amount of information collected from GPS Engine that we need at the base station for tracking vehicle or person.
4.3.3 Interfacing of LPC2148 with LCD
Figure 6 Interfacing of Microcontroller with LCD
Above figure shows how to interface the LCD to microcontroller. The 2×16 character LCD interface card with supports both modes 4-bit and 8-bit interface and alsofacility to adjust contrast through trim pot. In 4-bit interface 7 lines needed to create 4-bit interface; 4 data bits (D0 ‘D3), three control lines, address bit (RS), read/write bit(R/W) and control signal (E).
The ARM7 LPC2148 Primer board has seven numbers of LCD connections are needed to create 4-bit interface; connected with 4 data bits (P0.19 ‘ P0.22, D4-D7), address bit (RS-P0.16), read/write bit (R/W-P0.17) and control signal (E-P0.18) to make LCD display.
5.1 Microcontroller LPC2148
The LPC2148 microcontrollers are based on a 16-bit/32-bit ARM7TDMI-S CPU with real-time emulation and embedded trace support, that combine the Microcontroller with embedded high-speed flash memory ranging from 32kB to 512kB. A 128-bit wide memory interface and unique accelerator architecture enable 32-bit code Execution at the maximum clock rate. For critical code size applications, the alternative 16-bit Thumb mode reduces code by more than 30 % with minimal performance penalty.
Due to their tiny size and low power consumption, LPC2148 are ideal for applications where miniaturization is a key requirement, such as access control and point-of-sale. Serial communications interfaces ranging from a USB 2.0 Full-speed device, multiple UARTs, SPI, SSP to I2C-bus and on-chip SRAM of 8kB up to 40kB, make these devices very well suited for communication gateways and protocol converters, soft modems, voice recognition and low end imaging, providing both large buffer size and high processing power. Various 32-bit timers, single or dual 10-bit ADC(s), 10-bit DAC, PWM channels and 45 fast GPIO lines with up to nine edge or level sensitive external interrupt pins make these microcontrollers suitable for industrial control and medical systems.
Figure 7 Pin-diagram of LPC2148 Microcontroller
‘ Input Voltage: 3.3V (max 3.6 V)
‘ Analog Supply Voltage: 3.3V
‘ Low Level Input Current: 3??A
‘ High Level Input Current: 3??A
‘ I/O Latch Current: 100 mA
‘ Key features of LPC2148
‘ 32-bit ARM7TDMI-S microcontroller in a tiny LQFP64 package
‘ 8kB to 40kB of on-chip static RAM and 32kB to 512kB of on-chip ‘ash memory.
‘ 128-bit wide interface/accelerator enables high-speed 60 MHz operation.
‘ In-System Programming/In-Application Programming (ISP/IAP) via on-chip boot-loader software. Single ‘ash sector or full chip erase in 400ms and programming of 256 B in 1ms.
‘ On-chip RealMonitor software and high-speed tracing of instruction execution.
‘ USB 2.0 Full-speed compliant device controller with 2kB of endpoint RAM.
‘ One or two (LPC2141/42 vs. LPC2144/46/48) 10-bit ADCs provide a total of 6/14analog inputs, with conversion times as low as 2.44 ‘s per channel.
‘ Single 10-bit DAC provides variable analog output (LPC2142/44/46/48 only).
‘ Two 32-bit timers/external event counters (with four capture and four comparechannels each), PWM unit (six outputs) and watchdog.
‘ Low power Real-Time Clock (RTC) with independent power and 32 kHz clock input.
‘ Multiple serial interfaces including two UARTs (16C550), two Fast I2C-bus (400kbit/s),
‘ SPI and SSP with buffering and variable data length capabilities.
5.2 GPS Module-1141
The Global Positioning System, usually called GPS, is the only fully-functional satellite navigation system. A constellation of more than two dozen GPS satellites broadcasts precise timing signals by radio, allowing any GPS receiver (abbreviated to GPSr) to accurately determine its location (longitude, latitude and altitude) in any weather, day or night, anywhere on Earth.
The GPS (Global Positioning System) is a "constellation" of 24 well-spaced satellites that orbit the Earth and make it possible for people with ground receivers to pinpoint their geographic location. The location accuracy is anywhere from 1 to 100 meters depending on the type of equipment used. The GPS is owned and operated by the U.S. Department of Defense, but is available for general use around the world.
GPS receivers collect signals from satellites in view. They display the user’s position, velocity, and time, as needed for their marine, terrestrial, or aeronautical applications. Some display additional data, such as distance and bearing to selected waypoints or digital charts.
GPS allows receivers to accurately calculate their distance from the GPS satellites. The receivers do this by measuring the time delay between when the satellite sent the signal and the local time when the signal was received. This delay, multiplied by the speed of light, gives the distance to that satellite. The receiver also calculates the position of the satellite based on information periodically sent in the same signal. By comparing the two, position and range, the receiver can discover its own location.
Here in our project we are going to Sunrom’s ultra-sensitive GPS receiver model number-1141 which can acquire GPS signals from 65 channels of satellites and output position data with high accuracy in extremely challenging environments and under poor signal conditions due to its active antenna and high sensitivity. The GPS receiver’s -160dBm tracking sensitivity allows continuous position coverage in nearly all application environments.
‘
Block Diagram of GPS Module
Figure 8Block Diagram of GPS Module
GPS receiver consists of two units, first is active antenna which receives RF signals and amplifies it. The antenna is active in the sense it takes power from the module and amplifies the signal for high sensitivity. The RF signal is filtered and processed to generate NMEA format series data output.
‘ Operating Voltage: 9-12V AC/DC Power Supply
‘ Operating Current: 150mA
‘ Sensitivity: -160dBm
‘ Protocol output baud rate: 9600 bps
‘ Frequency: 11575.42 MHz
‘ Accuracy in Position: 5 Meters
‘ Accuracy in Velocity: 0.1 Meters/Second
‘ Accuracy in Time: 0.1 Microsecond
‘ Operating Temperature: -40??C to +85??C
‘ Structure of Received Data in GPS:
$GPGGA,hhmmss.sss,ddmm.mmmm,a,dddmm.mmmm,a,x,xx,x.x,x.x,M,,,,xxxx*hh
<CR><LF> 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Example:
$GPGGA,111636.932,2447.0949,N,12100.5223,E,1,11,0.8,118.2,M,,,,0000*02
<CR><LF>1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Field Name Example Description
1 UTC Time 111636.932 UTC of position in hhmmss.sss format, (000000.000 ~
235959.999)
2 Latitude 2447.0949 Latitude in ddmm.mmmm format
Leading zeros transmitted
3 N/S Indicator N Latitude hemisphere indicator, ‘N’ = North, ‘S’ = South
4 Longitude 12100.5223 Longitude in dddmm.mmmm format
Leading zeros transmitted
5 E/W Indicator E Longitude hemisphere indicator, ‘E’ = East, ‘W’ = West
6 GPS quality
indicator
1 GPS quality indicator
0: position fix unavailable
1: valid position fix, SPS mode
2: valid position fix, differential GPS mode
3: GPS PPS Mode, fix valid
4: Real Time Kinematic. System used in RTK mode with fixed
integers
5: Float RTK. Satellite system used in RTK mode. Floating
integers
6: Estimated (dead reckoning) Mode
7: Manual Input Mode
8: Simulator Mode
7 Satellites Used 11 Number of satellites in use, (00 ~ 12)
8 HDOP 0.8 Horizontal dilution of precision, (00.0 ~ 99.9)
9 Altitude 108.2 mean sea level (geoid), (-9999.9 ~ 17999.9)
10 DGPS Station ID 0000 Differential reference station ID, 0000 ~ 1023
NULL when DGPS not used
11 Checksum 02
Table 1Description of each field of received data in GPS
5.3 GSM Module SIM300
This GSM Modem can accept any GSM network operator SIM card and act just like a mobile phone with its own unique phone number. Advantage of using this modem will be that you can use its RS232 port to communicate and develop embedded applications. Applications like SMS Control, data transfer, remote control and logging can be developed easily.
This GSM modem is a highly flexible plug and play quad band GSM modem for direct and easy integration to RS232 applications. Supports features like Voice, SMS, Data/Fax, GPRS and integrated TCP/IP stack.
Figure 9 Physical view of GSM Module
Figure 10 Hardware Description of SIM300
‘ Power Supply: 3.4V to 12V
‘ Frequency Bands: EGSM 900, DCS 1800, PCS 1900. The band can be set by AT COMMAND, and default band is EGSM 900 and DCS 1800.
‘ Transmit Power: Class 4(2W) at EGSM900 and Class 1(1W) at DCS 1800, PCS 1900
‘ Temperature range: Normal operation -20??C to +55??C
‘ SMS: MT, MO, CB, Text and PDU mode
‘ Key Features of SIM300
‘ High Quality Product (Not hobby grade)
‘ Dual-Band GSM/GPRS 900/ 1800 MHz
‘ RS232 interface for direct communication with computer or MCU kit
‘ Configurable baud rate
‘ High sensitive Antenna (SMA connector with GSM Antenna Optional)
‘ SIM card holder
‘ Built in Network Status LED
‘ Inbuilt Powerful TCP/IP protocol stack for internet data transfer over GPRS
‘ Normal operation temperature: -20 ??C to +55 ??C
‘ Input Voltage: 12V DC.
5.4 LCD
Here is brief data for the Systronix 20×4 character LCD. It is a Data Vision part and uses the Samsung KS0066 LCD controller. It’s a clone of the Hitachi HD44780. We’re not aware of any incompatibilities between the two – at least we have never seen any in all the code and custom applications we have done.
This 20×4 LCD is electrically and mechanically interchangeable with 20×4 LCDs from several other vendors. The only differences we’ve seen among different 20×4 LCDs are:
1. LED backlight brightness, voltage and current vary widely, as does the quality of the display
2. There is a resistor ‘Rf’ which sets the speed of the LCD interface by controlling the internal oscillator frequency. Several displays we have evaluated have a low resistor value. This makes the display too slow. Looking at the Hitachi data sheet page 56, it appears that perhaps the ‘incorrect’ resistor is really intended for 3V use of the displays.
At 5V the resistor Rf should be 91kohms. At 3V it should be 75kohms. Using a 3V display at 5V is acceptable from a voltage standpoint (the display can operate on 3-5V) but the oscillator will then be running too slowly. One fix is to always check the busy flag and not use a fixed time delay in your code, then it will work regardless of the LCD speed. The other option is to always allow enough delay for the slower display.
‘ Input Voltage: 5V
‘ Supply Current: 2mA
‘ Operating Voltage: 4.7V
‘ LED Backlight Current: 120mA
‘ Operating Temperature: 25??C
5.5 MAX232
The MAX232 is an IC, first created in 1987 by Maxim Integrated Products, that converts signals from an RS-232 serial port to signals suitable for use in TTL compatible digital logic circuits. The MAX232 is a dual driver/receiver and typically converts the RX, TX, CTS and RTS signals.
It is helpful to understand what occurs to the voltage levels. When a MAX232 IC receives a TTL level to convert, it changes TTL logic 0 to between +3 and +15 V, and changes TTL logic 1 to between -3 to -15 V, and vice versa for converting from RS232 to TTL. This can be confusing when you realize that the RS232 data transmission voltages at a certain logic state are opposite from the RS232 control line voltages at the same logic state.
RS232 line type and logic level RS232 voltage TTL voltage to/from MAX232
Data transmission (Rx/Tx) logic 0 +3 V to +15 V 0V
Data transmission (Rx/Tx) logic 0 -3 V to -15 V 5V
Control signals (RTS/CTS/DTR/DSR) logic 0 -3 V to -15 V 5V
Control signals (RTS/CTS/DTR/DSR) logic 0 +3 V to +15 V 0V
Table 2 Voltage Level of MAX232
5.6 RS232
The RS-232 standard is a collection of connection standards between different pieces of equipment. This is a rather old standard, and has been revised many times over the years to accommodate changes to communications technology. A bare-bones connection will have only one wire connected between two pieces of equipment, but usually there are more. Three wires (transmit, receive, and ground) are usually the minimum recommended. A fully implemented RS-232 connection can have as many as 25 wires between each end. Some of the early RS-232 connections were also used to connect terminal equipment to modems, so information about modems is sometimes found with general serial data communication.
Figure 11 Pin Diagram of RS232
9-pin Pin Definition Direction (PC view)
1 DCD (Data Carrier Detect) input
2 RX (Receive Data) input
3 TX (Transmit Data) output
4 DTR (Data Terminal Ready) output
5 GND (Signal Ground) –
6 DSR (Data Set Ready) input
7 RTS (Request To Send) output
8 CTS (Clear To Send)) input
9 RI (Ring Indicator) input
Table 3 Pin Description of RS232
‘ Functions of Pin in RS-232
‘ DCD (Data Detect)
This is a signal to indicate from the communications equipment (DCE) that the phone line is still "connected" and receiving a carrier signal from the modem at the other end. Presumably well-written software or serial equipment could detect from this logic state when the telephone has been "hung up" on the other end. Null-modems often tie DCD to DTR at each end since there is no carrier signal involved.
‘ RX (Receive Data)
Input to receive the data.
‘ TX (Transmit Data)
The reverse of RX, this is where the terminal equipment (DTE) is transmitting serial data, using the same format and protocol that the receiver is expecting. More on the exact protocol further below. Like RX, think along the lines of "Terminal Transmit" when designing equipment that will be using this pin.
‘ DTR (Data Terminal Ready)
Basically a signal from the DTE that says "Hello!, I’m ready if you are". This is a general indicator to the DCE that the terminal is ready to start sending and receiving data. If there is some initialization that needs to happen in the communications equipment, this is a way for the terminal equipment to "boot" the receiving equipment. In an null modem setup this signal is often connected to DCD, so the device signals itself that an (imaginary) carrier has been detected, indication that the transmission line is up.
‘ GND (Signal Ground)
This is an interesting pin to look at. What it does is try to make a common "ground" reference between the equipment that is being connected to compare the voltages for the other signals. Normally this is a good thing, because sometimes different pieces of equipment have different power supplies and are some distance away. The not so pleasant thing about this wire is that it usually is a physical piece of copper that can conduct electricity that is not normally supposed to go down the wire, like a short-circuit or worse yet a bolt of lightning (it happens far more often that you would normally think for this sort of equipment). That can fry both the DCE as well as the DTE.
‘ DSR (Data Set Ready)
This is the counterpart to DTR with the communications equipment (or computer peripheral on the serial line). When the DTR is sent as a signal, the communications equipment should change this signal to logic "1" to indicate that it is ready to communicate as well. If the DCE goes through a "boot" sequence when the DTR gets signaled, it should not signal DSR until it is complete. But many connectors "hard wire" this pin to be directly connected to the DTR pin at each end to reduce the number of wires needed in the cable. This can be useful for connecting devices using existing telephone wires, but prevents applications from using the DTR and DSR for handshaking.
‘ RTS (Request To Send)
Setting the RTS signal to logic "1" indicates to the DCE that the DTE wants to send it data. Resetting the RTS signal to logic "0" indicates to the DCE that the DTE has no more data to send.
‘ CTS (Clear To Send)
This is the response signal from the DCE regarding if the terminal equipment should be transmitting any data. When this signal is at logical "1", the terminal is "permitted" to transmit data. Like the DTR/DSR pins, this one can be directly connected to the RTS pin to reduce the number of wires needed, but this eliminates the possibility of hardware flow control. Some software ignores this pin and the RTS pin, so other flow control systems are also used. That will be explained when we get to actual software.
‘ RI (Ring Indicator)
Again, thinking back to a telephone modem, this is a signal that indicates that the telephone is "ringing". Generally, even on a real telephone modem, this is only occasionally set to -15V for the signal. Basically, when you would normally be hearing a "ring" on your telephone, this pin would be signaled. On Null-modems, often this wire isn’t even connected to anything. If you really are connected to a real modem, this does have some strong uses, although there are other ways to have the terminal equipment (like a PC connected to an external modem) be informed that there are ways to communicate this information through the data pins as well. This will be covered lightly in the software section.
6.1 Software Used
1. EAGLE
2. Keil ??Vision 4
3. Flash Magic
4. Putty
6.1.1 Eagle
EAGLE provides quality PCB design software with the features that get the job done.EAGLE has been satisfying design engineers around the world, by offering the same core functionality as expensive commercial software, at the fraction of the cost. Flexible User Language Programs (ULPs) enable custom features, such as individual instruction sequences, simulation, data export and import, online import of product & pricing information through Design-Link. Active customer forums to share files, libraries ULPs, design tips and more paste your data outside of EAGLE.
Figure 12 Home screen of EAGLE
Figure 13Preparing circuit diagram in EAGLE
6.1.2 Keil ??Vision4
The Keil Software 8051 development tools can be used by any level of programmer to get the LPC2148 microcontroller architecture.
Software Development Cycle
The Keil ??Vision project development cycle procedure is as follows
1. Create a project, select the target chip.
2. Create source files in C or assembly.
3. Build your application with the project manager.
4. Correct errors in source files.
5. Test the linked application.
Create a Project
To create a new project the following steps need to be performed:
1. Start ??Vision and Create a project file.
2. Select a CPU from the Device Database.
3. Create a new source file and add this source file to the project.
4. Add and configure the startup code for the Device.
5. Set tool options for target hardware.
6. Build project and create a HEX file for Device programming.
Create a Project File
1. To create a new project file select from the ??Vision menu
2. Project ‘ New Project – Create New Folder ‘ Enter file name in PROJECT1.UV2
3. This opens a standard Windows dialog that asks you for the new project file name. Then ??Vision creates a new project file with the name PROJECT1.UV2 which contains a default target and file group name.
Select a Device
1. In a new project Select Device dialog box shows the ??Vision device database.
2. Then select the microcontroller NXP LPC2148 microcontroller.
3. Select Device – NXP LPC2148-OK.
Figure 14Schematic for adding device
Create New Source Files
1. To create a new source file with the menu option
2. File ‘ New – Save As _ File.asm
3. This ??Vision enables the C color syntax highlighting whether you save your file with the dialog File ‘ Save As’ under a filename with the extension *.asm.
After created source file add this file to the project. Select the file group in the Project Workspace ‘ Files page and right click mouse key to open a local menu. The option Add Files opens the standard files .Select the File.asm you have created.
Figure 15Home screen of Keil ??Vision4
Project Workspace ‘ Files _ right click _ Add Files
Figure 16Schematic for adding file in source file
6.1.3 Flash Magic
Flash Magic is a tool which used to program hex code in EEPROM of micro-controller. it is a freeware tool. It only supports the micro-controller of Philips and NXP. You can burn a hex code into those controllers which supports ISP (in system programming) feature. To check whether your micro-controller supports ISP or not take look at its datasheet. So if your device supports ISP then you can easily burn a hex code into EEPROM of your device.
Figure 17 Home screen of Flash Magic
‘ Step-1 Communication
Figure 18 Step 1 Communication
1) Select your target device
2) Select your com port and if you are using USB to serial converter make sure that you will select proper com port otherwise you cannot communicate
3) Now select baud rate ideally it should be 9600 (recommended). Avoid higher than 9600 for proper communication
4) Now select your interface if you are using DB-9 then it will be None (ISP)
‘ Step-2 Erase
Figure 19 Step 2 Erase
Now here tick mark the Erase all Flash option. This is the most crucial thing because wrong selection in this step can be result into lost of boot loader in your chip. Nothing to worry if you lost your boot loader because you can again load it but to load boot loader you must program you chip through universal programmer or any other programmer which is not depend upon boot loader for loading hex code. After loading boot loader you can again able to program your chip using flash magic.
‘ Step-3 Hex file
Figure 20Step 3 Hex File
This is very simple and you need to set up a path of your Hex file which is to be loaded on chip.
‘ Step-4 Options
Figure 21Step 4 Option
In this always keep Verify after programming option enable by tick mark. You can use another features as well according to your need.
‘ Step-5 Start
Figure 22Step 5 Start
Now you are all set to burn your code memory just click on start but and it will start to load hex code in your chip.
6.1.4 Putty
To test a GSM modem, first connect the modem to the host system of Device Manager using the documentation provided with the corresponding GSM modem. Once it is connected properly be sure to install the latest drivers compatible with the operating system that the host system of Device Manager is running on. The driver should be available from the manufacturer of the modem and will ensure that the host system is able to connect properly to the modem.
Once the modem is properly connected to the system with the latest compatible driver installed, the modem should be mapped to a COM port on the system. To determine which COM port the modem is mapped to you will need to navigate to the system’s ‘Device Manager’ by using the below steps (note this is from a Windows 7 system)
‘Start Menu’ – ‘Control Panel’ – ‘System and Security’ – ‘System’ – ‘Device Manager’
Figure 23Device Manager
Now you have confirmed the COM port the modem is mapped to you can attempt to manually send a SMS message using Putty. After selecting the ‘Serial’ option you will see fields for ‘Serial line’ and ‘Speed’. You will need to change the ‘Serial line’ field to be theCOM port that you found the modem mapped to and the ‘Speed’ field to be the ‘Maximum Port Speed’ (baud rate) of the modem.
Figure 24Home screen of Putty
After changing the settings select the ‘Open’ button at the bottom-right of the screen to open the connection to the modem.
Figure 25Output window of Putty
6.2 Flow Chart
No
Yes
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Figure 26Flow of the work
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7.1 Testing and Results
‘ Initialization of GPS and GSM
Figure 27 Initialization of Modules
‘ Current Location
Figure 28 Current Location
‘ Advertisement Display
Figure 29 Advertisement Display
‘ Next Location
Figure 30 Next Location
8.1 Troubleshooting
‘ We have only one part in our project i.e. monitoring part so it is obvious that we had different kinds of uncertainties to deal with.
‘ We had managed to get rid of almost all the problems by the teamwork and research on internet.
‘ The biggest problems that we had faced and troubleshoot are below.
1. Coding
‘ First we had made the code and tried it several times and we also dumped it several times in the microcontroller kit to see the real time working of the code.
‘ We had faced much more difficulties in monitoring part because in this part we had to deal with GSM, GPS and concatenation of both. Individual codes for the GSM and GPS was not so hard though it was difficult to make a code because we have never been taught any kind of studies about GSM and GPS in the academics in fact both of them are not part of our studies and the same reason we were not comfortable at all to build the code related to send the message and get the location with the help of ARM LPC2148 kit so we took the help of teacher and made some part by ourselves.
‘ The biggest problem that we faced was the concatenation of both GSM and GPS code so we tried and edited it several time with the help of teacher and finally we made it successfully.
2. Power Supply
‘ The second big problem that we faced that was to give power supply and wiring of model.
‘ Former we decided to use the adapters to give the power supply to the model but it is not possible for us to give continuous power to the model.
‘ So how to provide power supply to the unit? Though it is not a static unit and it has to be moving all the time we decided to use the battery as a power supply.
9.1 Application
‘ Use in Local Buses
‘ Use in Trains
‘ Railway Station Display Board
‘ Use as a Tour Guide
‘ Use in Taxi/Cabs
10.1 Conclusion
Thus by doing this project we get enough knowledge about different components which are used in our project as well as the function of the model.
Now we surely come to know that ‘The Location Based Advertisement (LBA) and Passenger Information System’ is practically implementable, highly reliable and economical. Such systems can benefit the humans in an effective way and by developing this type of system any problem regarding terminal name and arrival time in public transportation can be solved.
10.2 Scope of Project
‘ This project is developed in order to help the public transportation system in making its present working system a better one by eliminating some of the flaws existing in it.
‘ Based on the responses and reports obtained as a result of the significant development in the working system of public transportation, this project can be further extended to meet the demands according to situation.
‘ Additional modules can be added without affecting the remaining modules. This allows the flexibility and easy maintenance of the developed system.
‘ In our model we use the simple LCD for display but by using the Graphical LCD we can improve the display quality which is beneficial for displaying the advertisements.
‘ We can also use the GPRS to change the advertisement directly from the internet and it remove the human effort only give command and it will change.
10.3 Features
‘ Location Displayed on LCD
‘ Specific Advertisement Based on Location
‘ Display upcoming Location
‘ Change the Advertisement by sending SMS