In the above have shown that the construction pollution have 3 types affect the country growth, so in this way it affect the country
Impact on human health Construction and site activities are mainly responsible for different types of diseases like High Blood pressure (HBP), hypertension(, cardio vascular disease, pneumonia, respiratory diseases(Vichit-Vadakan et al 2001), coughing, asthma (Brauer et al 2007), cardio vascular(European Public Health Alliance 2009) diseases, brain strokes, premature death(European Public Health Alliance, 2009) diseases are the main diseases which patient increases for increasing construction pollutants in environment. In the estimate of global pollution that can be attributed to building and construction activities the pollutions air qualities is affected in cities is 23%, climate change through gases responsible is 50%, drinking water through pollution 40%, landfill pollution occur through construction activities 50%, Ozone depletion pollution through pollution is 50% (Brown et al 2001). Construction activities main pollutant are particulate matter (PM10and PM2.5), NOx , SOx and volatile organic compounds. In the south east Asia particulate air pollution is mostly responsible for pollution and their related diseases.. According to the WHO, Delhi is top most polluted city in the world and 13 out 20 most polluted cities in India. There are various pollutant in nature but most affective pollutant is particulate matter in all over the world. Particulate matter directly affects the human health in different diseases which increases the burden of health. Some of the diseases are more common most of the people from these diseases like respiratory diseases, allergies, high blood pressure, asthma, sleeplessness, eyes irritation few diseases which could harm the human beings. Drinking water is also infected from construction activities: Illegal dumping of solid waste and paint and oil leve behind on site are the causes of contaminated water. Long term exposure of air pollution has serious effect on human heart, it increase the heart variability rate (Chen et al 2015,) and also cause a high blood pressure. Noise pollution on construction site increases the cases of sleeplessness, eyes irritation, high blood pressure, stress problems also affect the person who has problem of heart stroke due to increase site activities and heavy old vehicle used on site. This is best source of construction pollution. Construction water pollution occur due to construction waste is not proper use and management. At the time of raining these worst fuel and other pollutant mix with water and these wash water mix in river and polluted and the site activities uses of machine and nearby residents are facing heavy noise pollution for these sound cause the different disorder like sleeplessness, stress problem and also the cause of High blood pressure and heart stroke in human health; (Blodgett, 2004; EPHA2009).
Impact on environment: Environment impact of the various construction activities has early recognized and analyzed in the world many of the researcher present their studies on construction environment impact (Ayarkwa et al 2014, zolfgharian et al 2012,). It probably larger in developing countries as compared to developing countries (Chrisna du plesis 2012). It could damages the environment, destroy natural vegetation, water bodies, natural sand dunes forests, gardens, parking areas, construction pollution also cause soil compaction substantial increase in the soil level, opened of trenches , damage of plant roots destroying roots, damages of dams are affected by construction pollution. These are destroy by construction activities like production of cement, aggregate, concrete, steel require more fossil fuel destroy renewable source of energy (Chrisna du plesis 2012). At the time of construction various types of green house gas emitted these toxic gas and effluents mix with environment more easily it could harm the marine life aquatic bodies also contributing atmospheric pollution (Chrisna du plesis,2012). Activities of heavy diesel vehicles, paints and solvents leave behind on site and illegal dumping of waste mix with rain water and wash off by rain mix in water bodies destroy aquatic animal and increase eco toxicity of water (heinon et al 2015 ). Improper way of mining of sand and stones destroy the sand dunes and natural terrain and direct impact on environment. Construction and demolition wastage another way to impact on environment. Mostly sites the construction salvage is become40-60% waste generation due to higher consumption of material. Mostly 80% construction waste is reusable and recyclable on construction site (Cole 2000) and highest waste of material on site is Portland cement.
3 Reviews of Studies: In the research many of them have study the impact on them out of them selected the 4 studies reviews of following
a) Ayarkwa et al 2014, Environment impact of Construction site Activities in Ghana
The researcher has analysis the environmental impact of construction site activities on the environment using structured question survey method. In the sample analyzed on following basis: – Ranking the adversely affected site activities the construction out of all main activities reviews both of them construction worker and nearby resident both of them have different views. The researcher has analysis the construction activity on site. On the further research also grouped the respondent in 3 category most severely affected on following order i) nearby residents (75%), ii) site workers (65%) iii) people in school and neighborhood (35%). People living nearby construction site faces many problem for noise, dust and odors also analysis impact on the ecosystem, construction worker and nearby residents. Construction site activities have serious impact on environment. Site blasting, site clearance transportation of resource has serious impact on human health.
b) Samaneh Zolfagharian et al 2012 Environment impact assessment on construction sites, Construction research Congress 2012, ASCE 2012
In this study author find out construction activities impact on environment in Malaysia. In this study researcher made 4 categories and subcategories and interview with the expert panel. In this analysis the author found that transportation of construction material has major environment impact compared with other activities. The noise generation heavy machine activities during construction process is also major concerning issue has serious impact to nearby residents. During the construction activities heavy dust generation have serious impact on human health cause of diseases like respiratory diseases, silicosis and lung cancer in people in this environment. Furthermore, green house gas emission, and waterborne toxicities contributes the less with any other sub categories.
In this study author divide the environmental impact in 3 category i) Ecosystem impact 67percent ii) natural resource impact 21 percent iii) public health impact 12percent.
C) Li et al 2010
In this study the researcher has quantitative assessment of environmental impact in china and this study present integrated life cycle environmental impact assessment model that is applicable to construction phase studies, where impact factors are analyzed on different factors. In this study author categorized the environmental impact in to three subjects such as ecosystem impact, natural resource impacts, and human health. According to the author; the most vulnerable impact of construction activities on ecosystem. 65% impact on ecosystem, 8% impact on the natural resource, and 27% impact on the human health.. The impact distribution among unit processes and environmental burden substances showing in this study that pit support construction is responsible for 59.4% of the total environmental impact. The environmental impact of excavation rank the second (18.3%), site cleaning third (12.3%).
D) Ozdilek et al 2006,
This study is based on rapid industrialization and urbanization in Turkey over a period of 10 year study of impact on human health. Industrialization urbanization are directly depends up on the construction activities. The impacts of outdoor air pollution are more severe in provinces of Turkey. This study found the health impact on turkey city population in the cases of respiratory diseases, sinusitis, bronchitis and pneumonia cases in provinces reported by state medical treatment facilities in 2001. In the turkey city impaired outdoor air in terms of SO2 and total particulate matter concentration. In the study find out that respiratory diseases other than bronchitis, emphysema and asthma and pneumonia ranked 6 as the primary cause of death followed by pneumonia is 7th and bronchitis, emphysema and asthma ranked 10th. The outdoor air pollution increases the mortality rate through the respiratory diseases and pneumonia. In the increases of SO2 in turkey the main cause of house heating and the cause of increases total particulate matter is rapid urbanization. Mean annual SO2 concentrations in selected air impaired cities by researcher are improved. However author find out that clean air cities have reported low air pollution related diseases. In the study three different scenario first projection, reduction air pollution diseases incipience rate of 27 cities which is 7.81% respiratory system incidence rate in Ankara. Second decrease of air pollution in 27 worst air cities to better air quality in the cities which are located near coastal sites have different air quality criteria and cities have different industrialization and urbanization level. In spite that the pollution due to improper fuel used in home heating and industrialization in turkey if follow modern methods that will probably improve and number of sickness due to impaired air quality will probably decline.
4) Recommendation as per Studies
i) Noise pollution should be increase due to increases of transportation vehicle in the process of urbanization and industrialization. Noise pollution on nearby sites is a big issue in that time. Noise pollution can be reduced on sites for proper management and used advanced techniques. Noise can be managed on side for following four stages Assess, Eliminate, control and review technique. Also uses barrier (i.e. wall) to reduce the noise source and receiver (Barron 2003) to reduce the impact on nearby residents.
ii) Construction dust are major source of PM10 and PM2.5 at most of the countries pm 2.5 and pm10 level is more and it is also the cause of many different diseases in worker and nearby residents. Exhaust ventilation system wet dust suppression use personal protective are common ways to reduce dust exposure in the construction exposure in the construction industry( Nij et al 2003).For the nearby residents using advance construction advance method or technologies reduce the site pollution on sites. The amount of waste generation by construction activities modification and demolition has more substantial and has become serious problems in many countries (Esin et al 2007). Survey conducted in many countries in Brazil, Australia and the United states found the amount of waste generation on is 20-30% of the total waste generation entering in landfill throughout the world is high( Ibn-Homaid 2002, Pheng et al 1998;;).
iii) Waste material is the cause of soil pollution and water pollution in the time of rain. For increasing the waste material on site has substantial international concerns (Ayarkwa et al 2014). Estimate that as much as 80% waste generation on the time of construction activities are reusable and recyclable since it is relatively clean (Cole 2000).
iv) Construction in the time of rainy season sediments fine concrete, paints, lubricants, fuel, solvent, pesticides etc enter storm and pollute the water and illegal dumping on material on the river side also the cause increasing water pollution This can reduce the water dissolved oxygen and harm the aquatic life and human health. Water used on construction activities generate pollutant fluids which may spoil the land and adjacent pavements ( Teixeira et al 2005; Levin1997).For reducing this practice re use of waste on site could be reduce water pollution and make a new method for reuse of polluted water on construction sites
There are various policies of government but gap between regulations is also important reason for concern. Government body took least interest for controlling the site activities. There are various factors which are responsible for intervention of these policies due to poor monitoring and lack communication of data and poor regulation also a big cause of concern. According to (Rajgopalan et al 2015) studied the on the gaps between regulation of policies and reality in India for controlling the urban air quality looks for change in methodology improve modification of techniques and devices. The gaps are identified in flow of data and follow standardize data collection policy. If increasing the awareness of pollution also reduces the impact level in India.
Construction pollution impact clearly measure out it is impossible to any device or other method in this time. Construction activity is a major source of pollution but all pollution activity is not responsible for construction process.
5) Conclusion Construction activities are the important source which responsible to destroy environment and natural ecosystem. For any country construction can never be stop and never stop site activities. If following advance technologies and methods use the construction pollution on sites. On many countries there is a gap between policies of countries rules and regulation. Many of the countries have not proper fund for buying heavy advance machines and monitoring pollution on construction sites. If the WHO helps in following countries so countries automatically adjusted pollution level. Modern devices help to reduce the pollution and the make the environment pollution in developing countries. Particulate matter pollution mostly occurs in dry atmosphere. This study is totally based on the reviews studies of different work which could be done by different authors in different sites. Construction practitioners, however, are more concerned about issues relating to cost and general pollution than the direct impact of their activities on the environment and nearby residents (Ayarkwa et al 2014). Nearby resident’s people living near construction sites, sites workers, and people daily up downers are mostly affected by construction site activities. Most of the people are affected by these activities. For reduction these pollution start working with new methods and technologies and following sustainable construction techniques reduce environmental pollution.