In today’s society the amount of emissions that engines produced are harmful and integrate towards greenhouse gasses, this is dangerous as it contributes with global warming. Integrating a turbocharger to reduce emissions and feedback emissions back into the Brayton cycle is one way to reduce the total emissions produced by the jet engine. Today’s society requires aircrafts to operate no stop and is vital for transport and the emissions produce by the aircrafts are dangerous, using a turbocharger to reduce emission will allow the carbon footprint to be reduced. This report describes the Methodologies, Data collection and Interpretation of the jet engine, the report looks into the design of the system and the emissions the engine produced. The report looks into the emissions produced by the engine and how they can be reduced and how biofuels can be used as well.
Introduction
In today’s society engines and turbines have been vastly improved, the efficiency of the engines has been improved to maximise the power output and reduce the fuel consumption. One way jet engines have been improved on is by creating and shaping the angles of attack on the blades. This report details how the airflow has allowed turbines to be more efficient reducing the cost in fuel consumption and reducing the emissions footprint using biofuels.
Early stages of the jet engines were just a concept and wasn’t used until world war 2, since then the jet engine has been vastly improved growing with many technological advances such as lighter and more strictly stable material such as titanium, the design of the engine has also been vastly improved such as the intake for the engine using different design for the blades. Early instances of the engine would have problems when reaching faster speeds as the engines would lose efficiency.
Due to the amount of fuel we use in today’s society directly corresponds to the co2 emissions that are rising. The International Panel on Climate Change Determined that high concentration of carbon dioxide particles and increase in greenhouse gasses has led to the increase of the earth’s Temperature. The aviation industry has gone through many changes and regulations that require emissions to be kept as low as possible set by the International Civil Aviation Organisation.
- https://aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/42303/why-do-jet-engine-fan-blades-have-a-twisted-shape/42525
- https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-study-confirms-biofuels-reduce-jet-engine-pollution
- https://www.icao.int/environmental-protection/Pages/environment-publications.aspx
- https://www.scientific.net/AMR.732-733.46
- https://ec.europa.eu/transport/sites/transport/files/european-aviation-environmental-report-2016-72dpi.pdf
- http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00022470.1968.10469144
Methodology
The research conducted and the reports that have been collected on turbojet engines were found by using different methods of investigation. To find the reports that detail the turbojet engines different methods were used to source the correct reports such as, using the ICAT library to find the relevant reports and information, the use of IEEE to search for any information regarding Turbojet Engines, google was used to find the relevant statistics on emissions produced by Turbojet engines.
Researching such a topic has provided a number of substantial reports such as NASA’s Study of biofuels reducing Jet Engine Pollutions. The tests involved flying NASA’s workhorse DC-8 as high as 40,000 feet while its four engines burned a 50-50 blend of aviation fuel and a renewable alternative fuel of hydro processed esters and fatty acids produced from camelina plant oil’ , NASA have used this test to check the implications of mixing fuels and to weather it allowed the emission to be reduced and to create less pollutants.
Background Research Turbojet Engine Emissions
Analysis of the Report
The purpose of this Report is to detail the different elements proposed in two different research papers on similar topics. The report explains the Purpose of Research, the approaches, the methodologies, collected data and interpretation.
Report 1
The report conducted by the European Aviation Safety Agency on the emissions created by the engines. The report talks about emissions produced by jet engines, the ICAO emissions standards have been designed to regulate the smoke and gasses produced. The report goes into detail how the smoke limit affects the air quality especially around the airports during landing and take-off, as stated in the report ‘the standards apply to all turbojet and turbofan engines in the case of smoke, but only to those engines with a thrust greater than 26.7 kN in the case of gaseous emissions’ this state that the emissions produced by the engines need to be limited and be more controlled. Unlike ground vehicles where a catalytic converter can be used jet engines do not have a catalytic converter to reduce the amount of emissions they produced requiring the fuel injectors to reduce the emissions.
The report looks in the use of alternative fuels for the jet engines, the report talks about using vegetable oils and Fischer-tropsch fuels as a viable method for reducing the emissions produced and to stop relying on fossil fuel as energy. The report shows that ‘the two first fuels are approved for blending ratios up to 50% with conventional jet fuel, while synthetic iso-paraffin blending ratio is limited to 10%’ this shows that the aviation requirements are pushing forward for biofuels by slowly blending them with the conventional jet fuels to reduce the emissions produced.
The report also goes into how emissions is not just caused by the engines but caused by network efficiencies. The report shows that an excess of CO2 is caused by inefficiencies within the flight navigation services, due to the inefficiencies the taxi, landing and take-off services produce more emissions than needed.
Report 2
The report conducted by Eloy R. Lozano. Walter W. Melvin Jr. and Seymour Ochheiser details the emission produced by the jet engine including the approach setting such as take-off and landing. The report test different types of engines such as turboprop, conventional jet and fan jet engines, the report also produces results on each jet engines emissions. The report talks about the methodology conducted on each type of engine and the methods used to conduct the experiment such as prolonging the use of the engine for the test, different points were used for sampling for Nitrogen and the use of permeant sampling probes.
The reports ‘average emissions rate were completed over a 10min to 30 min interval, Samples were not taken during acceleration or deceleration modes because large variations in exhaust composition were observed during these periods’. The report states that collecting results during acceleration and deceleration will not produce viable results and that a steady source of power needs to be produced to check the efficiency as the emissions levels will fluctuates with different power rates applied. The report did not include the samples because the hydrocarbons need to be stabilised to get more valid results, during acceleration and deceleration the hydrocarbons were fluctuating constantly not allowing valid results to be produced.
As shown in the figure above the table shows the type of engine used, the pollutants present and the amount of emission each engine produce. The figure shows that the engine TF-33 produce the most emissions in total after adding up each action the engine goes through.