There has been much discussion on the issue of whether in flooding. For the purposes of this essay, flooding will be defined as an increase of water and makes some damage and whose causes this problem is two thing, first by physical causes and human factors (BBC, 2014). According to BBC (2014), the flooding can be coursed by human factors such as “urbanisation” and “deforestation”. This essay will argue the human factors could be one of the reasons of flooding. Fist, this essay will discuss the construction and the location. Next, it is going to talk about the climate change. Then is turn to some physical courses link with increases the water. The last, it is going to talk about nature such as ‘Rain’ and how is related to the flooding.
First, construction and the location such us the building, and how is might cause the flooding. According to Weebly (N.D.) human factors it is the reason of flooding by urbanisation and deforestation. For example for urbanisation, in this world the population increase day by day, year by a year and that makes the countries build others building in the country. Also, human make the street as well as the area of a building when it rains the water goes to the sewage, then in go to the river because the sewage could be full of or dead end (Weebly N.D.). The next example is the deforestation and that means cut the trees and that means the government or the people when they cut the trees the makes the rain go directly to the river without any stop by the trees and makes the water of the river increase then it makes the flooding. According to Rosenzweig & Solecki (N.D.) in the New York City, it is the most city in the world had flooding by the city’s critical infrastructure are linked with the 100-year flood, which this area have a one per cent chance of flooding any year. Also, that makes increasing on the water between 2000 and 2100, as well as critical infrastructure systems in New York City exposed to 5 changing include energy, transportation, telecommunications, water and waste (Rosenzweig & Solecki, N.D.). In addition, the New York City, try to fix the problems they had with the weather such as the climate change (Rosenzweig & Solecki, N.D.). So, it could be seen that the human factors related to construction are one of the reasons to makes the flooding.
In addition, the climate change is the second season of flooding by global warming. Global warming has already increased the risk of major. According to the NASA (2017), in the Earth the have a thermal blanket for it, also this blanket made of water vapour and including much smaller amounts of carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide, most climate scientists out point that the main reason for the global warming is human expansion of the greenhouse effect. Furthermore, water vapour is one of the most abundant greenhouse gas, however, the important it is feedback to climate (NASA, 2017). For more detail, water vapour increase when the temperature also increases, that also makes clouds and precipitation, thus making the water vapour in the important to effect the climate change (NASA, 2017). In addition, other main pieces of evidence for global warming is the influence of the growing amount of carbon dioxide on the temperature. However, the basic science of greenhouse gases has been known for over 200 years and there really is no agreement on the point that carbon dioxide content and the temperature correlate. But even those who support the idea of the global warming threat admit that this correlation “is not evidence of carbon dioxide driving the temperature” (Houghton, 2007). In other words scientists admit that the diagram of correlation does not give the proof of global warming due to increased carbon dioxide. Apart from this, it clear that carbon dioxide is a minor greenhouse gas and its increase does not influence the temperature of the air (Great Global Warming Swindle, 2006). Admitting that there is little disagreement about the level of carbon dioxide (which has actually risen) Lindzen (2006) states that “if all else were kept equal the increase in carbon dioxide should have lead to somewhat more warming than has been observed.” Therefore, it seems clear that an increase in carbon dioxide has not led to significant global warming.
In this paragraph is will turn to talk abut the physical causes of flooding. BBC (2014) point that physical causes of flooding had 7 reasons heavy rainfall, long periods of rain, snowmelt, steep slopes, impermeable rock, very wet, saturated soils, compacted or dry soil. According to the BBC (2014), the impermeable rock is one of the physical causes of flooding. For example, in some parts of this world, some rock made of calcium carbonate that means the water can go inside the rock say is ‘sedimentary rock’. Also, the rocks were eroded by fast-flowing in the end of the last Ice Age, that makes more flooding in those part in this world. Next, saturated soils in other reason for flooding .For example, “Impermeable soils and rocks such as clay or shale do not allow water to infiltrate, this forces water to run off reducing river lag times and increasing flood risk (Rgamesby, N.D.). Permeable rocks allow water to infiltrate into them (Rgamesby, N.D.). If permeable rocks allow water in through cracks, fissures and bedding planes but not through their pores they are said to be pervious (such as limestone) (Rgamesby, N.D.). Porous rocks allow water to penetrate into their pores such as sandstone that cause flooding (Rgamesby, N.D.)”.
In addition, nature such as ‘Rain’ and how is related to the flooding. Redd (2017) stand that they have more than one types of flooding thus are overbank flooding, flash floods, Ice jam flooding and coastal flooding. Firstly, overbank flooding is normal flooding as any people know that. For more detail, flooding happens because of rain and melting snow, the water inside the river increased and made the flooding and this depend on the weather and the area (Redd, 2017). Then the flash floods are a growth of the water in 6 hours also increase the speed. Also, if the speed becomes 10 miles an hour is could be as the same as the wind gusts of 270 mph, “according to 2005 article in THE USA today”. The third is Ice jam flooding when the cold temperatures, bodies of water are often frozen (Redd, 2017). Also when is frozen and it is raining hard it could break the ice and when running with water it could be stacked and be dam what is known as “Ice jam flooding”. What is more, when is become dam makes the water to be in one place that made flooding and be flash flooding as this paragraph said befoe and increase the damage to surrounding structures (Redd, 2017). The last one is coastal flooding, this type of flooding occurs along the edges of oceans and is made by storm surges (Redd, 2017). This kind of flooding sometimes links to hurricanes tsunamis or tropical storms. For example, “when low pressures occur in a storm over the ocean, they suck the water toward the centre” (Reed, 2017). So, it could be seen that nature is the other reason for flooding, not the just human factor.
In conclusion, this essay has shown that the human factors could be one of the reasons of flooding but not the only one. From the information given, it can be concluded that human factor could be related to the flooding as is shown that in the two first paragraphs. As can be seen, the human factors could make some changeable to cause the flooding. For example, as in paragraph one, has shown the human factor when is building and choose the part of this world to build up what is going one such as flooding. The next paragraph has shown that human factor changes the thermal blanket for the world and that cause of client changing. On the other hand, in this essay, it has turned on to the physical causes of flooding, that makes other reason for flooding, not just human factors. In addition, physical causes of flooding are shown other way for making the flooding. In the last by nature, in this is had more detail but as it shown flooding could make by more than one way as the normal people know. However, it can be expected that human activity will probably continue without limitation or regulation & may consequently exacerbate flooding until it is seen as the most obvious threat to society in the foreseeable future.
Reference List
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- BBC (2014). ‘Rivers and flooding’, [online] Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/ks3/geography/physical_processes/rivers_flooding/revision/7/ (accessed 10/07/17).
- Houghton, J. (no date). ‘The Great Global Warming Swindle Programme directed by Martin Durkin on Channel 4 on Thursday 8 March 2007, Critique by John Houghton, President, John Ray Initiative’, [online] Available at: http://nonideal2.blogspot.co.uk/2012/09/the-great-global-warming-swindle.html (accessed 10/07/17).
- Lindzen, R. (2006). ‘There is no ‘consensus’ on global warming’, The Wall Street Journal 26/6/06, [online] Available at: http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB115127582141890238 (accessed 10/07/17).
- NASA(2017). ‘A blanket around the Earth’, [online] Available at: https://climate.nasa.gov/causes/ (accessed 10/07/17).
- Rosenzweige C. and Soleki W. (no date). ‘Building climate resilience in cities: lessons from New York’, [online] Available at: https://theconversation.com/building-climate-resilience-in-cities-lessons-from-new-york-52363?sa=google&sq=new+building+related+to+the+flooding&sr=2 (accessed 10/07/17).
- Rgamesby (no date). ‘River flooding – why it happens and patterns’, [online] Available at: http://www.coolgeography.co.uk/GCSE/AQA/Water%20on%20the%20Land/Flooding/Flooding.htm (accessed 10/07/17).
- Redd (2017). ‘Flood Facts, Types of Flooding, Floods in History’, [online] Available at: https://www.livescience.com/23913-flood-facts.html (accessed 10/07/17).
- The Great Global Warming Swindle (2006) Directed by Martin Dukin [film]. London: WAGTV
- Weebly (no date). ‘The impact of human activities on flooding’, [online] Available at: http://www.acegeography.com/causes-of-flooding.html (accessed 10/07/17).