ABSTRACT
Advanced Oxidation Process, which involves the generation of highly potent chemical oxidants such as hydroxyl radicals. There are many important technologies for accelerating the oxidation& destruction of wide range of organic contaminants in polluted water.
The Present Study describes the use of Photo Fenton Oxidation processes as a tertiary treatment for increasing treatment efficiency along with the biological process. Photo Fenton Oxidation technique is basically now-a-days is used to meet variety of objectives including final polishing, reduction of high percent of organic load of BOD/COD along with efficient reduction in toxicity & turbidity level of refractory effluent.
The study noticed that percent COD removal & other results are achieved with the optimum pH adjustment, hydrogen peroxide, Fe2+ dosage & time. The amount of UV light passes through the wastewater effects the feasibility & reaction rate of oxidation process for cost effective treatment of wastewater along with environmental & biological point of view.
Key Words
- Advanced oxidation process
- UV light
- Hydrogen peroxide
- Photo Fenton
- Wastewater
- COD removal
1.INTRODUCTION
1.1 Problem Summary & Introduction
Problem Summary
- The drugs are not easily removed in conventional wastewater treatment.
- Refractory pollutants that are not removed in treatment plant causes soil & water receiving bodies.
- Wastewater affects the ecosystem & also the environment biological processes such as reproduction.
- Decreases underground water quality.
- Many acute hazards related to workers health safety arise.
Introduction
Environmental protection is a matter that occupies a large area of global concern. Many issues are related to environmental protection, such as wastewater treatment, Ecosystem reserve, water purification and Energy conservation. Wastewater is any water that adversely affected in quality by human actions. Simply, it is any water that has been used and can’t be used for the same purpose in future.
No one can deny that wastewater is one of the main sources of pollution, which threatens environment. In addition, it usually contains various types of pollutants depending on what it was used for. In general wastewater can be classified into 2 major categories by source.
(Fig no 1.1 classification of advanced oxidation processes)
1.Domestic, Municipal or Household wastewater.
This type of wastewater comes from residential source including toilets, sinks, bathing and laundry. It can contain body wastes containing intentional disease organisms.
2.Industrial Wastewater
Manufacturing processes & commercial enterprises discharges this type of wastewater. Process wastewater can contain rinse water including such things like residual acids, plating metals and toxic chemicals. Industrial wastewater characteristics vary according to the industry type.
Wastewater treatment is a process to improve and purify the wastewater, removing some or all type of the contaminants, making water fit for reuse or discharge back to the environment. Discharge may be to surface water, such as rivers or the ocean or to ground water that lies beneath the land surface of the earth.
Properly treating wastewater assures that acceptable overall water quality is to be maintained. In many parts of the world, the health problem and diseases are often has been caused by discharging untreated or inadequately treated wastewater such discharges are called water pollution & result in the spreading of disease kills fish & destruction of other forms of aquatic life.
The processes offer several advantages over or physical processes including:
- Process operability (non biological process)
- Unattended operation with very small footprint.
- The absence of secondary waste sludge.
- The ability to handle fluctuating flow rates.
Conventional oxidation process are very often high capital and operating costs and not effective in reducing the COD contamination from the wastewater.
Conventional oxidation processes such as biological treatment, demands any operating cycle and very big operating plant.
Advanced Oxidation Process introduces a new yet and already proven method to reliably remove residuals in wastewater from industrial production process that are difficult or impossible to remove using conventional biological processes. Advanced Oxidation Process will break down the originally non-biodegradable substances to the point where the microbes will accept them as food & therefore take over the remaining part of the degradation process.
pH Oxidant Catalyst Pollutant UV light intensity
UV/H2O2 ‘mostly alkaline Strongly dependency on amount of H2O2 Excessive amount formed iron complex Concentrated pollutant need more dosage of oxidant as well as catalyst
Proper choice of UV source
UV/Ozone-acidic (direct oxidation ozone), alkaline (indirect oxidation, hydroxyl radical)
Excess amount causes scavenging effect and decrease the efficiency Reduce the efficiency by scavenging the reaction Turbidity of pollutant, decrease the amount of UV light that pass through the system Turbidity effects the light penetration
Fenton based oxidation- pH 3to5 Light penetration is reduced by sludge formation Optimize the design of photo reactor for efficient distribution of light
TiO2/UV-alkaline
(Table no: 1.1 Introductions)
1.2 Aim and Objectives of the project
Aim
The aim of this study is to removal all organic pollutant & toxicity by advanced oxidation process.
OBJECTIVE:
- The Advanced Oxidation Processes involving UV light, Hydrogen peroxide and ozone is the removal or degradation of pollutants from pharmaceutical wastewater.
- To verify the technical feasibility of treating wastewater generated in industry.
- To verify the effects of different levels for the selected variables on the treatment efficiency.
- The UV reactor design is simple and it efficiently and uniformly distributes UV light through the reactor.
- To reduction overall COD and BOD.
- To increases bioavailability of recalcitrant organics.
1.3 Problem specification
THE EFFECT OF THE RELEASE OF WASTEWATER
1.3.1. Release to surface water:
Several health impacts and environmental impacts resulting from insufficient wastewater treatment. These impacts can include negative effects on wildlife and fish populations, restriction on fish and shellfish harvesting, oxygen depletion and restriction on drinking water consumption.
Some examples of pollutants that can be found in wastewater
Decaying organic matter can use up dissolved oxygen in a lake so fish and aquatic life cannot survive.
- Excessive nutrients, such as Phosphorous and nitrogen, can cause eutrophication, which can be toxic to aquatic organism, reduce available oxygen, promote excessive plant growth, alter habitat and lead to decline in a certain species.
- Chlorine compound and inorganic chloramines can be toxic to fish and algae.
- Bacteria, viruses and disease causing pathogens. Pathogens can pollute beaches, drinking water consumption, shellfish consumption, and restrictions on human reaction.
- Metals, such as lead, cadmium, mercury, chromium, arsenic can have chronic and acute toxic effect on species.
- Other substances such as pharmaceutical and personal care products, primarily entering in wastewater effluents and threats to human health, wildlife, and aquatic life.
1.3.2. Release to Air:
The process of collection and treatment of wastewater may also release volatile chemicals into the air. The chemicals released in largest volume include; oxide of nitrogen, methane, hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, mercaptans and other chemicals can be released to some smaller extent.
1.3.3. Release to Land:
The process of removing organic and inorganic suspended solids from the wastewater may result in increasing the quantities of solid waste. In typical treatment facilities, non-biodegradable and inorganic solid materials are sent to landfill. Many secondary treatment facilities collect the organic solids and send it to digester. From digester methane gas recovers for energy production. Once the organic solids have been completely digested, these solids can be land applied as a soil fertilizer, sent to landfill, incinerated for further energy recovery or to deep well injection.
1.4. Brief Literature Review
1.4.1. Literature Review
Sr. No. 1.
Title – Advanced oxidation process
Inventor/Author
- Metcalf & Eddy,
- Franklin Burton
Conclusion
Advanced oxidation process typically involves the generation and use of the hydroxyl free radical as a strong oxidant to destroy the compounds that cannot be oxidized by oxidants such as Oxygen, Ozone and chlorine.
Oxidizing power of hydroxyl radical, along with hydrogen peroxide is 1.78V.And with ozone the electrochemical oxidation potential is 2.08V.
Hydroxyl radical can be produce by Ozone-Based processes and non-Ozone based processes.
The Ozone/UV is more effective when the interested compounds can be degraded through the absorption of the UV irradiation.
For compounds that do not adsorb UV, AOP involving Ozone/H2O2.
Hydroxyl radicals are also formed when water containing Hydrogen peroxide is exposed to UV light (200-280nm).
Sr. NO. 2
Title – Use of selected Advanced Oxidation processes for wastewater treatment
Inventor/Author
- A.S.Stasinakis
- Gogate P.R. and Pandit A.B.
- Neyens E. and Baeyens J.
Conclusion
- Use of AOP in wastewater treatments
- Titanium dioxide/UV light Process
- H2O2/UV light process
- Fenton’s reactions
- Titanium dioxide/UV light process:
In TiO2/UV light process, titanium peroxide absorbs UV light and generates hydroxyl radicals. The major factors affecting TiO2/UV light Process are: Initial organic load, amount of catalyst, reactor’s design, UV Irradiation time, Temperature, Solutions pH, Light intensity and presence of ionic species.
Hydrogen peroxide/UV light:
UV/H2O2 Process is efficient in mineralizing organic pollunts. The major factors affecting this process are the initial concentration of the target compounds, the amount of hydrogen peroxide used, wastewater pH, presence of bicarbonate and reaction time.
Fenton’s reaction:
Fenton’s reagent, a mixture of ferrous iron and H2O2 (oxidizing agent), has been known as a powerful oxidant for organic contaminants. The Photo-Fenton process involves the hydroxyl radical formation through photolysis of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2/UV) and Fenton reaction (H2O2/Fe2+).
Sr. No. 3
Title – Treatment of Liquid Effluents by catalytic Ozonation And photo-Fenton’s
Inventor/Author – ANA SOFIA DOS SANTOS FAJARDO
Conclusion
- The most important advanced oxidation treatments based on the use of the H2O2 are Fenton and Photo-Fenton processes.
- The efficiency of this process to oxidized organic contaminants is high.
- An enhanced version of Fenton reaction is based on the generation of Hydroxyl radicals due to the interaction between H2O2 an Fe2+ as catalyst.
- The main advantage of photo-Fenton Process is it’s operational simplicity and the possibility of using solar light as source of radiation.
- By using solar light as source of radiation reduces the operating cost and making it very attractive for industrial applications.
- The disadvantages are H2O2 is an expansive raw material and a low pH is required.
Sr. No. 4
Title – Fundamental mechanistic Studies of the Photo-Fenton Reaction For the Degradation of organic pollutants
Inventor/Author
- F.H.Nascimento
- J.E.F Silva
- D.N. Quina
- Fabio gozzi
Conclusion
- Advanced Oxidation process has been employed for the degradation of variety of organic pollutants such as aliphatic and aromatic compounds, hydrocarbons, halocarbons, phenols, ethers, ketones, etc.
- From an environmental standpoint, one must be sure that the degradation of the initial pollutants does not produce intermediate products that are as toxic as or more toxic than the initial pollutants.
- The optimum pH range for photo Fenton reaction is pH 3.
- The photos Fenton process produces no new pollutants and require only small quantity of iron salt.
- The efficiency of the photo Fenton process can be further enhanced by using organic carboxylic acid to complex Fe (|||).
Sr. No. 5
Title – Advanced oxidation process for water purification and soil remediation.
Inventor/Author – Anna Goi
Conclusion
- Ozone treatment of soil
- The efficiency of the ozone treatment is strongly dependent on matrix of soil. Sand represented a mineral part of soil, while peat is chosen as a model of organic-rich soil. Ozone consumption during the ozonation of non-contaminated soil is also higher for peat than for soil.
- Effect of soil pH on the Fenton treatment
- Nitrogen, phosphorus, poly-aromatic hydrocarbon and diesel are effectively degraded in soil with the Fenton/Fenton-like treatment at pH 3. If the natural pH of the contaminated zone is not low enough for efficient hydroxyl radical generation, acids may be added to adjust the pH.
COD
(mg/l) BOD
(mg/l) pH COD removal (%) BOD/COD
After treatment UV (W) H2O2
(g/l) Fe2+
(mg/l) Reference
H2O2 /UV
760 – – 22 – 150 3.4 Schulte, 1995
760 – 3 99 – 150 3.4
1000-1200 <10 3-4 90 – 15 0.5 Steensen, 1997
1000-1000 <10 3-4 85 – 150 0.5
1280 100 2 57 – 100 – Ince, 1998
1280 100 – 59 – 500 –
430TOC – 42TOC – 300 – Wenzeletal, 1999
26000 2920 3 79 O.37 1500 5.19 Qureshietal, 2002
26000 2920 3 91 O.4 1500 13
26000 2920 3 96 0.45 1500 26
H202Fe+2
– – 3 50 – 1.6 – Schulteetal, 1995
1050-2020 50-270 4 60 – 0.2 600-800 GAU and Change, 1995
1200 – – 63 0.15 – – Bae etal, 1997
1150 3-5 3 70 – 2.44 55 Kim etal, 1997
2000 87 3.5 69 0.58 1.5 56 Kim & Hum, 1997
330 <8 7.5 72 0.3 10 ml/l 120 Welander etal, 1998
TOC
– – 3 55 – 2.2 –
1500 30 3.5 75 – 1.65 645 Kang and Hwang,2000
1800 225 3 52 0.22 1.5 2000 Zamora etal, 2000
1800 225 4.5 54 0.27 1.2 1500 Kim etal, 2001
COD
(mg/l) BOD
(mg/l) pH COD removal (%) BOD/COD
After treatment UV (W) H2O2
(g/l) Fe2+
(mg/l) Reference
1500 75 8.5 14 – 0.2 300 Lau etal, 2001
10504 2300 8.2 60 0.5 1 830 Lopez etal, 2004
282-417 – 3 49-76 TOC – 1 1250 Yoon eatal,1998
Old Leachate – – – – 1 1000 Zamora eatal, 2000
H2O2/Fe+2/UV
1150 3-5 3 70 500-1000 1.15 56 Kim eatal,1997
1150 – 3.2 70 UVA 1.15 30 Kim and Vogelpohl, 1998
440 – 2.7 78 UVA 0.44 30
‘
1.4.3 Patent Review
NO. Patents Title Inventor
1 US 20100133202 A1 Wastewater treatment by high efficiency heterogeneous photo-fenton process Diana sannio,
Paolociambeli,
Massimo Ricciardi,
Akksandrova Supova Lyubov
2 WO 2002045756 A2 Oxidation of dangerous chemical and biological substances Zamir Tribelsky
Michael Ende
3 US 6663781 B1 Contaminant adsorption and oxidation via the fenton reaction Scott G. Huling,
Robert G. Arnold,
Raymond A. Sierka
4 US 20100206787 A1 Control of oxidation processes in ultraviolet liquid treatment system Ytzhak Rozenberg
Linoam Eliad
Uri Levy
5 US 5006320 A Microbiological oxidation process for recovery of mineral values William W.Reid
Joseph L. Young
6 US 6627428 B1 Degradation of organic contaminants by a microbial-driven fenton reaction Thomas J. Dichristina,
Adonia M. Mckinzi
7 US6773609 B1 Advanced water treatment system and advanced water treatment method Kazuto Hashizume
8 US20110250125 A1 Device, system, and method for an advanced oxidation process using AOPs
Ronald G.Fink,
Walter B.Ellis
9 EP1787734 A2 1The use of AOP For remediation of heavy metals& radionuclides contaminated soil & sediments in closed process loop Domen Lestan
Naza Finzgar
10 US8926842 B2 Water system and Method Using high pressure advanced Oxidation process with unreacted ozone reusing Jong Seob Shim
11 EP2158164 A1 Wastewater treatment by high efficiency heterogeneous photo Fenton process Diana sannio,
Paolociambeli,
Massimo Ricciardi
12 US9409791 B2 Photocatalytic degradation of pharmaceutical drugs and dyes using visible active biox photocatalyst Sanjay Pandurange kamble
(Table no: 1.4.2 Patent Review)’
1.5 Plan Of The Work
No. Work
June July Aug. Sep. Oct.
1. Patent search
2. Literature review
3. Search for diff. A. Supplier
B. Getting effluent
C. Consultancy
4. Define Methodology
5. Canvas Making
6. Instrument set-up
(Table no: 1.5 Plan of the work)
‘
1.6. MATERIALS REQUIRED:
1.6.1 CHEMICALS:-
‘ Fenton Reagent (Fe2++H2O2)
‘ Used in BOD test
‘ Used in COD test
1.6.2. APPARATUS:-
‘ UV lamp
‘ Agitator
‘ Quartz glass
‘ Pressure guage
‘ BOD incubator
‘ COD apparatus
‘ pH meter
‘ Turbidity meter
1.6.3 WASTEWATER SOURCES
The wastewater sample for experimental work was collected from the pharmaceutical wastewater.
Wastewater samples were analyzed for BOD, COD, pH, Colour, Temperature, TDS, TSS, Oil and grease, Phenolic compound, Ammonical nitrogen, Sulfides, Chlorides, Sulfates, Percentage of sodium, etc per the standard procedure.
Characteristics of pharmaceutical wastewater
SR. NO. CHARACTERISTICS RESULT (B/T)
1 pH 9.5
2 Temperature 40.
3 Color 470
4 Biochemical Oxygen Demand 355
5 Chemical Oxygen Demand 24620
6 Total Suspended Solids 780
7 Total Dissolved Solids 61770
8 Oil& Grease 3
9 Phenolic Compounds ND
10 Sulphides 3.5
11 Ammonical Nitrogen 285
12 Chloride 4245
13 Sulphate 765
14 Total residual chlorine 0.10
15 Total heavy motels ND
16 % Sodium 55
All units in mg/liter accepted pH, color, temperature and % of sodium.
B/T ‘ Before Treatment
(Table no: 1.6.1 Characteristics of pharmaceutical wastewater)
2. DESIGN: ANALYSIS, DESIGN METHODOLOGY AND IMPLIMENTATION STRATEGY
2.1 AEIOU Summary:
ENVIRONMENT: Work environment in which we have carried out our project work.
‘ College
‘ Library
‘ Consultancy
‘ Industrial visit
INTERACTION: People with whom we have interacted while carrying out project related activities.
‘ Faculty guide
‘ Environmental engineer
‘ Lab employee
‘ Senior student
‘ Consultant
OBJECTS: Objects which are involved in our project work.
‘ UV lamp
‘ Agitator
‘ Quartz glass
‘ Hydrogen Peroxide
‘ Reference book
ACTIVITIES: Activities that were done by us during this semester.
‘ Group discussion
‘ Patent serch
‘ Reference book
‘ Study on AOPs
‘ Presentation
‘ Laboratory visit
‘ Project report
USERS: Ensured product functions that customer will experience.
‘ Pharmaceutical industry
‘ Chemical industry
‘ Textile and dying industry
‘ Food processing industry
‘ Filtration treatment process
‘ ETP unit
2.2 Empathy Canvas
USER:
‘ Hospitals
‘ Industries
‘ Municipality
STAKEHOLDERS:
‘ Environmental engineer
‘ Water of pharmaceutical industry
ACTIVITIES:
‘ Group discussion
‘ Data collection
‘ Study of AOPs
‘ Analysis
‘ Getting equipment
STORY BOARDING
- HAPPY: We had visited pharmaceutical industry where we had observed AOPs is used to treat wastewater by using H2O2 and UV lamp, due to if the operational cost is lower and the degradation in reaction is high and it faster the reaction rate than biological treatment.
- HAPPY: We had visited pharmaceutical industry where we had observed AOPs is used to treat wastewater by using H2O2 and UV lamp, it is commercially available process that utilized the technology and treats inorganic pollutants and treats a wider range of organic pollutants.
- SAD: We had visited pharmaceutical industry where we had observed AOPs is used to treat wastewater by using ozone in the AOPs process we can achieved good result but the cost is very high.
- SAD: We had visited pharmaceutical industry where we had observed AOPs is used to treat wastewater. We observed that some techniques require pre-treatment of wastewater to ensure reliable performance, which could be potentially costly.
2.3. The Ideanaut: Ideation canvas
PEOPLE: People with whom, we have interacted while carrying out project related activities
‘ Senior students
‘ Professor
‘ Suppliers
‘ Environmental engineer
‘ Entrepreneurs
‘ Laboratory employee
ACTIVITIES: Activities that were carried out by us during this semester
‘ Study on AOP
‘ Group discussion
‘ Getting equipment
‘ Analysis
‘ Data collection
SITUATION/CONTEXT/LOCATION: Work environment in which we have carried out our project.
‘ Library
‘ Laboratory
‘ Consultancy
‘ Industries
PROPS: Components involved in our project work.
‘ UV lamp
‘ Agitator
‘ Quartz
‘ Pressure gauge
2.4. PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT CANVAS
PURPOSE: We are trying to achieve below stated purposes.
‘ Removal of organic metals
‘ Use for biological treatment
‘ To remove heavy metals
‘ Reduction in residual components
PEOPLE: People with whom, we have interacted while carrying out project related activities.
‘ Senior students
‘ Faculty guide
‘ Lab employees
‘ Consultants
PRODUCT EXPERIENCE: Characteristics of manufactured natural plant base coagulants.
‘ High removal efficency
‘ Environment eco frendly
‘ Elimination of organic pollutants
PRODUCT FUNCTIONS: Functions that are performed after completion of the project.
‘ Reduce toxicity
‘ Elimination of organic metals
‘ COD & BOD reduction
‘ Removal of colour and turbidity
PRODUCT FEATURES: Specialty of our project outcome
‘ Less time consumption
‘ Effective treatment
‘ High efficiency
‘ Simple operation
‘ Easy to maintain
‘ Low energy consumption
COMPONENTS: Components involved in our project work.
‘ UV lamp
‘ Agitator
‘ Quartz glass
‘ Pressure gauge
‘ H2O2
CUSTOMER REVALIDATION: Ensured project functions that customer will experience.
‘ COD and BOD reduction
‘ Elimination of organic matter
‘ Removal of colour & turbidity
‘ Reduction toxicity
REJECT, REDESIGN, AND RETAIN: Rejected chemical coagulants after implementation of natural coagulants.
‘ UV lamp
‘ H2O2(reject)
3.INSTRUMENTAL SETUP & IMPLEMENTATION
3.1 Implementation
Advanced oxidation process typically involves the generation and use of hydroxyl radical as a strong oxidant to destroy compounds that cannot be oxidized by conventional oxidant such as ozone, oxygen and chlorine.
Oxidizing agent Electrochemical oxidation potential, V
Hydroxyl radical 2.80
Oxygen (atomic) 2.42
Ozone 2.08
Hydrogen peroxide 1.78
Hypochlorite 1.49
Chlorine 1.36
Chlorine dioxide 1.27
(Table no: 3.1 Electrical oxidation potential of oxidizing agent)
TECHNOLOGIES USED TO PRODUCE HYDROXYL RADICAL
‘ Ozone/UV
‘ Ozone/Hydrogen peroxide
‘ Hydrogen peroxide/UV
HYDROGEN PEROXIDE/UV
Hydroxyl radical is also formed when water-containing H2O2 is expose to UV light (200 to 280 mm). Most recently, the hydrogen peroxide/UV process has been applied to the oxidation of trace constituents found in treated water. The process has been studied for the removal of N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) and other compounds of concern in a treated wastewater including (1) sex and steroidal hormones (2) veterinary and human antibiotics (3) Human prescription and non-prescription drugs (4) Industrial and household wastewater product.
H2O2 +h”’2HO’
H2O2 + HO’ ‘ ”2′ + ”2”
H2O2 +”2’ ‘HO’+”2”+”2
2 HO’ ‘ H2O2
2”2’ ‘ H2O2+”2
HO’+”2” H2O+”2
3.2 REACTOR DESIGN
The hydrogen peroxide photolytic reactor (UV/H; Fig.H2O2) consisted of a glass cylinder (0.90 L) with a sub-merged mercury low-pressure ultraviolet lamp (HeraeuGPH 212 T5L/4 ozone-free, 10 W; submerging apparatus: (Deconta 25/354-10L). The cylinder was surrounded by a cooling jacket made of brown glass for visual protection. A stopcock on the bottom of the cylinder served for sample extraction. The solution was magnetically stirred.
(Fig no: 3.2 Reactor design)
4.ADVANTAGES, LIMITATIONS AND APPLICATION
4.1 ADVANTAGES
- Advanced oxidation process can effectively eliminate organic compounds in aqueous phase, rather than transferring or collecting pollutants into another phase.
- Hydrogen peroxide involves its simple injection into the water stream. There is no requirement of equipment and additional chemicals
- Advanced oxidation process does not introduce any new hazardous substances into the water.
- Does not produce ‘spent carbon’.
- Advances oxidation process has potential to reduce toxicity of organic compound.
- Rapid reaction rate.
- Degradation in the photo- fenton reaction is many times higher, as the classical fenton oxidation.
- Operational cost is lower.
- The photo-fenton process leads to negligible formation of sludge.
- Some ground waters may contain sufficient Fe to drive fenton’s reaction .
- There are commercially available processes that utilized the technology.
4.2 DISADVANTAGES
- The formation of high concentration of anions in the treated wastewater.
- Large amount of ferrous iron sludge, a constraint that might the overcome with use of Nano zero-valent iron (nZVI).
- This method is mostly used for the recalcitrant wastewater.
- Maintenance cost is high.
- If natural organic matter (NOM) presents in the water than it can absorb UV light before it is able to form hydroxyl radicals.
- If iron and natural organic matter is present than high dosage of hydrogen peroxide is required to generate sufficient quantities of hydroxyl radicals.
4.3 APPLICATIONS
(Fig. 4.3 Applications of Advanced Oxidation Process)’
4.4 EXPECTED OUTCOME
- Increasing treatment efficiency along with the biological process.
- Reduction of high percent of organic loading of BOD/COD.
- Efficient reduction in toxicity.
- Elimination in Turbidity level of refractory pollutants.
- Cost effective treatment as per environmental & biological point of view.
- Increasing bio-availability.
4.5 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PRESPECTIVES
H2O2/UV process has been used for the removal of TOC, COD, BOD, Phenolic compound, endocrine disrupt chemicals and other recalcitrant organic chemicals from pharmaceutical wastewater. The major factors affecting this process are the initial concentration of the target compounds, the amount of hydrogen peroxide used, wastewater pH, presence of bicarbonate and reaction time. All the methods that are used for the formation of hydroxyl radicals are not suitable for certain categories of toxic compounds, which resist attack by hydroxyl radicals.
The main future challenges for using advanced oxidation process in wastewater treatment could be the development of low cost and efficient material to promote sufficient treatment, the targeting of new classes of pollutants, the use of renewable energy sources, the adoption of strategies for processes integration.
REFERENCES
- Metcalf & Eddy, Advanced Oxidation, and ADVAN-OX Systems, available at: http://www.mecom/ rem3.htm.
- Glaze William, Kang Joon-Wun, Chapin Douglas H. (1987). The Chemistry of Water Treatment Processes Involving Ozone, Hydrogen Peroxide and Ultraviolet Radiation. Ozone: Science & Engineering.9 (4): 335’352. doi:10.1080/01919518708552148
- Enric Barillas, Eva Mur, Roser Sauleda, Laura Sanchez, Jose Peral, Xavier Domenech, Juan Casado (March 1998). Aniline mineralization by AOP’s: anodic oxidation, photocatalysis, electro-Fenton and photoelectro-Fenton processes. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental. 16 (1): 31’42. Doi:10.1016/S0926-3373 (97) 00059-3.
- Arnold S, Hickey W. and Harris R. (1995) Degradation of atrazine by Fenton’s reagent: Condition optimization and product quantification, Environ. Sci. Technol., 29: 2083-2089.
- Chamarro E. and Esplugas S. (2001) Use of Fenton reagent to inprove organic chemical biodegradability, Wat. Res., 35: 1047-1051.
- Andreozzi R., Caprio V., Insola A. and Marotta R. (1999) Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOP) for water purification and recovery, Catalysis Today, 53: 51-59.
- Bacardit J., Stotzner J., Chamarro E. & Esplugas, S. (2007). Effect of salinity on the photo- Fenton process. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, Vol. 46, No. 23, pp. 7615-7619, ISSN 0888-588
- Benitez F.J., Beltran-Heredia J., Acero J.L. & Rubio F.J. (1999). Chemical decomposition of 2,4,6-triclorophenol by ozone, Fenton’s reagent, and UV radiation. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, Vol. 38, No. 4, pp. 1341-1349, ISSN 0888-588
- Chen J., Rulkens W.H., Bruning, H. 1997. Photochemical elimination of phenols and COD in industrial wastewaters. – Water Science and Technology, vol 35, no 4, p 231-238.
- Glaze W.H., Kang J.W., Chapin D.H. 1987. The chemistry of water treatment involving ozone, hydrogen peroxide and ultraviolet radiation. – Ozone Science & Engineering, vol 9, no 4, p 335-342
- Singer, P.C., and D.A. Reckhow Chemical Oxidation, in R.D.Latterman, Water Quality and Treatment: American Water Works Association, McGraw-Hill, New york.
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, SITE Technology Profile – Emerging Technology Program, November 1994 – Completed Project, MATRIX PHOTOCATALYTIC, INC., Photocatylic Water Treatment, available at: http://www.gnet.org/gnet/tech/techdb/site/ emrgcomp/matrix1.htm (30 October 1996).
- Tchobanoglous G. Filtration of secondary Effluent for Reuse Application.
- Tchobanoglous G. Physical and Chemical Processes for Nitrogen Removal- Theory and Application, Proceedings Twelfth Sanitary Engineering Conference, University of Illinois, Urbana,IL.
APPENDIX
1. AEIOU Summary
essay-2016-10-15-000BgJ