According to the history of blood transfusion, the first blood transfusion attempt occurred in the 1600s, on animals. It was not until the 1900s where human blood groups were understood. Karl Landsteiner was the first person to discover the first three human blood groups, A, B, and C. Type C was later changed to O. Two years later, his colleagues Decastello and Sturi discovered blood typed AB. ABO blood typing. The act of improving the quality of life expectancy of chronic patients (Mohammadi. 2016). Most importantly, recipients that suffer from a traumatic blood loss during car accidents, falls, surgery, or even hemolytic disease. Transfusion reactions occurs when red blood cell are destroyed by hemolysis of antibodies that are incompatible red blood cells. Major groups are involved in transfusion reactions include ABO, Rh, Kell, Duffy, and Kidd systems. The ABO blood group is one of the most important blood group when considering transfusions. A recipient must receive blood that is compatible with the donor’s then, transfusion will lead to different complications, and this is the body’s immune response to foreign antigen, known as ABO incompatibility. The compatibility of ABO and Rh-D grouping of both the patient and donor is very important, therefore compatibility tests such as blood typing and cross-matching are very useful (Lockyer, etc). On occasions, correct testing is carefully done to make sure a recipient receives the correct blood. Patients often die due to the lack of safe blood transfusion or reaction from it. (Mohammadi etc. 2016)
Body
ABO blood types are genetically inherited traits. There are four different types blood groups, A, B, AB, O. These antigens are present outside of the red blood cells. The antigens that are present on the red blood cell determines the blood type. Individuals with A antigen are type A, blood type B has B antigens, AB blood type has both A and B antigens and then blood type O does not have any antigen present. Antibodies, A and B are produced naturally to defend the body from foreign blood groups. If the recipient receives blood from donors that do not have the same antigens, then the immune system will react against the red blood cell and causes hemolysis and agglutination. For an example, individuals with type A produces antibody B, type B produces antibody A, and type AB individuals produces no antibodies. In contrast, individual with type O red blood cell produces both antibodies A and B. These are recipient donors, which these individuals can donate blood to any other blood type.
Blood transfusion reaction can cause complication or even death in high-risk situations. Human errors such as mislabeling blood specimens, transferring blood to the wrong patient or clerical errors related to the Blood Banking. According to Blood Bank, the body’s response in time of the blood transfusion can have different types of symptoms and reactions such as acute hemolytic transfusion reaction, delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction, febrile, allergic, nonimmune hemolysis, and post transfusion purpura. To add, sometimes the reactions cannot be detected. These reactions can occur within hours or days after transfusion. The reaction depends on may founding factors such as temperature at which the antibody is active, concentration of plasma, type of immunoglobin, and the amount of blood transfused. For instance, in acute hemolytic transfusion reactions will occur with minutes or hours of recipient receive transfusion. This indicates that the individual has been expose to the antigen before and has preexisting antibodies against the foreign red blood cell. This reaction is mostly linked with ABO incompatibility. (Stevens, C.D. et. al 2017). The completion of routine blood banking testing decreases the risk of ABO incompatibility transfusion reactions. (Goodell, MD etc. 2010).
Testing and Methodology:
Transfusion accidents will happen from time to time. Hemolysis of erythrocytes will take place instantaneously and result in clinical symptoms. As a result, a patient’s blood should be tested; in fact, this decreases the chances of mistakes in blood grouping. In the case of ABO incompatibility, it is important to detect the type of antibodies that will react at certain temperatures. For example, if antibody reacts at thirty-seven degrees Celsius, this indicates antigen-antibody complexes unlike temperatures below thirty degrees Celsius there is no antigen-antibody complex. The different types of tests include Antibody Detection Test, cross-match, unit antigen typing. A positive detection of antibody indicates that the body is responding to foreign antigen in the body. This assume that the transfusion is an alloantigen and does not match the recipient. Cross-matching