Vibrionaceae belongs to a family of anaerobic gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria (Merriam-webster, 2018). Diseases which are vibro-mediated have been reported worldwide and is usually associated with the exposure to seafood, saltwater or brackish. One of the most common infection depending on the species are gastroenteritis, soft-tissue infections such as necrotizing fasciitis, primary sepsis and wounds. The risk factors for the more severe infections associated with Vibrionaceae include diabetes mellitus, chronic liver disease, heart disease, chronic renal failure and malignancy. Similarly, depending on the species the number of cases of severe infection may appear without any evidence of other risk factors within immunocompetence patients (Horseman et al., 2013).
Plesiomonas spp
Plesiomonas comprises of only a single homogeneous species with a single DNA hybridization group. This includes gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria. Major changes have occurred on its taxonomy since its unprecedented description in the years of 1974. The bacterium was originally was known as strain C27, which was isolated from the faeces of a patient. It was also thought to belong to the family of Enterobacteriaceae sharing properties with Shigella (Miguel and Thomas, 2011).
Aeromonas spp
Aeromonas are gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria, found within the aquatic environment and in soil. These pathogens flourish in water systems by forming what is called biofilms. They are important enteric pathogens which have been associated with various infections such as soft-tissue and skin infections, wound infections and urinary tract infections (Mathur, Batra and Misra, 2016). The incidence rate was recorded in Southern Taiwan and was around 76 cases in a million between the years 2008-2010. Though the incidence rate is much lower in western countries. The fatality rates among patients ranges between 27-46%.
Clinical presentations
Vibrionaceae
The clinical presentations of Vibrionaceae is illustrated in a study by (Chen et al., 2015) who was investigating the clinical manifestations of non-vibrio cholera infections. During this study a number of patients were identified with this infection and the clinical characteristics were summarized. Altogether 83 patients were tested and the most common symptom that was recorded was abdominal pain (72%) which was followed by diarrhoea (62%) and fever (41%). Additionally, the most common type of infection that occurred was gastroenteritis (54%), which is one of the most common infections associated with Vibrionaceae (Chen et al., 2015).
Furthermore, the study also highlighted that secondary Vibrionaceae cholera was prominent within 22 incidents of various types of infection. These include acute gastroenteritis, peritonitis, urinary tract infection and biliary tract infection.
Another study by (Ulusarac and Carter, 2004) showed different cases of clinical presentations of Vibrionaceae specifically vibrio vulnificus. The first case included a man who was struck my lighting while windsurfing and was found in the water pulseless. He then was resuscitated. Subsequently the patient developed respiratory failure, cardiac arrhythmias and blood cultures produced Vibrio vulnificus. This person has most likely been affected by vibrio vulnificus due to him surfing within the sea and being exposed to sea salt water in which is one of the ways of being infected by Vibrionaceae bacteria is by exposure to sea salt water. The second case involved a man who was employed as an oyster shucker, and complained of redness, photophobia and tearing in the eye. He was also diagnosed for vibrio vulnificus and this is being exposed to seafood which is also a factor which increases the risk of developing Vibrionaceae.
The third case within the study involved a man who was complaining of abdominal pain, chills, nausea and having bullous lesions within the lower extremities. Cultures were taken from the lesions from his lower extremities and the results showed vibrio vulnificus. This person developed the infection due to consuming raw sea food three days before his diagnosis.
Plesiomonas spp
Some of the clinical presentations of Plesiomonas are illustrated in a review by (Kain and Kelly, 1989) who mention that Plesiomonas shigelloides is caused by diarrhoea. This was defined by the isolation of the organism by stool sample. Of the infected patients, 71% of patients have a history of travel, and 29% of the patients had gained the infection by the consumption of untreated water and seafood.
In another study by (David and Selwyn, 2015) Plesiomonas is brought about by the causative agents of gastrointestinal and extra-intestinal infections respectively. The most common clinical presentation is gastroenteritis, in which is the similar cause for Vibrionaceae, is also associated with bloody or watery diarrhoea. The disease naturally arises 2-5 days after consumption of seafood which has been infected or untreated water, in which it settles after