Amanda Le
Dr. Wendy Saltzman
BIOL 178 – 023
13 March 2018
Annotated Bibliography LIST ALPHABETICALLY AFTER!!!!
Topic: What is the relationship between hormones and clinical depression?
1. Accortt, E. E., Freeman, M. P., & Allen, J. J.B., (2008) Women and Major Depressive Disorder: Clinical Perspectives on Causal Pathways. Journal of Women's Health 17(10), 1583 – 1590.
2. Berent, D., Zboralski, K., Orzechowska, A., & Galecki, P. (2013) Thyroid hormones association with depression severity and clinical outcome in patients with major depressive disorder. Molecular Biology Reports, 41. 2319 – 2425.
TSH, FT3, and FT4 levels in patients with major depressive disorder were evaluated to find a correlation between the severity and improvement of depression. Participants included 44 patients (both male and female) suffering from depression in a psychiatric ward, who have their blood sampled over a five-year period. Their thyroid hormone serum levels were measured through immunoassay. In addition, their depression and its severity were scaled according to the 17-itemic Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression and the Clinical Global Impression Scale, respectively. Patient history did not affect results, however the hormone levels seemed to be within the normal range. FT3 levels were positively correlated with improvement, while FT4, depression severity, and improvement were positively correlated.
3. Bromberger, J. T., Schott, L. L., Kravitz, H. M., Sowers, M., Avis, N. E., Gold, E. B., Randolph Jr., J. F., & Matthews, K. A. (2010) Longitudinal Change in Reproductive Hormones and Depressive Symptoms Across the Menopausal Transition. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 67(6), 598 – 607.
In this study, the hypothesis was tested to assess the relationship between serum hormone levels and high depressive symptoms and its effect on depression in women transitioning through menopause. Participants included 3,302 multiethnic menstruating women between the ages of 42 and 52, who were not receiving hormone treatments. Over a thirteen-year period, serum samples were obtained during the early follicular phase and assayed to determine different hormone levels. Depressive symptoms were also scored according to the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale, with a score of 16 or higher being the primary outcome. Results found through logistic regression models that multiple factors contributed to scoring a 16 or higher, including social status, and hormone levels. Subsequently, higher testosterone levels during the menopausal transition may contribute to depressive symptoms, although menopausal status remains independent in predicting depression.
4. Costello, E. J., Erkanli, A., & Angold, A. (2006). Is there an epidemic of child or adolescent depression? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 47(12), 1263 – 1271.
5. Freeman, E. W., Sammel, M. D., Lin, H., et al. (2006) Associations of Hormones and Menopausal Status With Depressed Mood in Women With No History of Depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 63, 275 – 382.
The onset of depressive symptoms and diagnoses during the menopausal transition, as well as the relationships between these and menopausal status and reproductive hormones, are studied. Premenopausal women with no mental illness history were examined over an eight year period. Depressive symptoms were scaled according to the Center for Epidemiological Studies of Depression scale, and diagnoses were scaled according to the Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders. Blood samples were drawn to determine estradiol, FSH, and LH levels via hormone assays. Results showed that higher scaled depressive symptoms were more likely to occur in women during the menopausal transition than during the premenopausal stage, while diagnoses were more frequent among women already in menopause. Higher hormone levels during menopause were highly associated with high depressive symptoms after eliminating other factors that could possibly affect the results. As a result, the transition to menopause along with the change in hormone levels is strongly correlated with the development of depressive symptoms in women who had no history of depression.
6. Okun, M. K., Luther, J., Prather, A. A., Perel, J. M., Wisniewski, S., & Wisner, K. L. (2011) Changes in sleep quality, but not hormones predict time to postpartum depression recurrence. Journal of Affective Disorders 130, 378 – 384.
Amount of sleep (possibly due to the change in pregnancy-related hormones) after giving birth, is predicted to contribute to the relapse of postpartum onset major depression (PPMD). 56 pregnant women with a history of PPMD or major depressive disorder, had their blood sampled to determine plasma estradiol, prolactin, and cortisol levels via hormone assay, in order to see if women with poor sleep quality and controlled hormone levels during postpartum, would increase the chances of the disorder recurring. Sleep quality was measured according to the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, while depression was scaled to the 21-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression. Descriptive statistics characterized the results, as women had an increased risk in the disorder if they had a lack of quality sleep during the first seventeen weeks of postpartum, contrary to a low level of estradiol, prolactin, or cortisol.
7. Stipcevic, T., Pivac, N., Kozaric-Kovacic, D., & Muck-Seler, D. (2008) Thyroid Activity in Patients with Major Depression. Thyroid Hormones in Depression, Coll. Antropol. 32, 973 – 976.
The relationship between thyroid activity and depression was studied by measuring thyroid function in subjects with major depression and in control groups that had no history of depression. 43 patients consisting of both male and females who were non-suicidal and scored a minimum of 21 on the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale, had their blood samples compared to the control group, consisting of 59 healthy individuals, both male and female. Neither group used hormone treatments. Through radioimmunoassay and fluorimmunoassay, serum levels of T3, T4, and TSH were measured. Among the depressive subjects, T3 and TSH were significantly lower than controls, while T4 had no difference. Results confirmed the hypothesis that major depression may be correlated with different levels of thyroid hormones. There is no direct cause, as multiple factors contribute to thyroid hormone levels.
8. Zarroud, F. A., Artz, S., Griffith, J., Sirbu, C., & Kommor, M., (2009) Testosterone and Depression: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of Psychiatric Practice 15(4), 289 – 305.
The effect of testosterone treatment as an antidepressant is studied among depressive patients. In a double-blind procedure, depressed patients were randomly assigned placebos and the testosterone replacement treatment. Depression status was scored using the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression. Though meta – analysis of multiple studies, it was shown that testosterone replacement therapy had a positive effect on depressed patients compared to the placebo group. Patients who were elderly, or already had hypogonadism, HIV/AIDS, and/or treated with a testosterone gel therapy, also had a more substantial response. As a result, testosterone replacement therapy may act as an antidepressant in depressed patients, with a greater affect on those with hypogonadism, HIV/AIDS, and the elderly. Administration of the therapy however, may affect patient's response to the treatment.