A tragic and melancholy tale, John Steinbeck continues his tradition of groundbreaking work that distills images of uncensored brutality and truth upon subjects that many authors would not dare to touch. The Grapes of Wrath is a frank and controversial novel based on the author’s disgust over the treatment of migrant workers in the Dust Bowl era of the 1930’s. Though it is a renowned social commentary, it goes as far to display the lack of justice in America’s capitalistic system that takes advantage of the poor and strives only to make the wealthier richer and the poor to succumb to further poverty. Assessing this novel, I have come to the conclusion that the core meaning of The Grapes of Wrath is to expose the corruption in the farming system and its employment of migrant labourers and the egregiousness of unchecked capitalism.
The trials that the protagonist, Tom Joad, and his family and friends face are of inhumane measures and the raw desperation that they face are the most essential part of the novel’s reputation. Any belongings they could not fit in their car is sold in the town for only $18, leaving the struggling Joad family only $40 to travel with. When they decide to head west to California in hopes of finding meager jobs that require picking fruit and cotton, they are faced with different individuals heading back from California describing the absolute atrocities they faced while living there, and the lack of jobs compared to the thousands heading west is a key point of each of their descriptions of the West. Heading to California is a struggle in its own right, as the Joad family experiences the death of both Granpa and Granma Joad, experience the adversities of scorching deserts, and have their car break down. After their only mode of transportation goes into maintenance, the family is forced to stay at a community inn that charges fifty cents a night, which is devastating on their budget of a mere $40 to get from Oklahoma to California. This transnational journey exhibits the hardship that an impoverished family can face not only in their situation, but when staying in one location as well. The less wealthy being taken advantage of is one of the most essential aspects of Grapes of Wrath.
The arrival of the Joads in Bakersfield, California reveals yet another wave of tumultuous hardships that they must push through. Notorious in the 1930’s, Hoovervilles, or shanty encampments populated by the poor and unfortunate, were a national phenomenon, and the Joads are destined to stay in one as well. The conditions there are overwhelmingly compared to the facilities at the Weedpatch government camp with working toilets and hot water, which they will retreat to after a friend they meet in the Hooverville has a violent rumble with a man trying to manipulate the Hooverville residents with promises of a steady job. The man, Floyd, yet again informs the Joads that the lack of jobs in California is nearly preferable compared to the harsh conditions compared to the emaciating pay of a real job on a farm. The farmers treat their workers like animals and pay them so low that the when members of the Joad family find jobs picking peaches in a peach camp after a month in Weedpatch, they are still unable to provide enough. Not everyone was blind to the brash and cruel treatment of the workers, as a slew of picketers are seen outside of the peach camp who are protesting the farmers inexcusable behavior that is unfairly excused by the laws that endorse heavy American capitalism to degrees so extreme that it has become unchecked. The disparity in which the workers are beholden with in Grapes of Wrath can easily be compared to the modern wages given to hard working immigrants that are still, even with inflation, only paid dollars a day. When Tom Joad and family friend Reverend Casey are jumped, Tom must kill the man in self defense, and thusly, the Joads yet again must move and find their new residency in an abandoned boxcar, which will be flooded beyond repair soon after. Though it can be argued that the misfortune of the Joad family can not solely be blamed on the workers and economic policies of the US, it is certainly be able to be agreed upon that if the workers were at least paid fair wages, the Joads may have been able to stay in a permanent or livable residence that would have prevented a majority of their troubles.
The Grapes of Wrath has been able to successfully maintain its relevance due to the issues tackled being ones that are still debated today with the current immigrant workers and over-the-top Capitalism ingrained in society. The themes explored have offered an experience that is relatable to many readers, as countless families have struggled with money or familial issues. The criticism of American society by John Steinbeck is focused towards those who take advantage of others and the inequality of civil rights in a country that claims all are equal. His outspoken criticism of the wealthy’s treatment of the impoverished has lived on for decades and will last for the rest of American history.
Works Cited
Clemen, Gina D. B., et al. The Grapes of Wrath. Black Cat, 2003.
“The Grapes of Wrath.” SparkNotes, SparkNotes, www.sparknotes.com/lit/grapesofwrath/.
LitCharts. “The Grapes of Wrath Themes.” LitCharts, www.litcharts.com/lit/the-grapes-of-wrath/themes.
Shmoop Editorial Team. “The Grapes of Wrath.” Shmoop, Shmoop University, 11 Nov. 2008, www.shmoop.com/grapes-of-wrath/.
“Steinbeck in the Schools.” Cannery Row – Critical Reception | Steinbeck in the Schools | San Jose State University, sits.sjsu.edu/curriculum-resources/the-grapes-of-wrath/major-themes/.
Allusions
Mythology (Greco-Roman)
• Icarus and Daedalus
When the genius inventor Daedalus angers King Minos (the ruler of Crete), he makes a pair of wax wings for himself and his son, Icarus. Daedalus issues a word of caution to his son: do not fly too high or the sun will melt them, and do not fly too low or the sea water will dampen them. During the flight, Icarus forgets his father’s warning and flies too close to the sun, where his wings melt and he plummets into the ocean to his death. Daedalus continues the journey to Sicily where he mourns his son and build a temple in honor of Apollo.
• Theseus and the Minotaur
The Minotaur is the offspring of Queen Pasiphae of Crete and an extraordinary bull, and King Minos declares that Daedalus and Icarus must create a maze (the Labyrinth) to house the monstrous creature. Offerings were presented to the Minotaur in order to appease him, which consisted of women and children. Theseus from Athens was the hero who killed the Minotaur and freed Crete of his burdensome existence.
• Prometheus and Fire
Prometheus, a hero of men and criminal of the gods, starts his cunning plan to steal fire from Zeus by throwing a golden pear into the courtyard with the following message: “For the most beautiful Goddess of all”. As the fruit started a fight, temporarily distracting the gods and goddesses, Prometheus stole the fire from (the god of fire) Hephaestus’s workshop. Though mortals celebrated his theft, Zeus ordered Prometheus to be chained atop Mt. Caucus, where a eagle would eat his liver for eternity.
• Sisyphus and the Gods
Sisyphus, the son of the King of Thessaly, would come to rule Ephyra instead with help of sorceress Medea. Though he killed, raped, and stole from other mortals, his punishment stems from betraying Zeus by informing Asopus that he had abducted Aegina. When Zeus sends Thanos (death) after him, Sisyphus locks him in own chains. Before Thanos was freed and Sisyphus was doomed to be sent to Hades, he told his wife to make no funeral arrangements and used this a scapegoat to plead to Hades and Persephone to return to Earth for merley three days to see to his wife’s duties. He never did return and after dying of old age, he sent to lowest part of the Underworld where he forever would have to roll a giant boulder to the top of a steep hill for eternity.
• Demeter and Persephone
Persephone, daughter of Zeus and his sister Demeter, catches the attention of her Uncle Hades. Who Zeus gives permission to take Persephone of his bride without consulting Demeter. Demeter searched for Persephone for days until the goddess Hekate revealed she had been abducted, but could not say by whom. Finally, the god Helios spoke the truth. Demeter went on strike until Zeus agreed to have her daughter returned, and though Hades still had partial claim on Persephone, she was allowed be reunited with her mother and fertility was restored to Earth.
• Narcissus and Echo
The forest nymph Echo fell in love with the womanizing hunter Narcissus, however, Juno had punished Echo for talking too much by only allowing her to repeat the last words of others. Finally catching his attention, Narcissus harshly rejected Echo, causing her to waste away her youth and beauty pining after him. Nemesis, the goddess of revenge, put a spell on him that forced him to fall in love with his own reflection, believing himself to be the only one worthy of his love.
• Oedipus, the Sphynx, Electra
When the Oracle of Delphi tells King Laius of Thebes that his son is destined to kill him and sleep with his mother, the baby is abandoned on a mountainside with pierced ankles. After a couple find the baby and raise him as their own (naming hin Oedipus), Oedipus grows older and asks the Oracle of Delphi about his real parents. When she reveals his fate, he tries to run away but later kills a man who he does not know is his father and marries Jocasta, who he does not know is his mother, after answering the riddle of the Sphinx. Once they have several children together, the Oracle tells them the truth, causing Jocasta to hang herself and Oedipus to stab his own eyes out. Meanwhile, Electra, princess of Argos, runs into a similar problem, and kills her mother and her lover with the aid of her brother Orestes.
• The Gryphon; the Phoenix; the Gorgon
The Gryphon is a creature with the head of an angle and body and legs of a lion. Some sources suggest that it has the talons of an eagle as well. The phoenix is a bird that supposedly originated from Egypt and was said to be able to breathe fire and could be reborn as a young chick by bursting into the flames of a bonfire. Gorgons were creatures that were women with snakes for hair that could turn men into stone by gazing into their eyes. Medusa was the only mortal gorgon, as she was cursed.
• Danae; Europa; Leda
The following women were all lovers of Zeus. Danae was imprisoned by her father in a tower, and Zeus seduced her in the form of a golden shower where she would later have a son. Europa was the princess of Phoinikia who Zeus seduced in the form a bull. She would give birth to three sons. Leda was seduced by Zeus in the form of a swan. She laid two eggs with sons Polydeukes and Kastor, one of which was Zeus’s child and the other was her husband’s.
• Pygmalion and Galatea
Pygmalion was an sculptor for had a distaste for women, however, he took inspiration from the beautiful woman Galatea and carved a statue out of marble. He found the statue to be so perfect that he would dress it in fine clothing, bring gifts to it, and fell deeply in love with it. Though it was not a real women, he found himself more attracted to it than any real woman he had ever encountered.
• The Labors of Hercules
Hercules went through twelve labors after Hera made him lose his mind and kill his own wife and children. He was sent to slay the Nemean Lion and retrieve its skin, slay the Lernean Hydra, capture the Ceryneian Hind, capture the Erymanthian Boar, clean the Augean stables in one day, slay the Stymphalian Birds, capture the Cretan Bull, steal the Mares of Diomedes, get the Girdle of Hippolyte, obtain the Cows of Geryon, steal the Apples of the Hesperides, and capture Cerberus.
• The Muses
Calliope, Clio, Erato, Euterpe, Melpomene, Polyhymnia, Terpsichore, Thalia, and Urania were the nine muses and daughters of Zeus and Mnemosyne. They were an embodiment of the arts and each had a specific domain of human abilities and artistic expression. Many staples of human culture and life were derived by the muses.
The King James Bible (Old and New Testament)
• The Creation of the World; the Garden of Eden; Adam and Eve; Original Sin; the Fall
God created the Earth out of the void across the span of seven days, and on the seventh day he rested (hence Sunday being the day of rest). The Garden of Eden is the paradise in which God created Adam out of His image and then Eve to cure Adam’s loneliness. A serpent (the devil) coaxes Eve and then Adam to partake in fruit which God had forbidden. After Adam and Eve do not heed God’s command to not eat from the tree of knowledge, they are removed from the Garden of Eden and punished with men partaking in backbreaking labor and women having menstrual cycles. Original Sin stems from this and states that all humans are sinners by nature.
• Noah and the Flood
Displeased by the violence and corruption of humanity, there was only one family that heeded to God and were deemed worthy of saving by Him. Noah, his wife, his sons, and their wives were the only ones to be spared from the wipeout of humanity with a flood that would last for 40 days and 40 nights. Noah was instructed to build an ark big enough to fit his family and two of each type of animal (one male and one female) so the species could live after the flood. During the calming of the floods, noah sent out a dove to bring him back an olive branch once the floods had revealed land.
• Abraham
God tells Abraham to take his servants, a donkey, wood for a fire offering, and to sacrifice his son Isaac, who is Abraham’s only son who he feels a deep love for. On top of the mountain, an angel comes down and tells Abraham to not sacrifice his only son, but rather to sacrifice a nearby ram instead. Abraham agrees to spare his son and as a reward for listening to His commands, the Lord then declares the Abraham’s descendants will be “as numerous as the stars in the sky”.
• Lot and his Wife
In Caʹnaan Lot and Abraham’s families live together, but after Abraham notices that there is not enough land for both of them and their animals to live, Abraham suggests that one go one way and the other will go the other way. Lot agrees and he and his family move to Sod’om where Lot is upset that the people there are bad by nature. God is also displeased with Sod’om and tells Lot, his wife, and his daughters to run away before he destroys it. They are told by an angel not to look back: however, Lot’s wife disobeys and stops to look back. She then turns into a pillar of salt for not listening to God.
• Cain and Abel; Jacob and Esau; Isaac and Rebecca; Rachel and Leah; Ruth and Naomi
Cain and Abel were the sons of Adam and Eve, however, after Cain became jealous of Abel’s favored offering to God, Cain killed Abel. God cursed Cain and did not grant him death as he wished, but instead made it so anyone who killed Cain would suffer more. Cain then went to live east of Eden in the land of Nod. Twin brothers Jacob and Esau were the children of Isaac and Rebecca, and Jacob obtained the birthright of the family from Esau after he was deemed more worthy and not Godless. In the case of Rachel and Leah, Rachel was loved but Leah was not, and hence, Leah bore four sons while Rachel bore no children. Ruth’s kind nature and hard work in the Barley fields to sell and keep Barley for her and Naomi. Later, Ruth would marry Boaz and become ancestors of Jesus Christ.
• The Wisdom of Solomon
Solomon gives a list of things to abide by and be mindful of. The passage is primarily intended to warn readers about what they should and should not in the name of the Lord. It is a moral guidance governed by consideration of what is moral to do.
• Joseph (coat of many colors; sold into Egypt)
Jacob had 12 sons total, however, since Joseph was the son of Rachel, Joseph was his favorite. To show his love and favor to Joseph, he gifted to him a coat of many colors, and his older brothers became envious. To trick their father, they sold Joseph as a slave in dipped the cloak in goat’s blood, making Jacob think his son was dead. Joseph kept his faith and when telling the Pharaoh of his dream, he was eventually made ruler of Egypt.
• Moses (burning bush; Passover; crossing the Red Sea; the 10 Commandments)
When looking for grass for his sheep, Moses comes across a burning bush and the voice of God telling him to go to Egypt and tell the people He has sent them, as God intends to free his people.When the Pharaoh does not agree, God sends ten plagues to Egypt, in one of which God will strike down the first born son of each household. However, the Jews have been told to mark their doors with the blood of a goat in order to be passed over. After the Jews fled, the Egyptians began to chase after them, but as Moses pointed his staff towards the Red Sea, it parted for the Jews to cross and escape the Egyptians. After crossing the Red Sea, at Mount Sinai God spoke to Moses and told him that he had selected Israel to be His holy nation. For 40 days and 40 nights He called Moses to the mountain and at last gave him 2 tablets made of stone with the 10 commandments written by God.
• David (Goliath; Jonathan; Bathsheba; Absalom)
A ten foot tall giant who dared to speak out against god and Israel, David fought and killed Goliath with nothing more than five stones (using only one to knock him out) and Goliath’s own sword. From then on King Saul kept David as his adopted son and servant. After Saul becomes envious of David’s honor in battle and tries to kill David, David goes to Jonathan for help. Jonathan, who is also the eldest son of Saul, vows to protect David out of his love for him. When David finds the beautiful daughter of Eliam bathing on the roof, he sends servants to fetch her and sleeps with her as she becomes pregnant with their son, Solomon. Absalom, one of the sons of David, eventually kills his half brother, Amnon for raping his sister, Tamar.
• Daniel (Nebuchadnezzar; lion’s den)
When King Nebuchadnezzar has a dream of a statue that none of the wise men in Babylon can interpret, he angrily order for all of their executions. David asks why this is such, prays to God, and then successfully interprets the dream for him. When Daniel became leader of advisors, the other advisors tried to sabotage Daniel (who was a Godly man) by convincing the king to make a law that forbade praying unless it was to him. When Daniel was caught praying to God, he sent to the lion’s den. However, God was with Daniel and the next morning he was found completely unharmed.
• Job
A righteous man, Satan bets God that Job will lose his faith in God once great misery is wrought upon him, and God agrees to the challenge. After Satan kills his his family and servants (except his wife) and reduces his home to dust, Job remains loyal to God. However, once Satan gives rashes and boils to Job all over his body, Job becomes angry with God. When God tells Job that he cannot to pretend to understand how an entire Universe works when he is just a mere mortal. Job becomes humbled. As a reward for his understanding and faith in God, He gives Job double what he had lost.
• The Prodigal Son
The story of the Prodigal Son is told by Jesus to a group of men who are angry that Jesus is dining with so many people who have come to listen to his teachings. When a father gives his two sons their inheritance, one son spends his time working hard for his father while the other spends most of it in the city, and then is forced to tend to pigs due to severe famine and poverty. When the son is able to come back home, his father throws a party for him. When the son who has stayed home displays his distaste at the idea of his father throwing a party for his brother when he has never thrown a party for him, his father explains that he and his father have been together the whole time, whereas the brother had to suffer tending to pigs alone.
• The Good Samaritan
Another story told by Jesus, the story is about a man who is traveling from Jerusalem to Jericho and is beaten nearly to death by a gang of thieves. After he is left by the side of the road to die, many people pass him and intentionally ignore him. Hoever, a Samaritan dresses his wounds and pays for his recovery. This man is the role model for doing good and acting with kindness simply for the sake of being kind.
• The Birth of Jesus
An angel named Gabriel came down to Mary and told her that she would be pregnant with the son of the Lord who would cleanse everyone of their sins. Mary and her soon-to-be husband Joseph traveled to Bethlehem due to a decree of the emperor to get a census of all the people in the land by donkey for several days. After arriving, an inn owner informed them that there was nowhere else to stay, but that they could sleep in his stable, where Christ was born. Shepherds and the three wise men (or the magi) traveled to where a brilliant star shone above the stable and gifted the baby gold, frankincense, and myrrh.
• The 12 Disciples
After asking Jehova for guidance on how to choose those who would work most closely with him, he went to a mountain to be by himself and pray the entire night. The next day he chose his disciples: Peter, Andrew, James, John, Philip, Bartholomew, Thomas, Matthew, James, Thaddaeus, Simon, and Judas. These people were destined to be the foundation of the Christian congregation.
• The Miracles of Jesus (e.g. loaves and fishes; water into wine)
Jesus had a crowd of 5000 men and their families all sit down in a field, and used two loaves of bread and three fishes to miraculously feed them all. All of the people had been sufficiently fed with some left over, which was collected so nothing was to be wasted. When attending a wedding with his mother and some of disciples, Jesus was notified that there was no more wine left. Jesus then turned to the servants and asked them to fill a few buckets full of water, which they did as he said, and after they tasted the water, they found it had been turned to wine.
• The Betrayal, Death and Resurrection of Jesus
After prayer following a grand supper, Judas led a group of men to Jesus and greeted him with a kiss of betrayal, and Jesus allowed himself to be dragged away and taken to the emperor, who simply ordered for him to be beaten. However, they went as far as to mock him with a crown of thorns and crucify him after beating him, leaving him to die. Following a great earthquake the rose the bodies of all holy people who had died, God came down to the tomb in which Jesus was laid to rest and brought him back to life. Jesus greeted his 11 disciples and told the people of the land to embrace the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit.
• Mary and Mary Magdalene
Though there has been confusion between Mary and Mary Magdalene, there is a great distinguishment between the two women. Mary (not Jesus’s mother) was a possessed woman who had fallen and was redeemed. She was exorcised of seven demons by Jesus, and this caused her to support him and his movement after witnessing this divine intervention. Mary Magdalene supported Jesus through his worst, discovered that his tomb was barren, and even witnessed the resurrection of Jesus.
Works Cited
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“The Betrayal and Crucifixion.” The Omen (1976) …Review and/or Viewer Comments • Christian Spotlight on the Movies • ChristianAnswers.Net, christiananswers.net/godstory/death1.html.
“BibleGateway.” Leviticus 19:11 NIV – – Bible Gateway, Bible Gateway Blog, www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Exodus+3&version=NIV.
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