Relationship between Coffee consumption and osteoporosis among Saudi women- Adult
Background :
Osteoporosis is silent diseases, with high prevalence especially in older population, with major socioeconomic impact. Ageing of populations worldwide will be responsible for a major increase in the incidence of osteoporosis .. A lot of factor contribute in ostrprosis including genetics , life style and nutrition .
In 1994, the WHO defined osteoporosis as a "disease characterized by low bone mass and micro architectural deterioration of bone tissue, enhanced bone fragility and an increase in fracture risk"1.Primary osteoporosis is by tradition a skeletal disorder of postmenopausal women or older men and women . secondary osteoporosis refers to bone loss resulting from specific clinical disorders, such as thyrotoxicosis or hyperadrenocorticism.
Between 1994 and 2008, the WHO published diagnostic criteria for osteoporosis in postmenopausal women based on the T-score for bone mineral density (BMD). Osteoporosis is defined as a value for BMD 2.5 standard deviations (SD) or more below the young female adult mean (T-score less than or equal to '2.5 SD) .
Osteoporosis is considered a serious public health concern. Due to its prevalence worldwide , is estimated that over 200 million people worldwide suffering from this disease, the burden of diseases in developing country higher than developed country.
According to International Osteoporosis Foundation (IOF) estimates that 200 million women suffer from osteoporosis across the world. Moreover , misconception of disease as women diseases but also effect man significantly . In USA ,over 1.3 million osteoporotic fractured each year , recent study it show that 10.3% prevalence of osteoporosis estimated in 2010, 10.2 million older adult has osteoporosis , the overall bone mass prevalence was 43.9% from which estimated that 43.4 million older adult had low bone mass . spinal fracture is the commonly cause deformity , severe pain , loss of height , and increase patient risk of future fracture. While hip fracture are more painful and require patient hospitalization . Many of those patient who suffer from hip fracture never regain to there normal mobility . Mortality rate of hip fracture is 20%-24% , the majority of death occurring in first 6 month of fracture .
According to A report prepared in collaboration with the International Osteoporosis Foundation (IOF) and the European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industry Associations (EFPIA) found ,The prevalence of osteoporosis in the EU is estimated at 27.6 million in 2010. The extension of this report from the 5 major countries (EU5) to the EU27 increases the proportion of men and women with osteoporosis by 35 %.
The prevalence of ostrprosis in Swedish women and man increased, based on WHO criteria to diagnosis of osteoporosis , Approximately 21 % of women6 % of men and aged 50'84 years are classified as having disease . The prevalence of osteoporosis in women over the age of 50 years is 3'4 times greater than in men in comparable to the difference in lifetime risk of an osteoporotic fracture in men and women .study have been identify many risk factor including a low body mass index (BMI), low calcium intake, reduced sunlight exposure and early menopause.
Hip fracture rates available from many country across Asia, Studies on hip fracture incidence rate are available from Japan , particularly from the Tottori prefecture , the study conclude that in Japanese population aged 35 years or older , the cured incidence of hip fracture was 244.8 per 1000 000 person- years' from 2004to 2006 .This incidence rate of osteoporotic related fractured in japans population increased . This increasing in incidence is due to increase of the elderly population over last two decade .
In Korea , recent cross- sectional study show the prevalence of ostrprosis in whole individual age between ( 40-79 years old) was 24.4% for women and 13.1% for men by WHO criteria ,Standardized prevalence of osteoporosis between age of 50 and 79 at lumbar spine, femoral neck and total hip was 12.9%, 1.3% and 0.7% in men and 24.0%, 5.7% and 5.6% in women, respectively. The study conclude the risk of osteoporosis significantly increased associated with fracture history, smoking, calcium intake.
Among Arab countries, high prevalence of osteoporosis were reported in Kuwaiti women as reported by The Kuwaiti Osteoporosis Prevention Society , the
Rates of hip fracture in Kuwaiti females 295 per 100 000 persons per year were similar to those observed in some of the European countries (Italy, UK, France) and in Asian females in the US. When compared with the rates from other Asian countries, Kuwaiti females had one of the highest rates of hip fracture.
In Saudi Arabia , according to The Saudi Osteoporosis society studies showed that 34% of healthy Saudi women, and 30.7% of men, 50-79 years of age are osteoporotic . the prevalence of osteoporosis is expected to increase even further, Lifestyle factors play a significant role in the high prevalence of this disease, with low calcium intake, lack of physical activity, and a higher prevalence of vitamin D deficiency.
There are many Risk factor associated with ostrprosis, some risk are
Modifiable theses include smoking , physical inactivity , low dietary calcium and vitamin D intake , high coffee consumptions , excessive use of drug known to reduce MBD such as corticosteroids or thyroxine ,
Also , unlike modifiable risks, they are factors which we can't change, including age, gender and family history . older people aged 50 and above they are higher risk f hip fractures. This is partly because of reduced bone mineral density. Gender especially women are more e susceptible to osteoporosis after menopause due to a reduction in estrogen.
Dietary adjustments that that might show prevention of Osteoporosis is increasing consumption of products that correlate positively with bone health. Coffee is widely consumed in Western countries and increasingly, Saudis are also consuming coffee .
Coffee consumption has potential benefits, such as prevention of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes , However coffee consumption can also have harmful effect on human health.
Recently, Meta analysis, revealed that possible associations between coffee consumption and Ostrprosis in women . The study conclude n overall harm of coffee intake in
increasing the risk of fractures, especially for women. But the data was insufficient to reach a convincing conclusion and suggest further research needs to be conducted.
Other study was done on long term coffee consumption and ostrprosis the study conclude that there is associated with small reduction in bone density that not did not translate into an increased risk of fracture .
Based on our knowledge there is no study done on Saudi women to conduct the association between coffee consumption and ostrprosis.
The aims of the present study were to study the association between the frequency of coffee intake (Arabic coffee ) on ostrprosis in Saudi women aged between ( 20-45).
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