Q1
W.H.O”stands for world Health organization.
The”establishment”had been”signed by 61 countries on 7 April 1948, in Geneva, Switzerland.
93 countries are WHO’s membership. There is a meeting every year in Geneva to approve the Organization’s budget. Geneva, Switzerland.
The role of WHO in public health is to promote development, improving the performance of health, extend health system and support the health security.
NHS stands for national health service and was created on 1948 by Aneurin Bevan. NHS Is the healthcare system in England and it’s the biggest one in the world. It provides healthcare to all the resident in UK , with most service free at point of use. Services like emergency treatment are free for everyone. The NHS services handle more than 1 million patients every day. Funding comes from tax and it had a budget ”101.3 billion
Q2.1
The Ebola virus is a pathogen that causes severe haemorrhagic fever, often fatal, not only in humans but also in non-human primates with mortality rates ranging up to 90%.
The viral agent was identified in 1976 during an epidemic in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. There are five several types of Ebola: Zaire ebolavirus, Sudan ebolavirus, Ivory Coast ebolavirus; Bundibugyo ebolavirus; Reston ebolavirus. The Ebola Zaire virus is highly pathogenic and has the highest mortality rate.
The Ebola virus is transmitted through the body fluids of animals and infected people. Humans can be infected by contact with blood, saliva, semen, vaginal fluid, vomiting, urine or faeces. Even dirty objects, needles or clothing can be contaminated with infected secretions.
Slaughtering or eating infected carcasses can help spread the Ebola virus.
The countries affected by Ebola are all part of West Africa.
However, the countries most affected and with the highest number of deaths are Liberia, Sierra Leone and Guinea.
The clinical diagnosis of Ebola is difficult in the initial stages of infection: the symptoms are Fever, sore throat, red eyes and conjunctivitis, chills, joint and muscular pains, malaise, weakness,
watery diarrhoea, nausea and vomiting, stomach ache, abdominal pain, loss of appetite, chest pain, shortness of breath, headache, confusion, bleeding inside and outside the body.
The Tests to verify the presence of the Ebola virus are:
ELISA TEST, RT-PCR and serum-neutralization test.
The Ebola virus is one of the most aggressive pathogens known to science, fatal in about 50-90% of cases.
It is not possible to intervene on the natural reservoir of the disease that has not been identified with certainty. Therefore, prevention relies on compliance with sanitary measures, the capacity for early clinical and laboratory diagnosis and patient isolation.
Currently, there are no specific treatments or vaccines for Ebola. For this reason, the therapy consists of supportive hospital treatment designed to alleviate the symptoms. These can include: Oxygen therapy; Intravenous or oral liquids, to maintain the hydro-electrolyte balance; Blood transfusions; Pain medications.
The cost of management of epidemic disease outbreaks is almost always more than the cost of avoiding them.
The World Bank calculates that more than $ 1 billion is needed to curb the epidemic and avoid a long-term economic disaster against the 32.6 billion spent in the year 2015 for the treatment.
Therefore, without competent care and prevention, the threat is greater. More elaborate knowledge is needed to understand how the virus spreads and develops.
Q 2.2
1
the term cancer refers to a pathological condition characterized by the uncontrolled proliferation of cells that can infiltrate the normal organs and tissues of the organism by altering its structure and functioning.
Cancer also can localize itself at a distance from the primary disease, and in this case is secondary or metastatic disease. cancers are divided into solid cancers, characterized by a compact mass of tissue, and cancers of the blood (ex: lymphomas and leukaemia’s).
It is possible to classify cancers in separate ways, depending on the organ in which they develop, of the type of cells that are formed, of the stage at which the disease is found at the diagnosis, aggression and the possibility of development of metastases. Cancer it’s not a transmissible disease .Cancer caused by mutations of DNA within cells. Cellular DNA contains information on how cells should grow and multiply. Errors in these instructions make the cell become cancerous. Smoking, sun and ultraviolet rays, overweight, exposure to toxic substances and radiation are the main causes of the onset of cancers. The analysis was conducted considering the influence of external and internal factors on cancer development. However , factors such as biocide are one of the major causes of cancer in Italy, especially in Naples where the Cancer is 3 times more than the rest of Italy .’The lands of fire ‘ or ‘ triangle of death’ it’s An area of 1,474 square km between Naples and Caserta, where for more than 20 years the Camorra has buried toxic and dangerous waste, such as Asbestos, lead, mercury, dioxins and furans, in agricultural fields. For years, the residents of this area eaten contaminated food and the number of cases increase and currently the 90% of the cancer in the land of fire are due to the environmental impact.
Excessive and unjustified tiredness, involuntary weight loss, jaundice, abundant sweating in sleep, difficulty in urinating and swallowing are some of the symptoms of cancer. To identify the presence of a cancer it is necessary to perform a simple blood test.
- Healthy eating, moderate UV exposure and smoking exclusion are essential for preventing cancer.
- However, there are no vaccines that can prevent cancer.
- chemotherapy, immunotherapy and radiotherapy are the most used treatments to fight cancer.
- in some types of cancer, it is possible to remove it by surgery.
- Every day in Italy about 1,000 new cases of cancer are discovered.
- About 189,600 cases for men and 176,200 for women.
- 63% of women and 57% of men are alive five years after diagnosis.
Conclusion
A “magic pill” capable of treating all types of tumours will never exist because cancer is not a disease, but a set of similar and evolving diseases that respond in a different and changing way to treatments. For this reason, doctors and researchers are looking for many different solutions to the complicated and multifaceted problem of cancer.