Abstract
This essay consists of the multiple and pressing challenges the United Nations faces today, the challenges that can influence the standard of living, the changing of behavior, the changing of culture and the changing of psychological. The world cannot become peace, safe and dynamic without the changes. In other words, the changes also can improve the technology and the communication between the nations. The example of the challenges in this essay are the challenges of international political, the challenges of children’s rights as well as the challenges of HIV or AIDS.
The essay explained the work of United Nations and the identity of United Nations. The work of United Nations is very widely known in our world such as humanities, human resource, the conflict between countries and international law. United Nations is an international organization but it not a lawmaker. It functions as a protection of human rights. The works of the United Nations are to maintain international peace and security, promote sustainable development, protect human rights, uphold the international law as well as to deliver humanitarian aid.
Moreover, this essay also studies about the proper role of the Secretary-General as a top international public servant. The Secretary-Generals is responsible for achieving the goals of the United Nations as well as to make the world a more beautiful and peace without any war and damage. The population can live without any prejudice and distinctness. The population of humanity has the human right to educate and work. The protection of the environment and refugees must be highlight by the citizen of the world.
Furthermore, the required qualities and discipline of a Secretary-General in view of the practices and achievements of the successive Secretary-Generals. This essay also explains the qualification of a Secretary-General. The Secretary-General functions like a spokesman that inform the information of United Nations to the population through the helping of media. The image of a Secretary-General is very important, he or she must measure the realistic of them. The Secretary-Generals is playing an important role in building a peace world without any prejudice. They must focus on human rights and the crises challenges.
According to this essay, can determines that the relationship between challenges and the proper role of a Secretary-General. The effect that the challenges to our world and the standard of living. We also determine the historical of Secretary-Generals from the first Secretary-General, Trygve Lie of Norway until the current Secretary-General, Ban Ki-moon of South Korea.
In conclusion, the Secretary-Generals is very important to develop the solutions and led the United Nations. He or she must always be responsible and realistic in any conditions. The Secretary-General must have great international influence, authority and deep understanding of the international political.
Contents
32th Eisaku Sato Essay Contest 2016 1
Abstract 2
Contents 4
List of Table 5
1.0 Introduction 6
2.0 The Historical of United Nations Secretary-Generals 10
2.1 The Challenges of United Nations 14
2.1.1 The Challenges of International Politics 14
2.1.2 The Challenges of Children’s Rights 16
2.1.3 The Challenges of HIV or AIDS 18
2.2 The Proper Role of the Secretary-General as Top International Public Servant 20
2.3 The Required Qualities and Discipline of a Secretary-General in View of the Practices 22
2.4 The Achievements of the Successive Secretary-Generals 25
3.0 Conclusion 27
References 28
List of Table
Table 1: The Historical of United Nations Secretary-General 10
1.0 Introduction
The head of the United Nations Secretariat is the Secretary-Generals of the United Nations (UNSG). The United Nations Secretariat is the one of six major organization of the United Nations. It is organized along department lines which are having a distinct area of action and responsibility. There are 41,000 international civil servants. The application for the eligibility of civil services are very competitive and there are based on a UN-administered examination offered worldwide. (Secretariat-United Nations, 2016)
The agenda for the United Nations deliberative and decision-making bodies of the United Nations was set up by the Secretariat. Besides, the Secretariat also has an important role in setting the implementation of the decision of the UN’s bodies such as the General Assembly, Economic and Social Council, and Security Council. The Secretariat staff member’s work is to inform the world’s media about the work of the United Nations. They also have interpreted speeches and translate the documents into the United Nations official languages, like Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish. (Secretariat-United Nations, 2016)
The United Nations has come up with the solutions to solve the complex problems everywhere including every corner of the globe. The United Nations find the solutions to end the conflict and alleviating poverty, the climate change and protect human rights. The staff members of United Nations also monitor elections, disarm child soldiers, coordinate relief in humanitarian crises and provide the logistical support to carry out the complex mandates. (United Nations Careers, 2016)
Besides, the United Nations have 193 Member States and there are around 41,000 staffs. The global workforce of the United Nations is made up of 34% women and 66% men. It strongly encourages women to apply for the available position. The staff members have served at different locations around of the world, like 51% of the field operations, 6% of the regional commissions, 3% of the tribunals, 31% of the headquarters and 9% of the other locations. (United Nations Careers, 2016)
In addition, the United Nations is an international organization. It was founded in 1945. It was committed to maintaining international peace and security, develop pleasant relations among nations, improve the social progress, living standards and human right. Depend on its unique characteristic, its founding Charter was given the powers vested. The organizations have taken actions to solve the complex problems. It provides a forum for the Member States to express their views. The views are to pass through the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council and other bodies and committees. The United Nations is focusing on wide range elemental issues, such as sustainable development, protection of the environment and refugees, disaster relief and mitigation, counter-terrorism, disarmament and non-proliferation. (United Nations Careers, 2016)
The works of the United Nations are to maintain international peace and security, promote sustainable development, protect human rights, uphold the international law as well as deliver humanitarian aid. (United Nations, 2016)
In September 2000, the world leaders have come together at the Organization’s Headquarters in New York. They have adopted the United Nations Millennium Declaration. The aim of the declaration is to reduce extreme poverty with a deadline of 2015. The declaration have become known as the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). (United Nations Careers, 2016)
The MDGs includes eight goals, like eradicate extreme Poverty, achieve universal primary education, promote gender equality and empower women, reduce child mortality, improve maternal health, combat HIV and AIDS, malaria and other diseases, ensure environmental sustainability and also develop a global partnership for development. All the world’s countries and all the world’s leading development institutions have agreed on the MDGs. (United Nations Careers, 2016)
The global Secretariat’s offices are in Gevena, Vienna and Nairobi. The economic commissions headquartered in the five major r
egions of the world, such as Africa, Europe, Latin America and the Caribbean, Asia and the Pacific as well as Western Asia. This allows it to address the socio-economic and developmental needs of the countries. The number of peace operations is 28 and the number of United Nations programs and specialized agencies is 40. (United Nations Careers, 2016)
The head of the Secretariat is the Secretary-General who is appointed by the General Assembly. The Secretary-Generals act as the leader of the United Nations and spokesperson. The term of the Secretary-Generals is five years and may be reappointed. According to the work necessary, the Secretary-Generals can appoint the Deputy Secretary-Generals to assist in the works. The past U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt envisioned the Secretary-General as a “world moderator”, but the UN Charter provided vague definition was left much room for their specific obligations. (United Nations Secretariat, 2016)
.
2.0 The Historical of United Nations Secretary-General
Secretaries-general of the United Nations
Name Country of origin Period of service
Trygve Lie Norway 1 February 1946 – 10 April 1953
Dag Hammarskjöld
Sweden 10 April 1953 – 18 September 1961
U Thant* Myanmar (Burma) 30 November 1962 – 31 December 1971
Kurt Waldheim Austria 1 January 1972 – 31 December 1981
Javier Pérez de Cuellar
Peru 1 January 1982 – 31 December 1991
Boutros Boutros-Ghali Egypt 1 January 1992 – 31 December 1996
Kofi Annan Ghana 1 January 1997 – 31 December 2006
Ban Ki-moon South Korea 1 January 2007 until now
*Acting Secretary-General from 3 November, 1961.
Table 1: The Historical of United Nations Secretary-General
Source from Encyclopedia Britannica, 2016
The table has shown the historical of United Nations Secretary-Generals. (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2016)
The period of Trygve Lie of Norway was started from 1 February 1946 until 10 April 1953. He is a foreign minister and former labor leader. The Soviet Union was recommended him to fill the post. In 1951, his reappointment was vetoed by the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union’s veto was circumvented by the United Sates and recommended reappointment directly to the General Assembly. He was resigned in 1952. (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2016)
The second Secretary-General was Dag Hammarskjöld of Sweden and the period of serviced was started from 10 April 1953 until 18 September 1961. Dag Hammarskjöld’s leadership of the United Nations during the Congo Crisis was angered the Soviet Union. He also suggested that a troika replaced the position of Secretary-General. A plane crash in Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia) was killed him, while on a peacekeeping mission to the Congo in 1961. He called as “the greatest statesman of our century” by the U.S. President John F. Kennedy. (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2016)
Besides, U Than of Myanmar was acting as Secretary-General from 3 November, the period of his serviced was started from 30 November 1962 until 31 December 1971. He was the first Asian Secretary-General. He has sought a second election on 2 December 1966. The reason for his withdrawal did not seek a third election. (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2016)
The fourth Secretary-General was Kurt Waldheim of Austria. The period serviced of Kurt Waldheim was started from 1 January 1972 until 31 December 1981.His third term vetoed by China on 1981. (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2016)
Next, Javier Pérez de Cuellar of Peru was the fifth Secretary-General and the period of his serviced was started from 1 January 1982 until 31 December 1991. He was the first Secretary-General from the Americas. He does not stand for the third election. (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2016)
Then, Boutros Boutros-Ghali of Egypt was serviced from 1 January 1992 until 31 December 1996. His reappointment was vetoed by the United States and withdrawal in 1996. (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2016)
Moreover, the seventh Secretary-General was Kofi Annan of Ghana. The period serviced of Kofi Annan was started from 1 January 1997 until 31 December 2006. He recommended by the Security Council on 13 December 1996. He was started his second term as Secretary-General on 2002. (Secretary-General of the United Nations, 2016)
Lastly, the current United Nations Secretary-General was Ban Ki-moon of South Korea, he was the first Secretary-General of East Asian. He has taken office on 1 January 2007. His first term expired on 31 December 2011. He continued to a second term on 21 June 2011. The General Assembly will appoint him successor in 2016.(Secretary-General of the United Nations, 2016) On International Women’s Day, 8 March 2016, he said that let us devote solid funding, courageous advocacy and unbending political will to achieving gender equality around the world. There is no greater investment in our common future. (United Nations, 2016)
2.1 The Challenges of United Nations
2.1.1 The Challenges of International Politics
The Secretary-General has faced the problem of changing the international political climate. Boutros-Ghali of Egypt has become the sixth United Nations Secretary-General on 1 January 1992. The United Nations Preparatory Commission has described as a lofty character and high expectations of the position as the “United Nations idea” in the fall of 1945. It was stated that the Secretary-General contain embody the principles and ideals of the Charter to which the Organization seeks to affect. (Ravlin.B and Gordenker.L , 1993)
Trygve Lie of Norway is the first holder of the post. He was described the Secretary-Generalships as “the most impossible job in the world”. His successors were no necessarily agreeing with this assessment. (Ravlin.B and Gordenker.L , 1993)
The office of Secretary-General was taken by Boutros-Ghali when the Organization and the world incarnate were entering uncharted waters. The radical transformation has shown the international political system, “great commotion and uncertainty” was marked “having entered into a turbulent state”. Boutros-Ghali has pointed out this issue in his first Report of the Work of the Organization. It was created a new international era of United Nations. (Ravlin.B and Gordenker.L, 1993)
The post-Cold War world allows the United Nations to achieve its goals as the threat of superpower confrontation has died away, ideological warfare has repealed, the extension of democracy and human rights has improved. A political volatility was replaced the Cold War era. The characteristics of the political volatility were insecure boundaries, massive population movements, economic strains, cultural confrontations, right-wing movements and ethnic strains tat affect international peace and security. The changing international political atmosphere was the challenges of United Nations. (Ravlin.B and Gordenker.L, 1993)
In this global era, the new international political atmosphere was formed. Its characteristics were more altruistic universalist outlook on the part of governments and contradictory declining commitment to internationalism and improving nationalist isolationism. (Ravlin.B and Gordenker.L, 1993)
2.1.2 The Challenge of Children’s Rights
A group of children was broke into a deserted scrap metal recycling plant where they found mercury in September 1993, in the city of Hamilton, Ontario. The children took the mercury home and played with it among them. 6,000 children were selected randomly, of whom 269 were identified as exposed to the mercury. The help of media has established a hotline to alert children and their parents. It reduced the rate of the exposed to the mercury. (Covell, K., & Howe, R. B, 2001)
Canada ranks second in the world in the reduction of lead levels in children’s blood. It was reduced the levels of gasoline and removal of lead from solder food cans. The United States ranks first in
the world. Canada’s policies and practices with pay attention to the social toxins in children’s environments are insufficient. The rise of the social contexts of children in Canada, it was toxic to their development physical toxins. Their healthy development was threat by the toxic. (Covell, K., & Howe, R. B, 2001)
Moreover, social toxic are social-environmental conditions that are known as the children’s healthy development threat. Children are more susceptible to their effects than the adults, so it can be predicted. Social toxins can found in the community like in unsafe play areas, inadequate housing and school. (Covell, K., & Howe, R. B, 2001)
There were 12,000 children was estimated living on the streets of Toronto in 1994. The children are those who under the age of eighteen years old. The number of children that living on the streets in cities across Canada was rising. The childhood physical abuse was researched by Murray Straus. Murray Straus suggests that the physical punishment has the negative effects similar to the physical abuse. (Covell, K., & Howe, R. B, 2001)
After that, the social toxins associated with the development poverty pattern. Poverty was related to the single parenthood, low education level and unemployment. Children who are lived in poverty family to show difficulties in mental and physical health, in behavior and in academic achievement. It showed the increasing poor academic achievement and behavior problems. The children difficulty communicating, to anticipate and to be distrustful. (Covell, K., & Howe, R. B, 2001)
The social toxins were defined in terms of parent status, partnership and family situation in the Mannheim study. The terms of parent status can be low education level and single parenthood. The terms of partnership status can be marital discord and the family situation such as inadequate housing and lack of social supports. This was shown that the biological risk status of children. (Covell, K., & Howe, R. B, 2001)
Besides, the United Nations has recognized that the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenants on Human Rights have agreed that everyone is freedom without distinction such as race, color, sex and other status. (Covell, K., & Howe, R. B, 2001)
2.1.3 The Challenging of HIV or AIDS
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was defined everyone’s right to education in early 1948. In 1989, the United Nations Assembly was adopted Article 28 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child. According to Article 28, that defined a child’s right to education. Education is an element in promoting social well-being and poverty reduction. Education can directly influence national productivity. So, higher education can increase the economic growth and lower education can decrease the economic growth. (Wiseman.A.W and Glover.R. N, 2012)
In the achievement of six of the eight Millennium Development Goals such as reducing poverty, achieving universal primary education, improving gender equality, reducing infant and child mortality, improving maternal health as well as lowering the prevalence of HIV or AIDS. Education can affect the standard of living. Higher women education can enhance the family healthily, improve the national production, increase the economic productivity as well as increase the rate of birth. (Wiseman.A.W and Glover.R. N, 2012)
The number of deaths of AIDS is estimated to decrease from the peak of 2.1 million in 2004 to 1.8 million in 2009. It reflected the availability of antiretroviral therapy rise. The people living with AIDS usually in the middle or lower income countries. The antiretroviral therapy very efficiency in sub-Saharan Africa. There was success decrease the number of people living with AIDS from estimated 320,000 people to 2.6 million people. (UNAIDS, 2010)
In 1984, the first case of HIV or AIDS was reported in Kenya. The first step that government development is prioritized policy. Office of the President was established National AIDS Control Council (NACC) for response to HIV or AIDS in 2000. The Education Sector Policy on HIV or AIDS was developed by the Ministry of Education Science and Technology (MoEST) in 2004. HIV or AIDS was one of the investment programs targeted under Kenya Education Sector Section Support Programme (KESSP). (Kelly, 2000)
The impact of the epidemic on education has driven these policies. For example, AIDS reduces the supply of education and fall sick. In the hands, AIDS also reduce the demand for education. The parents of schooling children resulting in the loss of wage earners in the family torment by AIDS, so the issue of poverty became seriously. (Kelly, 2000)
HIV or AIDS influence the rate of birth decrease and increase the rate of death. The rate of death rising can affect the declining number of population, hence the economic productivity decrease. This affect the growth of economic became slowly, the national productivity decline. These countries who are lower net national income, the development of them became limited. This can cause the failure of Millennium Development Goals. This issues must focus by the United Nations. (Kelly, 2000)
2.2 The Proper Role of the Secretary-General as Top International Public Servant
Trygve Lie of first United Nations Secretary-General, called Secretary-General as the most difficult job in the world. His seven successors have iterated an observation that the difficulty of the job description itself. United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt saw the Secretary-General’s role as a “world moderator”, the United Nations charter refers it as a “chief administrative officer”. (Zissis.C and Vriens.L, 2011)
The Secretary-General is the leader of the Secretariat, he or she also is the head of the United Nations as well as a spokesman for the international organization. On the hands, the Secretary-General is the representative individual of the United Nations. The proper role of the Secretary-General as the top international public servant is very important. The Secretary-General can influence the interests of the world’s people. Now, Mr. Ban Ki-moon of South Korea is the current Secretary-General.
Firstly, the proper role of the Secretary-General as “chief administrative officer” of the United Nations. The Security Council, General Assembly, Economic and Social Council and other United Nations organs are granted the Secretary-General act as in that capacity and perform “such other functions as are entrusted” to him or her. The Charter also empowers the Secretary-General to “bring to the attention of the Security Council any matter which in his opinion may threaten the certain of the world’s peace and security”. There are defined the powers of the office and the powers are high. The reason affects the failure of a Secretary-General is he or she did not take care the challenges of Member States. The values and moral authority of the United Nations also must maintain by the Secretary-General as well as speak and act for the world’s peace. (United Nations, 2014)
Furthermore, the Secretary-General also day-to-day work that includes attendance at sessions of United Nations bodies. The works also include the consultation with world leaders, government officials and other. The Secretary-General also has the worldwide travel. It can keep the relationship among the Secretary-General and the people of the Organization’s the Member States. It also can inform the people about the challenges of the international concern that are in the United Nations’s agenda. The Secretary-General issues a report on the work of the Organization that estimates its activities and future action each year. The Chairman of the United Nations System Chief Executives Board for Coordination (CEB) also is the Secretary-General. The Executive Heads of all United Nations funds bring by CEB, specialized agencies twice a year to find the solutions that can solve the chal
lenge of the United Nations System. (United Nations, 2014)
Moreover, the proper role of the Secretary-General also is the use of his “good offices”. It can be prevention international disputer by the steps taken publicly and in private. (United Nations, 2014)
In conclusion, each Secretary-General is defined and adapts the role to see the strength, weakness, opportunity and threat that can be found in the international issues.
2.3 The Required Qualities and Discipline of a Secretary-General in View of the Practices
The leader of the Secretariat, the head of the United Nations and the spokesman for the international organization are the Secretary-General. In the view, the Secretary-General play an important role in leading the international organization. The Secretary-General represented the United Nations to inform the solution and work of the Organization. The required qualities and discipline of a Secretary-General in view of the practices must be reality high.
Firstly, the Secretary-General must be someone that has great international influence and authority, and come from very diverse backgrounds. A great international influence can increase the reality of people to him or her. It also can increase the process development of the United Nations that maintain international peace and security, promote sustainable development, protect human rights, uphold the international law as well as deliver humanitarian aid. Authority is using the power right, it can improve the confidence of people to the United Nations. The background of a Secretary-General is very important because the difference backgrounds may have difference views to the issues that international corner of the United Nations.
Next, the Secretary-General must be someone that has deep understanding and knowledge in the fields of international politics, economy, history and other. According to the studies of international relations, the international elements must always take care and focus by the Secretary-General. If a country’s economy occurs inflation, the Secretary-General can quickly make the estimation of this inflation and found the solutions to reduce the effect of the inflation. It can reduce the loss of the country from the inflation. It can decrease the declining rate of exchange money, the value of money increase. The deep understanding and knowledge of a country’s status can affect the estimation to crisis become more sensitively.
Moreover, the Secretary-General must be someone with fluent in many languages. Languages are the media of communication. If the Secretary-General did not fluent in many languages, he or she has failed. Someone who is fluent in many languages can easy understand the meaning of sentences. It can reduce the misunderstanding between the Secretary-General and the staff member that come from difference countries and difference backgrounds. The communication can become more effectively and the work of the United Nations also can effectively inform to people. A Secretary-General must fluent in at least three languages especially English since English is the common language in the world. The standard of Secretary-General must be high, that are essential to the processes of safeguarding international peace, and propelling political agreements and economical and social developments.
Besides, the Secretary-General must be someone with compassionate, morally responsible and ready to make personal sacrifices for the greater good. If a Secretary-General can achieve the missions of the United Nations, but he or she is someone without compassionate, this was the failure of the Secretary-General. Compassionate is the basis of a human, the Secretary-General must have this characteristic. A success Secretary-General must be responsible for their behavior, attitude and solution.
In conclusion, everyone can be a Secretary-General, but no everyone can be a success Secretary-General. The work of the Secretary-General is protecting the interest of the human rights. The Secretary-General must always stand by to overcome the international challenges and improve the standard of living.
2.4 The Achievements of the Successive Secretary-Generals
The transition phase of Myanmar has created new opportunities and challenges for the United Nations and the international community to help steer Myanmar towards peace, democratization and development. (United Nation, 2016)
The political guidance and staff support to successive envoys of the Secretary-General tasked with employing his diplomatic “good offices” toward those objectives provided by the Department pf Political Affairs. (United Nation, 2016)
President Thein Sein leads the new government of Myanmar after the November 2010 general elections, Aung San Suu Kyi’s National League for Democracy has reached out. This affected the latter’s return to the electoral and political process released a significant number of political prisoners and initiated peace talks with armed ethnic groups, resulting in initial ceasefire agreements. (United Nation, 2016)
The Good Offices of the Secretary-General continues to work in pursuance of General Assembly mandated objectives. The objectives such as respect for human rights, democratic transition and national reconciliation. This requires an enhanced United Nations coordination role including among donor countries to maximize political goodwill and the use of available resources. (United Nation, 2016)
At the invitation of Myanmar government, the Secretary-General has visited Myanmar thrice times from 29 April to 1 May 2012. According to the UN-Myanmar engagement, the Secretary-General has identified six key areas of UN engagement in support of ongoing reforms that census, Global Compact, drug elimination, normalization of UNDP and other country programs, peace-building support, and human rights. (United Nation, 2016)
3.0 Conclusion
Considering the multiple and pressing challenges the United Nations faces today, the proper role of the Secretary-General as the top international public servant are very important in term of leading the United Nations. The role of the United Nations is relatively important for the world such as maintain international peace and security, promote sustainable development, protect human rights, uphold the international law as well as deliver humanitarian aid. These are by no means small feats to achieve but someone has to do it, as the role of the Secretary-General it to take care of the trend of the world today
Lastly, the required qualities and discipline of a Secretary-General in view of the practices and achievements of the successive Secretary-Generals also played a role in leading the United Nations. Many challenges that is facing the United Nations today can be overcome with higher qualities and discipline of Secretary-General. By coming up with excellent solution the achievement of the successive Secretary-Generals can increase. With the help of the United Nations as well as the Secretary General, we hope that this world can become a more peaceful and safe place to live in.
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