ABSTRACT
(Rudisony, 2009) On 24th October 1945, United Nations (UN) formally established to replace the League of Nations. The representatives of the Allies in the Second World War, which is US, Soviet, British, and French in the negotiations during the war has started preparations for establishment of the United Nations. Finally, in a conference in San Francisco, United States, representatives from 50 countries of the world signed the charter establishing the United Nations.
United Nations headquartered in New York. The main objective of the United Nations, as stated in the United Nations Charter, is to maintain world peace, develop international friendships, foster international cooperation to solve economic problems, social, and cultural, as well as develop respect for human rights and freedom. The United Nations Charter is the constitution of the United Nations. It was signed in San Francisco on 26th June 1945 by fifty original members of the United Nations. This Charter shall enter into force on 24th October 1945 after being signed by the five founding members. Which is the Republic of China (Taiwan), France, the Soviet Union, Britain, the United States and the majority of other signatories. As a charter it is a constituent treaty, and all signatories are bound by its contents.
Besides, the Charter also explicitly states that the Charter has power over all other agreements. It was ratified by the United States on 8th August 1945, making it the first country to join the United Nations. (C, 2014) Malaysian is also one of the countries that join the United Nations. Malaysian join the United Nations on 17th September 1957 in order to make sure that merger process between Sabah and Sarawak can run smoothly. Besides, Malaysia expecting to get a particular help with neighboring countries. There are many challenges that United Nations was facing. Challenges that United Nations faces today are out dated structure, unwieldy organization and increasing of demands. For the out dated structure according to United Nations website, there are have the same five countries in the victors of World War Two. Since 1945, Russia, China, Britain, France and United States have been the power players. It have the permanent members of the powerful and also 15 seat security council. Both of it has a retro power which is had led at the council on some major to near paralysis. While, for the unwieldy organization, there are have 15 autonomous agencies, 11 semi-autonomous funds and programs and numerous other bodies has become a sprawling system in United Nations. In order to oversee them, there is no central entity. Ban Ki Moon, the currently Secretary-General try to coordinate their actions but there is no authority that he has over many of them.
Lastly, increasing of demands which is one of the challenges that United Nations faces today was explained that member states need to contribute troops for its far-flung peacekeeping missions, that now currently numbering at about 16. It is an order for United Nations that almost constantly asking to do that so. Peacekeepers has risen from 130 000 compared to 110 000 at the end of the Cold War. But, the number of peacekeepers system is under severe strain. A huge number of peacekeepers have been taken captive while more than 100 of them have died this year. The others challenges that United Nations faces in 2015 according to the Martin Edwards and Brandon Kotlow are make a progress on coordinated fundraising and they also need to make sure that 2016 do not overshadow 2015.
1.1 INTRODUCTION
(Unknown, N.D.) During 1st January 1942, the Second World War, the name “United Nations” was first used in the Declaration by United Nations that coined by United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt, when representatives of 26 nations pledged their Governments to continue fighting together against the Axis Powers.
Representatives of 50 countries met in San Francisco in 1945 at the United Nations Conference on International Organization to draw up the United Nations Charter. Those delegates deliberated on the basis of proposals worked out by the representatives of China, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom and the United States at Dumbarton Oaks, United States in August-October 1944.
(Unkown, N.D.) In 1945, on a 24th of October, United Nations was founded as an international organization. Currently, there are about 193 member states that made up. The purposes and principles contained was guided by the mission and work of the United Nations in its founding charter. All of 193 member states of United Nations is a General Assembly member. The recommendation of the security council are admitted to membership by states in the United Nations with a decision of the General Assembly.
General Assembly, the Economic and Social council, the international court of justice, the trusteeship council, the security council and the United Nations secretariat are the main organs of the United Nations. All of these were established in 1945 during the United Nations was founded. The symbol of the organization’s ideas and a spokesman for the interest of the peoples world is the Secretary-General of the United Nations especially in poor and vulnerable. Mr Ban Ki-Moon is the current Secretary-General of the United Nations. It is the eighth occupant of the past which is came from Republic Of Korea. On a 1st January 2007, he took the office. “Chief Administrative Officer” of the organization is what the United Nations Charter describes the Secretary-General. Main organs of the United Nations is the secretariat. It organized in departmental lines. Each of the department need to take an action and responsibility in a distinct area.
“UN family” was an unofficially name that recently use for the United Nations system. “UN family” is made up of the United Nations itself. There are many specialized agencies, affiliated programmes, funds and with all their own membership, leadership and also budget. Usually, the funds and programmes do not assessed contributions but are financed through voluntary. While, the independent international organzations which is The Specialized Agencies was funded by voluntary and also assessed contributions.
(Fomerand, J. 2015) According to what Jacques Fomerand write, United Nations (UN) which is an international organization was established on 24th October 1945. In the 20th century, the United Nations was the one of the second multipurpose international organization that was established in a worldwide scope and membership. In 1919 and disbanded in 1946, Treaty of Versailles was create its predecessor, the League of Nations. United Nations was headquartered in New York City. Besides, in Geneva, Nairobi and Vienna was also the regional offices by United Nations. Arabic, English, Russian, Spanish, Chinese and French was the official languages. According to its Charter, the United Nations aims “to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war,…to reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights,…to establish conditions under which justice and respect for the obligations arising from treaties and other sources of international law can be maintained, and to promote social progress and better standards of life in larger freedom”. When the United Nations was established in 1945, “chief administrative officer” was described by the United Nations Charter as the secretary-general broadly. Beyond of that have the type of leader needed, how they select the candidate and also the person’s length were left open to interpretation of tenure, a former undersecretary-general, writes the Britain Urquhart in an article for the Foreign Affairs.
“Equal parts diplomat and advocate, civil servant and CEO” was stipulates by the United Nations website that the secretary-general will be. Even though at the risk of challengin
g member states, secretary-general need uphold the values of United Nations based on the guidelines that was required. Simon Chesterman and Thomas M. Franck say in the book Secretary or General that the person in the post is sometimes treated as “an errand boy and punching bag”, expected to be at an independent political force and a public servant at once.
Some of the informal norms are observed in appointments for the post, despite the requirement of the job was vague and broad. Usually, the secretary-general will come from the countries that can considered as small medium sized neutral powers, was serve not more than two or five year term and has a career diplomats. Based on the regional rotation is observed, the nationals of the five permanent members of the security council such as the United States, Russia, United Kingdom, China and France was always ineligible.
Secretary general was responsibility in administrative. United Nations Secretariat will be oversee by the secretary-general. They will handles United Nations operations including in doing research, media relations and translation. The secretariat of the United Nations executive office has a staff about close to nine thousand people from the 170 different countries. Each of the secretary-general will handled their administrative responsibilities differently.
Secretary-general also responsible in human resources. Approximately fifty United Nations posts was hiring of under secretaries. It was including the heads of funds like a UNDP and UNICEF. It was falls under the purview of the secretary-general. Lobbying from members to fill posts with their nationals is an important aspect of the hiring process involved. In order to ensure broad regional representation, it must highlighting the secretary-general’s role of negotiating with the Security Council and General Assembly. Secretary-general also responsibility for overseeing peacekeeping missions and will appoints the under secretary involving some sixteen operations worldwide as of September 2008 in charge of that department. Operational control still rests with the Secretariat, although the General Assembly or Security Council may initiate a peacekeeping mission. Secretary general also play an important role in Mediation. This function involves the secretary-general’s role as a mediator between parties in conflict. Use of his independence and impartiality as part of his “good offices” role the secretary-general to prevent and stop the spread of conflict as the head of a global organization. Hammarskjöld’s promotion of an armistice between Israel and Arab states and Javier Perez de Cuellar’s negotiation of a ceasefire to end the Iraq-Iran War was one of the example of United Nations taking on mediation roles in the past.
2.1 CHALLENGES THAT UNITED NATIONS FACES TODAY
(Unknown, N.D., 2014) After the World War two and since the United Nations was established, the world has changed dramatically. But, on the 21st century, the organization has not adapted to reflect. The aging structure has struggled with new threats while the United Nation has had its share of successes. The example of new threats is Ebold and terrorist groups that control large areas of its member countries. For decades, United Nations members have been discussing change but its proven impossible because of competing interest in an agreement.
As the starting approaches its 70th anniversary for the next year, there are a few problems that United Nations facing since it was established.
Figure 1.1: United Nations Conference delegates unanimously adopt the United Nations Charter on June 26, 1945. | AP
2.1.1 OUT DATED STRUCTURE
There are have the same five countries in the victors of World War Two. Since 1945, Russia, China, Britain, France and United States have been the power players. It have the permanent members of the powerful and also 15 seat security council. Both of it has a retro power, which is had led at the council on some major to near paralysis in …. And Ukraine.
In the world today , council simply does not represent as what critics say. United Nations had 51 member states at its inception. Today, many of them clamouring for more clout. Only the body will pass nonbinding resolutions in the General Assembly when all countries are represent.
Japan, Brazil, Nigeria, Germany, South Africa and India are the countries deserving of permanent security council seats. There are no signs that shows the big tire to share it with other countries or intend to give up power.
2.1.2 UNWIELDY ORGANIZATION
15 autonomous agencies, 11 semi-autonomous funds and programs and numerous other bodies has become a sprawling system in United Nations. In order to oversee them, there is no central entity. Ban Ki Moon, the currently Secretary-General try to coordinate their actions but there is no authority that he has over many of them.
Delay in recognising the Ebold epidermis make the World Health Organisation recently blamed with the cumbersome structure. The WHO’S country directors in Africa not report to the WHO headquarters in Geneva but they report it to the Africa regional director. Meanwhile, the WHO’S director in Geneva does not report to the New York Secretary-General
2.1.3 INCREASING DEMANDS
Member states need to contribute troops for its far-flung peacekeeping missions, that now currently numbering at about 16. It is an order for United Nations that almost constantly asking to do that so. Peacekeepers has risen from 130 000 compared to 110 000 at the end of the Cold War. But, the number of peacekeepers system is under severe strain. A huge number of peacekeepers have been taken captive while more than 100 of them have died this year.
In a growing list of humanitarian crises, the world’s refugee population has soared amid. Over 51 million people displaced inside or outside their country and forced from their homes was trying been help by the United Nations refugee agency. In the early 1950’s was the highest figure than United Nations started began collecting those data.
2.1.4 OTHER CHALLENGES FACES BY UNITED NATIONS IN 2015
(Kotlow, 2015) According to the Martin Edwards and Brandon Kotlow, the challenges that United Nations faces in 2015 are make a progress on coordinated fundraising. Act as force multipliers is one of the rationales reason why international organizations are necessary. International organization such as the United Nations orchestrate a global response and coordinated action are required in order to solving problems that has cross international borders.
Other than that, they also need to make sure that 2016 do not overshadow 2015. The race for United Nations Secretary-General was the capture global attention in the other election on 2016. Opaque Process is the selection of a Secretary-General. There are no public vetting and also formal job criteria since the decision is made by the permanent five members of the security council. 1 for the 7 billion campaign are simple ideas that reforms proposed by. For instance, the advertisement was disseminated, list of job qualifications was developed and all the candidates was required to make their policy priorities publicly available. Consider reforms to the selection process was an important things. But, we have to make sure that it is not overshadow the rest of the United Nations agenda.
3.1 REQUIRED QUALITIES OF A SECRETARY-GENERAL
(Evans) The good role of secretary general can be a key to the efficient functioning of the committee. Trygve Lie, the United Nation’s first secretary-general said that secretary general was the most difficult job in the world. Iterated observation is based on the seven successor. U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt though that secretary-general’s role as “World Moderator”, Nonetheless, refers to the United Nations charter as “Chief Admini
strative Officer”. From the eight secretaries, each person must be tended to favor one role or the other.
There are many qualities that need has in secretary self. Among the qualities should have are as follows :
3.1.1 PRACTICAL INTELLIGENCE
Practical intelligence with the academic intelligence was not the same things as all of us would all acknowledge, I think. Generate a good ideas does not necessarily have by the Secretary-General, but he or she must be able to recognize them. They must know enough about people in order to making the right personnel choices. Other than that, they also need to know about their foibles. The Secretary-General also needs have an ability to see patterns and shapes in that data flow. Besides, be able to see opportunities as they arise.
3.1.2 INFORMATION
Information was a vital things. If we do not have it, we are unable to process any information. Like anyone else in high office, the Secretary-General also need an information. Usually, the Secretary –General will bombarded daily with the press reports, advisers’ reports and briefs, panel reports, governments’ blandishments, lobbyists’ appeals. But all of this are not the information that he or she really needs. It is also for all quality of the people in the Departments Of Political Affairs (DPA) and Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO). The Secretary-General is notoriously under-resourced within the present Secretariat in house for the detailed analysis of situations and possible strategies. It is an effective conflict prevention and resolution that are crucial. Escape from time to time from the comfortable insulation of the United Nations is an effective Secretary-General. They also needs to reach out for the information that he or she really needs.
3.1.3 THINKING TIME
Even though a Secretary-General having an information and the practical intelligence to process it, it is not much help if a Secretary-General do not have time to properly think the issues through. In a high office, this is an occupational problem for everyone. But for those who have 191 heads of state and foreign ministers, it will particularly acute for them. Who feel they are absolute right to waste his or her time for a first start will whenever feel like it. Gossip and schmoozing, and time-wasting is part of the Secretary-General world whether he or she like it or not. They also needs to ignores the conventions at his or her peril in formal public sessions and events. The solutions to these problem only need to take more time at home in the bath. So that the problem thinking time will be continue.
3.1.4 RESILIENCE
As all of us are familiar with Murphy’s Law, but we always been most moved by what is known in the Antipodes as O’Toole’s Corollary said, “If you’re feeling good, don’t worry: you’ll get over it.”. It is like a normal situations in any high office, what we are talking are always bound to often go wrong. Resilience was a critical from all the attributes that enable someone to survive and continue perform effectively in high office for years on end. Resilience is the ability to bounce back from these situations, but in a way enable constructively move on. Not mindlessly and empty-headedly. It is learning from the experience and having every prospect of repeating it. To be an effective Secretary-General in all the high risk activity that is part and parcel of the discharge peace and security role in particular of his or her. Someone in public life who has been tempered in the rough and tumble it is the best to choose. Besides, they also must knows how to take the falls totally into an impotent shell without going to pieces or retreating thereafter. Secretaries-General like Dag Hammarskjöld and Annan try to make judgment that they could capable of resilience that came from fairly sheltered bureaucratic careers. It will be a good and courageous if your choice do not have that kind of background then will be a worth remembering.
4.1 CONCLUSION
(Trueman, 2015) United Nations looked to be a strong successor to the failed League Of Nations starting from 1945 to the 1970’s. When Korea and Cango was success, it make that country had boasted its international images, However, there are many problems that they faces from the Cold War that they could not stem. Russia was made a mockery of the promises that was made at Yalta and other war meetings. It is was the effective occupation of Eastern Europe. In a 1956, there are the treatment of Hungary that they could not be stopped by the United Nations. For example, America’s involvement in Vietnam that they could not stopped it.
The United Nations had lost some of its prestige on 1970’s. It shows that, America and Russia which is the two superpowers would follow the foreign policy that they wanted to regardless of what the United Nations recently want.
(Unknown, N.D.) As all of us know that United Nations reform is endlessly discussed. It depends on what kind of reform is needed and for what the reform purpose that there is sharp disagreement. The popular reform today is the improved coherence besides coordination of the United Nations in a many agencies, department, research attitudes, funds, programs and the other bodies. There is the danger that “One Voice” may stifle creativity and enforce conservative policies.
(Unknown, N.D.) While, according to the United Nations, as the world is changing and with it will make the demands for the United Nations. Usually, the United Nations is engaged in a continuous process of reform and will change in order to strengthen its ability to meet the new demands. Besides, it also will deliver its vital service in an effective and efficient ways. All of this means that in a context of accountability, flexibility, transparency, integrity and efficiency that have to constant emphasis on it. Other than that, expected and innovation is welcomed by creating an environment in which need improvement on it. Delivering the results to those who most in need doing more with it, is what we have aimed of these efforts. It is also to strengthening an accountability.
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