1. INTRODUCTION
United Nation was established on October 1945. Their main mission is to make sure the country all over the world live in a peaceful condition and also responsible in taking care of the security. The United Nation also play an important role to settle down the international conflict without using any violence. Therefore, since United Nation exist until now it has gives a lot of contribution in maintaining the peacefulness and the welfare of the the society all over the world.
Every forms of groups has their own mission and principle to make sure their vision realistic and on the right lane. Therefore, the members need to follow the objective of the organization. The first thing they need to do is that to preserved peace and security internationally. Besides that, they need to create a fellowship relation among the international countries. Moreover, the United Nation are encourage to collaborate internationally and protecting the human rights without considering their race, gender and religion. Last but not least, United Nation responsible to upgrade the living of the world population.
Mission and vision that has been formed need to have someone to lead the organization. In that case, the United Nation consist of main bodies to run their organization. These bodies are consist of secretariat, International Court of Justice, Trust Council, Economic and Social Council, General Assembly Council and Security Council. The bodies that been working on has made a lot of achievements such as the refugees issue, Apartheid, universal human rights, settle down the seizing island issue, the independence of the colonies, handle the international conflict, providing financial and economy assistance, and controlling arm race. [ Pertubuhan Bangsa-bangsa Bersatu http://www.slideshare.net/azamuddinazha/pertubuhan-bangsa-bangsa-bersatu]
When there is an organization means there is a leader. On 1st January 2007 Mr Ban Ki-Moon took office. On 21st June 2011, he was unanimously re-elected by the General Assembly and will continue to serve until 31 December 2016. He is the eighth Secretary-General of the United Nations. His priorities have been to mobilize world leaders around a set of new global challenges, from climate change and economic upheaval to pandemics and increasing pressures involving food, energy and water. He has sought to be a bridge-builder, to give voice to the world’s poorest and most vulnerable people, and to strengthen the Organization itself.
As Secretary-General, he is determined to see the Organization deliver tangible, meaningful results that advance peace, development and human rights. This is because Ban ki-Moon once grew up in war and he saw the United Nations help his country to recover and rebuild. Therefore he pursue his career in public service.[ Secretary General Ban Ki-Moon – Biography http://www.un.org/sg/biography.shtml
] During his administration, he had been promoting sustainable development by subsequent efforts to focus on the world’s main anti-poverty targets.
The Millennium Development Goals, have generated more than $60 billion in pledges, with a special emphasis on Africa and the new Global Strategy on Women’s and Children’s Health. At the height of the food, energy and economic crises in 2008, the Secretary-General successfully appealed to the G20 for a $1 trillion financing package for developing countries and took other steps to guide the international response and protect the vulnerable and poor.
Besides that, he empowers women by creating UN Women which is a major new agency that consolidates the UN’s work in this area. His advocacy for women’s rights and gender equality has also included the "Unite to End Violence against Women" campaign, the "Stop Rape Now" initiative, the creation of a "Network of Men Leaders" and the establishment of a new Special Representative on Sexual Violence in Conflict. Within the UN itself, the Secretary-General has increased the number of women in senior management positions by more than 40 per cent, reaching the highest level in the Organization’s history.
Moreover, Ban Ki-Moon support the countries facing crisis or instability. The Secretary-General has sought to strengthen UN peace efforts, including through the New Horizonspeacekeeping initiative, the Global Field Support Strategy and the Civilian Capacity Review and a package of steps to improve the impact of the 120,000 United Nations "blue helmets" operating in the world’s conflict zones. Meanwhile, a mediation support unit, along with new capacity to carry out the Secretary-General’s good offices, have been set up to help prevent, manage and resolve tensions, conflicts and crises.
Thus, accountability for violations of human rights has received high-level attention through inquiries related to Gaza, Guinea, Pakistan and Sri Lanka, legal processes in Lebanon and Cambodia, and advocacy for the "responsibility to protect," the new United Nations norm aimed at prevent and halt genocide and other grave crimes. He has also sought to strengthen humanitarian response in the aftermath of mega-disasters in Myanmar (2008), Haiti (2010) and Pakistan (2010), and mobilized UN support for the democratic transitions in North Africa and the Middle East.
Furthermore, Ban Ki-Moon has sought to rejuvenate the disarmament agenda through a five-point plan. The efforts are to break the deadlock at the Conference on Disarmament and renewed attention to nuclear safety and security in the aftermath of the tragedy at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant. He has introduced new measures aimed at making the United Nations more transparent, effective and efficient. These include heightened financial disclosure requirements, compacts with senior managers, harmonization of business practices and conditions of service, the adoption of International Public Sector Accounting Standards, and continued investments in information technology and staff development.
2. CHALLENGES
Challenges is something that needs great mental or physical effort in order to be done successfully and therefore it does tests a person ability. United Nation also facing some challenges to make sure their organization is successful in achieving their visions. Some of the challenges that been facing by United Nation are, International peace and security, promote sustainable development, protect human rights, uphold international law, and deliver humanitarian aid.
2.1 International Peace and Security
2.1.1 Work effectively
The United Nation have a big responsibility in handling the peaceful of the countries all around the world. They need to maintain international peace and security in a world where security threats have become more complex. Therefore, the UN makes all its work more effective, because by keeping the peace, the organization can focus on solving global issues, instead of resolving conflicts. Unfortunately, recent peace and security challenges in areas where the organization has a limited presence have tested its ability to maintain the peace. In areas where the UN has a presence, it has increasingly come under attack.
2.1.2 Loss of life
Even though the organization has many successes, there are also several recent tragic cases where the United Nations has not been so successful. Hundreds of thousands have died around the world as conflicts have recently mounted. The line has become increasingly blurred between criminals and hostile groups and peace spoilers, including extremists with transnational strategies and sophisticated tactics. The breakdown of the state security apparatus in intra-State and inter-communal conflicts now poses tremendous security challenges and tests the organization’s capacity to carry out its mandates and programmes and the UN, as a relatively soft target, has been the victim of attacks resulting in the tragic loss o
f life.
2.1.3 Conflict prevention
Basically, with the mounting complexity and growing costs of addressing crisis situations, the imperative of conflict prevention is higher than ever. In its conflict prevention and mediation work, the United Nations continues to face challenges regarding how best to engage with sometimes amorphous movements or fractured armed groups and how to ensure inclusivity. The Organization has strengthened its relationships with regional and subregional organizations. They play a significant role in fostering conflict prevention and mediation partnerships, in addition to rapid responses to regional crises.
2.1.4 Violent
The Security Council has also called for sustained monitoring and reporting on the violations affecting children in armed conflict and for perpetrators to be brought to account. The global campaign “Children, Not Soldiers”, is aimed at ending and preventing the recruitment and use of children by all national security forces in conflict by 2016. Member States have demonstrated their continued interest in using peacekeeping and continue to recognize it as an effective and cost-effective tool, without which the human and material costs of conflict and relapse into conflict would be unquestionably higher.
2.1.5 New approaches and strategies
Although the environments for United Nations peacekeeping operations have always been challenging, we face today a heightened level and new types of security threat, requiring new approaches and strategies. Peacekeeping operations are being increasingly deployed earlier in the conflict continuum, before any peace or ceasefire agreement. Creating the political and security space necessary for successful negotiations is crucial.
2.1.6 Partnership
Ensuring that United Nations troops are properly supported and equipped is a high priority. The complexity of contemporary peacekeeping environments requires strengthened partnerships with all stakeholders, including regional and subregional organizations, the wider United Nations family, international and regional financial institutions and donors, and multilateral and bilateral partners. Only through such collaboration can we collectively address the international peace and security challenges we face now, and in the coming years.[ Maintain International Peace and Security http://www.un.org/en/sections/what-we-do/maintain-international-peace-and-security/index.html]
2.3 Promote Sustainable Development
2.3.1 Lives improvement
During 1945, one of the main priorities of the United Nations was to “achieve international co-operation in solving international problems of an economic, social, cultural, or humanitarian character and in promoting and encouraging respect for human rights and for fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language, or religion.” Improving people’s well-being continues to be one of the main focuses of the UN. The global understanding of development has changed over the years, and countries now have agreed that sustainable development which is development that promotes prosperity and economic opportunity, greater social well-being, and protection of the environment. It offers the best path forward for improving the lives of people everywhere.
2.3.2 Agenda
Two decades ago, around 40 per cent of the population of the developing world lived in extreme poverty. Since then, the world has halved extreme poverty, with the UN’s Millennium Development Goals greatly contributing to this progress. Recognizing the success of the MDGs, and the need to complete the job of eradicating poverty, the UN adopted an ambitious 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. At the same time, as climate changeposes a growing challenge to the world’s development objectives, the UN supported negotiations to adopt a meaningful and universal global climate agreement in 2015. The UN is also working to develop a financing for development framework to ensure that both the sustainable development agenda and climate action are properly resourced.
2.3.3 Disaster Risk Reduction
Disaster can destroy communities in second , which is why building resilience must be at the heart of sustainable development. The United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNISDR) works with governments and other stakeholders to ensure the reduction of disaster losses in lives and assets of communities and countries. A conference in 2015, near the site of the devastating earthquake and tsunami in Japan, advanced actions to reduce the risks from disasters by adopting the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030.
2.4 Protect Human Rights
Moreover, the United Nation need to protect the human rights which refers to a right that is believed to belong justifiably to every person. The term “human rights” was mentioned seven times in the UN's founding Charter, making the promotion and protection of human rights a key purpose and guiding principle of the organization. In 1948, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights brought human rights into the realm of international law. Since then, the Organization has diligently protected human rights through legal instruments and on-the-ground activities.
2.4.1 UN Peace Operation
Last time, United Nation had make an operation which call UN Peace Operations. Many United Nations peace keeping operations and political and peace buidling missions also include the human rights-related mandates aimed at contributing to the protection and promotion of human rights through both immediate and long-term action, empowering the population to assert and claim their human rights, and enabling state and other national institutions to implement their human rights obligations and uphold the rule of law. Human rights teams on the ground work in close cooperation and coordination with other civilian and uniformed components of peace operations, in particular, in relation to the protection of civilians; addressing conflict-related sexual violence and violations against children; and strengthening respect for human rights and the rule of law through legal and judicial reform, security sector reform and prison system reform.[ Protect Human Rights http://www.un.org/en/sections/what-we-do/protect-human-rights/index.html]
2.5 Uphold International Law
International law defines the legal responsibilities of States in their conduct with each other, and their treatment of individuals within State boundaries. Its domain encompasses a wide range of issues of international concern, such as human rights, disarmament, international crime, refugees, migration, problems of nationality, the treatment of prisoners, the use of force, and the conduct of war, among others. It also regulates the global commons, such as the environment and sustainable development, international waters, outer space, global communications and world trade.[ Uphold International Law http://www.un.org/en/sections/what-we-do/uphold-international-law/index.html]
2.5.1 Setting objectives
Some more challenges that the United Nation still facing today is to uphold the International Law. The UN Charter, in its Preamble, set an objective: "to establish conditions under which justice and respect for the obligations arising from treaties and other sources of international law can be maintained". Ever since, the development of, and respect for international law has been a key part of the work of the organization. This work is carried out in many ways by courts, tribunals, multilateral treaties and by the Security Council.
2.5.2 Powers
This can approve peacekeeping missions, impose sanctions, or authorize the use of force when there is a threat to international peace and security, if it deems this necessary. These powers are given to it by the UN Charter, which is considered an international treaty. As such, it is an instrument of interna
tional law, and UN Member States are bound by it. The UN Charter codifies the major principles of international relations, from sovereign equality of States to the prohibition of the use of force in international relations.
2.5.3 The Security Council and International Law
Some of the action of the Security Council have international law implications, such as those related to peacekeeping missions, ad hoc tribunals, sanctions, and resolutions adopted under Chapter VII of the Charter. In accordance with Article 13(b) of the Rome Statute, the Security Council can refer certain situations to the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court (ICC), if it appears international crimes (such as genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, the crime of aggression) have been committed.
2.5.4 International Law Commission
The International Law Commission promotes the progressive development of international law and its codification. The Commission’s work on a topic usually involves some aspects of the progressive development, as well as the codification of international law, with the balance between the two varying depending on the particular topic.
2.5.5 The General Assembly and International Law
The UN Charter gives the General Assembly the power to initiate studies and make recommendations to promote the development and codification of international law. Many subsidiary bodies of the General Assembly consider specific areas of international law and report to the plenary. Most legal matters are referred the Sixth Committee, which then reports to the plenary. The International Law Commission and the UN Commission on International Trade Law report to the General Assembly. The General Assembly also considers topics related to theinstitutional law of the United Nations, such as the adoption of the Staff Regulations and the establishment of the system of internal justice.
2.6 Deliver Humanitarian Aid
The challenges to deliver humanitarian aid is quite a heavy duty. One of the purposes of the United Nations, as stated in its charter, is "to achieve international co-operation in solving international problems of an economic, social, cultural, or humanitarian character." The UN first did this in the aftermath of the Second World War on the devastated continent of Europe, which it helped to rebuild. The Organization is now relied upon by the international community to coordinate humanitarian relief operations due to natural and man-made disasters in areas beyond the relief capacity of national authorities alone.
2.6.1 Helping refugees
What they did is that by helping refugees. The UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR) emerged in the wake of World War II to help Europeans displaced by that conflict. The agency leads and co-ordinates international action to protect refugees and resolve refugee problems worldwide. The General Assembly created the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) to provide emergency relief to some 750,000 Palestine refugees, who had lost their homes and livelihoods as a result of the 1948 Arab-Israeli conflict.
2.6.2 Helping children
They also helping the children. Since its beginning, The United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) has strived to reach as many children as possible with effective, low-cost solutions to counter the biggest threats to their survival. UNICEF also consistently urges governments and warring parties to act more effectively to protect children. Feeding the Hungry. The World Food Programme (WFP) provides relief to millions of people, who are victims of disasters. It is responsible for mobilizing food and funds for transport for all large-scale refugee-feeding operations managed by UNHCR.
2.6.3 Feeding the hungry
The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) is often called on to help farmers re-establish production following floods, outbreaks of livestock disease and similar emergencies. The FAO Global Information and Early Warning System issues monthly reports on the world food situation. Special alerts identify, for Governments and relief organizations, countries threatened by food shortages.
2.6.4 Healing the sick
The World Health Organization (WHO) coordinates the international response to humanitarian health emergencies. WHO is responsible for providing leadership on global health matters, shaping the health research agenda, setting norms and standards, articulating evidence-based policy options, providing technical support to countries and monitoring and assessing health trends. In the 21st century, health is a shared responsibility, involving equitable access to essential care and collective defence against transnational threats.[ Deliver Humanitarian Aid http://www.un.org/en/sections/what-we-do/deliver-humanitarian-aid/index.html]
3. THE ROLE OF THE SECRETARY-GENERAL
Role is the function assumed or part played by a person or thing in a particular situation. The Secretary-General is the symbol of United Nations ideals and a spokesperson for the interests of the world's peoples, in particular the poor and vulnerable among them. The current Secretary-General, and the eighth occupant of the post, is Mr. Ban Ki-moon of the Republic of Korea, who took office on 1st January 2007.
3.1 Chief administrative officer
The Charter describes the Secretary-General as "chief administrative officer" of the organization, who shall act in that capacity and perform" such other functions as are entrusted" to him or her by the Security Council, General Assembly, Economic and Social Council and other United Nations organs. The Charter also empowers the Secretary-General to "bring to the attention of the Security Council any matter which in his opinion may threaten the maintenance of international peace and security". These guidelines both define the powers of the office and grant it considerable scope for action. The Secretary-General would fail if he did not take careful account of the concerns of Member States, but he must also uphold the values and moral authority of the United Nations, and speak and act for peace, even at the risk, from time to time, of challenging or disagreeing with those same Member States.
3.2 Creative tension
That creative tension accompanies the Secretary-General through day-to-day work that includes attendance at sessions of United Nations bodies, consultations with world leaders, government officials, and worldwide travel intended to keep him in touch with the peoples of the Organization's Member States and informed about the vast array of issues of international concern that are on the organization's agenda.
Each year, the Secretary-General issues a report on the work of the United Nations that appraises its activities and outlines future priorities. The Secretary-General is also Chairman of the United Nations System Chief Executives Board for Coordination (CEB), which brings together the Executive Heads of all UN funds, programmes and specialized agencies twice a year in order to further coordination and cooperation in the entire range of substantive and management issues facing the United Nations System.
3.3 Influence
One of the most vital roles played by the Secretary-General is the use of his "good offices" The steps were taken publicly and in private, drawing upon his independence, impartiality and integrity, to prevent international disputes from arising, escalating or spreading. Each Secretary-General also defines his role within the context of his particular time in office.[ Role of Secretary-General http://www.un.org/sg/sg_role.shtml]
4. The Qualities
that required for a secretary general
4.1 Practical intelligence
First and for most, the quality that is important in a next coming secretary-general is practical intelligence. This is because practical intelligence is not the same. Most of the people nowadays are academically intelligence. Being able to be good in both academic and practical is important. Besides that, being functionalism and constructivism is something that people can never be managed and it is not what the practical conduct of international relations is all about. Being in this position, knowing one big thing rather than many things it is not enough, it requires an ability to absorb, retain, and mentally organize a huge amount of information across a very broad front.
Practical intelligence also means an ability to see patterns and shapes in that data flow, and to be able to see opportunities as they arise. The Secretary-General not only should be good in generating ideas, but it is important that he or she be able to recognize them. One has to know enough about people and their foibles to have a chance of making the right personnel choices.
4.2 Ability to process information
Moreover, the qualities that should be hold by a secretary-general is being able to process information. The Secretary-General, like anyone else in high office, is bombarded daily with a barrage of what passes for information such as press reports, advisers’ reports and briefs, panel reports, governments’ blandishments, lobbyists’ appeals.
However, it is not always the information he or she most needs, and for all the quality of the people in the Departments of Political Affairs (DPA) and Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO) and elsewhere within the present Secretariat, the Secretary-General is notoriously under-resourced in-house for the kind of really detailed analysis of situations and possible strategies that is a crucial element in effective conflict prevention and resolution. Although there has been some catch-up, and there may be some more with the creation of the Peace Building Support Unit, we are all familiar with the sad history of the Brahimi Panel’s recommendation for the creation of an Information and Strategic Analysis Secretariat (EISAS).
4.3 Thinking time
Furthermore, a secretary-general requires a thinking time. Having information, and the practical intelligence to process it, are not much help if a Secretary-General never has time to properly think the issues through. This is an occupational problem for everyone in high office, but it is particularly acute for someone who has 191 heads of state and foreign ministers, just for a start, who feel they have an absolute right to waste his or her time whenever they feel like it.
One solution, much easier to say than apply is give the number of people who want to kiss the secular-papal ring for extended periods at any given time by limit the appointments to a few hours a day and relentlessly apply the 15 minute rule to all of them. No doubt a good deal of time could also be saved in not spending hours listening to set piece speeches, in the Security Council and elsewhere, that could much more quickly be read if they are worth absorbing at all.
Apparently, to follow any of these prescriptions too enthusiastically would be to quickly acquire a Boutros-Ghali-like reputation for aloofness or arrogance, or for machine-like inhumanity. Gossip and schmoozing, and time-wasting in formal public sessions and events, is what makes the political world go round. The Secretary-General is part of that world whether he or she like it or not, and ignores the conventions at his or her peril. So the problem of thinking time will continue.
4.4 Friends
In addition, qualities that need to be include in a secretary-general is friendship. Teresa Whitfield’s chapter systematically explains the role of groups of ‘friends’ in cutting through some of the institutional constraints that stand in the way of effective conflict prevention and management, and post-conflict peace building. Not with standing all the limitations and qualifications she mentions, there is no doubt that this can be a real force-multiplier for the Secretary-General in exercising his or her problem-solving influence.
The point about friends has a more immediate and personal application. The Secretary-General is in the politics business whether he likes it or not. International politics, perhaps even more than in the domestic variety, friendship with the key political players is a pretty transient issue-by-issue business.
On the other hand, anyone in high office does need people around, in his or her private office and wider professional and personal environment, who can give not only efficient technical and professional support, but a significant degree of emotional support. The essential loneliness of these offices is not just a cliché. Non-oleaginous expressions of encouragement when you have performed well or done the right thing are important to even the most apparently nerveless characters; and even more so are the words of quiet consolation when, as tends to happen more often, you have screwed something up.
4.5 Moral Courage
Next, the quality that should requires is moral courage, where personal support becomes most important is when one goes right out on a limb, saying or doing what is absolutely the right thing, because it’s the right thing, but knowing that you will generate a firestorm in the process. The really first-rate Secretaries-General are those who have been prepared to put themselves and their reputations absolutely on the line in this respect: moral authority doesn’t come from preaching bland nostrums that will offend no one, but from taking real risks.
That’s moral courage on the high-ground issues, but there is plenty of scope for courage on more common peace and security issues. Despite Thomas Franck’s encouragement in his chapter, there may not be all that much hope for a Secretary-General saying an outright “no” when member states seem determined to follow some unpalatable or undeliverable course, but there is certainly scope for push-back, rather than timid reflex acquiescence; the best Secretaries-General have always been willing and able to do that.
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