As the major concept applied to wearable technology in entertainment industry is the technology adoption, we propose the following methods for analysis.
1. Field Interviews
A field interview method will be used to develop the scale of technological opportunism present in the industry. The interviewees are managers working in the entertainment industry companies and (possibly) those working in wearable technology startups with plans to enter the industry. As the technology adoption process relatively to IoT is an incredibly new concept, in particular, in the wearable technology domain, it must be ensured that the interview questions and routine include wide range of topics to cover the needs of the industry. This is way we used the method of purposive sampling planning //GLASER. It is also crucial that the managers participating in the interviews possess good knowledge of firm’s characteristics and adoption of wearable technology or IoT technology in general in their firms and in the industry.
2. Objectives map
Each company or organization has different objectives; the basis for their differentiation could be the purposeful type (commercial or public organization), industrial domain and specific characteristics, time in business, ownership specifics and many others. However, very often organizations, especially those operating on a large scale, might face several goals they want to achieve but which contradict with each other. Such dilemmas can be solved with so-called multi-criteria decision analysis.
The defining feature of organization’s goals set is their structure, which determines how they are being achieved. In most cases each goal is assigned a priority, and most are being split into several low-level objectives; an objective itself is a set of attributes and the extent to which it must be changed.
We explored the convergence or divergence of the results of published research by conducting a quantitative meta-analysis. It integrates the results of many different studies examining the cross-correlations of different pairs of variables. For each pair, the overall effect is yielded in different studies. When constructing the overall effect size, we reviewed articles published since the publication in 1989 where we looked at all the available scientific computer databases: ABI / INFORM, Scopus and ISI Web of Science. In addition, Google Scholar, and library catalogs were consulted.
3. Literature analysis.
The articles selected had to meet several criteria: it had to be evaluated in an empirical study.
The integrity of the concept there were have been met: the relationship is not justified by arguments were TAM (Technology Acceptance Model). The methodology of the study have been well documented it allows us to gather information for analysis by the moderator.
The cross-correlation matrix used designs TAM was included, as we need this template for our analysis. Therefore, many studies have been excluded from our meta-analysis. One point that the set of criteria solves the problem of file box, so as magazines likely published research results that are statistically meaningful, and thus, have a size greater than that of those that can inflate and results. No duplication of content in the same study at various retail outlets were not included in our sample.
We tested whether the systematic difference in the overall effect can be explained by setting research studies, performing moderator analyzes, given the conceptual and methodological characteristics of the data sets. We collected information about respondents considered technology and culture in which research was conducted. After that, we classified the study, how to get into the category of '' students '' or '' non-students. "The solution also had to be made how to classify the technologies used in various studies. In theory, four categories can be identified: specific software applications (word processors, databases, software, etc.) related to Internet technologies (search engines, transactional Web sites, etc.), microcomputers and communication technologies (e-mail, mobile technology, and so on. d.). Unfortunately, the comparison of the four groups separately was not possible due to lack of data. We decided to compare the results of research on the use of the microcomputer with those involved with another use.
As a contingent, a mitigating factor, the culture was considered by the split between the Western (using items from Europe, North America, Australia and New Zealand), and other studies from the rest of the world. After classification of all studies, we have identified as the overall impact differed between studies with a series of Z Fisher-test.
Finally, we used structural equation modeling with the relation to the original there, so we have tried to include all the possible correlation of the pair with the selected research. Subjective norm was included TAM2, because it is expected to influence the perception of usefulness and behavioral intention to use.
The papers included in the analysis were identified using the '' out there '' and '' Technology Acceptance Model 'as a keyword and specify' 'article' 'as the type of document in the field of social science citation index (SSCI) in autumn 2004. The initial search produced 178 articles. Elimination ofirrelevant documents (for example, with reference to tamoxifen in pharmacology, pass the appropriate monitoring of experimental psychology and in the names of Tam) issued a total of 134 works.
This search was supplemented with one using the main source of business (EBSCO database host), which identified 11 additional documents, some published before 1992, the oldest materials in the SSCI, and some of the logs does not apply to the database of the CCI. Six of them were related to the respective total count of 140.
Then, 52 were eliminated because they were not empirical studies, or may not include a direct statistical test there, or were not available online or through the Scientific Library of the University of Pittsburgh.
These 88 works presented TAM data and analyzes for the meta-analysis.
Table 1 shows the distribution of the 140 papers in 22 journals that published two or more papers there (29 magazines a paper TAM). Information and Control publishes a doubt, most studies THERE.
Encoding rules have been developed to ensure that all study were processed sequentially. They dealt with the identification and coding of correlations, the path coefficient
cients, and the possible effects: few
Correlation? The data presented in the document, or? coefficients calculated from the path (for the linear regression based on research), or? using an original covariance matrix or correlation for calculating data of interest (for research LISREL basis).
Odds Path (standardized):? The data presented in the document, or? calculated from (only for linear regression studies based), or? using an original covariance or correlation matrix for the calculation of the data of interest (only two LISRELbased Research), or? models are transformed into the core of TAM (the EU, U, and BI), if there were confounding factors.
Several effects:
If the study had more than one effect size for a specific ratio, the consequences were united conservative averaging. In fact, several of the effect shown in several studies in this class were very close to each other, and the differences are trivial.
According to the literature review, the study determines the perception of the added value for the items wearable technology in B2C sector by analyzing the role of fashion and design in this context. Considering these aspects, the company can use the results of their research to the process of designing its offerings on the market WT. Thus, the impact on the commercial success of these elements.
Multiple personalized study has been selected in the empirical part of the study (Yin 2009, p. 53-57) to answer the research questions through qualitative methods. The design with several example consists of four products from each category of socks technology end-user with a variety of features and characteristics in order to realize the strong (Herriot and Firestone 1983) studied the result of the subject. The multiple case study method is used to highlight and understand (Tuomi and Sarajärvi 2009) similarities and differences of subjects in the creation of the value of various types of end-users. To find out the value added factor in different types of end users author spent six semifinals structured (Metsämuuronen 2005) interview. Three of these interviews was done with three industry experts and three wearable technology users and non-users with different backgrounds and objectives of interest. Meaning select multiple case design to confirm the nature of the phenomena and to confirm that the behavior is not the result of luck, chance or other features (Miles and Huberman 1994; Yin 2009), but to show some general patterns. Existing theories of value creation and the framework presented in Chapter 2 will be used in the analysis of the empirical part, therefore, the deductive method of investigation. (Tuomi and Sarajärvi 2009).
Respondents were asked to give their perceptions of the current state of wearable technology industry and the factors affecting the usability and appearance of things wearable technology. Scheme for interview was formed on the basis of a literature review and a wide number of entries inscriptions and news articles to create a broad understanding of the industry and its supply. Interview outline presented in Appendix 1 and 2. The length threeexpert interview was about 1 hour and three consumer interviews in length from about 45 minutes to 1 hour. These interviews were generating Transcripted Transcripted 58 pages of material for analysis. As a method of combinatorial interview with the author used the pre-selected photos of wearable technology proposals that have been discussed and analyzed the respondents give their perception of appearance and design objects. These pictures are included explanations of functional foods "that help respondents to analyze things in general.
The lack of established theoretical foundations in the investigation warrants a preliminary study, which leaves more leeway to get an unexpected information and bypass the house in different ways. This flexibility is inherent in exploratory research indicates that "the main focus was originally wider and gradually becomes narrower as the study progresses" (Saunders et al., 2009, p. 140).
Robson (., 2002, p 59) says, exploratory research, to be a suitable tool for the study of "what is happening, look for new ideas, ask questions and evaluate the phenomena in a new light." Despite offers a conceptual framework (see 2.3 Framework for business model innovation in developing the business environment) and partly based on deductive reasoning in the analysis of data (see 4.4.3 Data Analysis), this thesis is primarily a form of inductive theory building. This approach is aimed at complex and expansion of the existing body of knowledge by creating a proposal examining the main issues of the study. In accordance with this approach, the inductive study theory predicts how data researcher focuses on "the data generation and analysis, and reflects the fact that subjects with theoretical data suggest" (Saunders et al., 2009, p. 127). Saunders et al. (2009) list the following features, which are characteristic of research with emphasis induction:
gain an understanding of the meanings humans attach to events
close understanding of the context of research
collecting qualitative data
a more flexible structure to allow the change of the research attention as the study progresses
awareness that the researcher is part of the research process
less concern about the need to generalize (Saunders et al., 2009, p. 127)
These basic principles in the form of a variety of researchers design research and strategy, as well as methods of data collection and analysis procedures. This thesis work in cross-section, the design of a case study to explore the theme of the business model of innovation in business and the influence of environmental conditions and the management of knowledge in designing business models in emerging industries. The case study should be a built-in design, in which the wearable technology industry is one case. In this case, the study looks at several different units of analysis, including environmental context, as well as cognitive training and business model innovation business management schemes in portable space. Yin (2014, p. 16) defines case study as "an empirical study that examines the contemporary phenomenon in depth and in its real-life context, especially when the boundaries between phenomenon and context can not be clearly seen." (Yin, 2003a, p. XI) shows that the research case study is appropriate when the investigators hope to "(a) identify research topics in general, rather than narrowly, (b) coating the context or complex multi-dimensional environment, and not only individual variables, and (a) rely on a few, but not the special sources of evidence. "
Business model innovation is really a modern phenomenon that should not be analyzed in isolation from the context in real life, because of its possible manifestations and characteristics are heavily dependent on a complex variety of contextual factors. To facilitate this multi-level analysis, this study examines the multiple sources of evidence (data triangulation). In addition, the case study method is appropriate for this study because it allows in-depth study of questions like, "How?" And "Why?". These questions are important in this thesis, because they are directed in-depth study of the context and the processes underlying the business model in the innovation business.
This thesis will use a single design case study. According to Yin (2014, p. 51), one case study of a suitable design, if the nature of the case is important, unusual / extreme, total / representative or revelation. This thesis "Justification of a single case is that the socks high-tech industry is a representative of new industries in the early stages of the industry life cycle: The advent of wearable technology is a typical case of" creative destruction "(cf. Schumpeter 2013), in which new technologies serve as the scientific -obosnovannyh innovations that have the potential to create a new industry or transform existing "(Day & Schoemaker, 2000). Wearable segment is still in its" unconnected "(Abernathy & Utterback, 1975) stage, when the technology life cycle that directly follows the technological gap. He dresses the technology is still no dominant design and form factors are established. During unconnected stage an important contribution to innovation is not able to modern technologies, but new ideas about the needs of customers and the majority of innovations productbased (Utterback & Abernathy, 1975 p. 646). The current status of wearable technology industry is very representative of the new industries, the transition from "implementation" in the "growth" phase (see Carl R. Anderson & Zeithaml, 1984; Michael Porter, 2004), their life cycles as wearable technology spread from "innovators" to "early» (cf.Moore 2014), industry sales experience and accelerate gradually established industry boundaries. While the industry value chain is still in a state of flux, record M & A market quickly accumulate as both occupying and startups trying to put himself in position to profit from the expected upturn. In considering the above characteristics, the socks high-tech industry is closely represents the prototype of the early stages of the industry, allowing researchers to analyze and discuss the business model innovation in new industries in connection with the existing theoretical concepts. After several qualitative approach method (Saunders et al., 2009, pp. 151-153), this thesis is based on the different methods of collection and analysis of qualitative data. TwoStep research process combines the scenario method (see 4.3 Scenario technique) with semi-structured qualitative interviews (see 4.4 Qualitative Interviews).
The two-step research process followed in this thesis is inspired by van der Heijden pragmatic approach to scenario-based strategy development (Van der Heijden, 2005, pp. 53-62) and incorporates elements from a body of research that combines dynamic business model design and strategic foresight to develop business model alternatives based on future scenarios (eg, Bouwman et al., 2005; Chanal & Caron-Fasan, 2007; Chesbrough et al., 2013; Grienitz et al., 2009; Pateli & Giaglis, 2005 ). Van der Heijden explains that strategy emanates from the juxtaposition of the organizational "self" (Van der Heijden, 2005, p. 60) and its external environment. In its simplest form, the organizational "self" can be described as a "Business Idea", which comprises three essential components;
The societal / customer value created by this organization (ie the societal scarcity addressed)
The Distinctive Resources and Competencies, owned by the organization, which allow it to create and appropriate value
The reinforcing feedback loop, which turns the idea into a self-sustaining engine for ongoing survival and growth (Van der Heijden, 2005, p. 60)
Van der Heijden argues that most aspects of the contextual environment lie beyond the influence of an organization but greatly determine the success or failure of a Business Idea. Therefore, the environmental context "needs to be watched, studied and understood in terms of its future impact" (Van der Heijden, 2005, p. 60). The scholar proposes scenarios as a tool to characterize the future business environment. In the process of strategy development, managers should work out their firm's Business Idea, develop a set of relevant scenarios, and then analyze both regarding their "degree of fit" with each other. In case of poor fit between Business Idea and scenario characterization of the business environment, strategic adjustments should be conceived and implemented (see Figure 7).
During the first phase of this research, a scenario analysis was applied to the wearable technology industry in order to give a comprehensive overview of the context of the case study. The scenario analysis involved the exploration and listing of trends and driving forces as well as the identification and description of key driving forces. An exemplary future projection of the wearable technology industry was selected to be incorporated into the primary data collection. The scenario narrative served as the basis for vignettes used in the qualitative interviews.
In phase two, vignette-based semi-structured interviews were conducted with managers of young wearable technology firms. The interviews are designed to elucidate the entrepreneurs' cognitive frames of the environment and their approaches to business model innovation. During the main part of the qualitative interview, the participants are asked to explain how they would react to the hypothetical environmental changes described in the vignettes in order to achieve better "fit" between their business models and the environmental conditions projected in the given scenario. In the process, the researcher responsively inquires about the participants' reasoning behind their decisions, explicitly laying the focus on which specific factors given in the vignette have influenced their decision regarding the alteration of a particular business model component. The textual material collected during the interviews is used to generate theoretical propositions concerning managers' cognitive approaches to business model innovation in emerging business environments.
In the thesis, the researcher uses scenario analysis as a strategic foresight method. The discipline of strategic foresight, primarily related to exploration and observation of trends and thus generates valuable information for all undertakings related to future research, strategic management and innovation management in the company. With increasing degree of dynamism and complexity, particularly in the external environment, the success of market participants are closely linked to the ability to recognize the timely management of technological and social upheavals and changes in the market (Mietzner, 2009, p. 25). In its role in the preparation and support strategic decision-making, future studies dealing with the expectation of future developments and structural changes in the business environment and the examination of their underlying causes (eg, technological, political, economic and socio-cultural). Scenario analysis is one of the most common methods for future research, because it was used by numerous government planners, corporate executives and military analysts to support decision-making in situations marked by great uncertainty (Mietzner and Reger, 2005, p. 220)
Despite the popularity of scenario analysis among practitioners, there is still much confusion about the basic definitions in the literature scenarios (Bishop et al., 2007, p. 6). Scientists and practitioners, however, agree on a few basic principles that defines the script. Thus, the scenario is considered as a systematic and plausible descriptions of "stories built around carefully constructed plots" possible future situations that may "express different points of view on the complex events» (Mietzner and Reger, 2005, p. 221). Each story is based on complex network projections influencing factors (Botthof al., 2011, p. 219). This creates a '' internally consistent view of what the future may be "- not a forecast, but maybe in the future outcome (Michael Porter E, 1985, p 446 ) .. In addition to these consensus term scenario remains largely a "fuzzy concept" (Mietzner & Reger, 2005, p. 223), whose use and purpose affected by the beliefs and research foci of the scientist. In particular, specific techniques, how to arrive at these consistent and plausible pictures of the future is a critical point of dissociation. Typically, two basic approaches to scenario development can be isolated; model-based approach (eg, background or Reibnitz Gausemeier and Fink) and intuitive approach (eg, Schwartz and van der Heyden) (see overview of the scenario approach Mietzner, 2009, pp. 117-156).
This thesis is based on an understanding of the scenarios, which mostly comes from Peter Schwartz intuitive approach to scenario analysis. According to Schwartz (1991, p. 4), '' scenario analysis is a tool for ordering his vision of an alternative future the conditions in which their decisions can be played. "In contrast modelbased, deductive approach his method does not rely on formal tools or algorithms, but it should be less structured, iterative and creative process of developing scenarios (Mietzner, 2009, p. 140). In this approach, scenarios are developed inductively by systematic interconnection of possible projections of the critical factors of influence. In addition, the advanced scenario "exploratory" in the sense that they start with the status quo in the present and explore a variety of different perspectives, the development from there. From the standpoint of focus, scripts It can be classified as "descriptive" because they are based on neutral causal relationship, and therefore does not include the objectives and judgments of end users (see Mietzner, 2009, pp. 111-114).
In design research driven by programs and experiments, programs act as a frame and foundation for carrying out a series of design experiments and interventions (Brandt et al. 2011). Redström describes the notion of program / experiment dialectics, as, how the research process unfolds over time, as program and experiments influence, challenge, and transform each other (Redström 2011). The mutual dependency of program and experiment stems from the programs need for materialization, while experiments need some kind of intention or direction to really work as an experiment in research (Brandt et al. 2011): "We interpret the program through experiments. Through the way we set up the experiment, we present a certain perspective on the program "(Brandt et al. 2011, p. 35). The purpose of the program, is not to test it, as to prove if it is right or wrong, there will be reflections and analysis upon each experiment I make, but it is rather in the relations between program and experiments that most important knowledge is gained (Brandt et al. 2011). Therefore the frame / program of my research will be suggestive and open for the unexpected depending on the experiments to come alive. Evaluation of programs and experiments can be evaluated in different ways. From the inside – based on if they succeed in fulfilling their own intentions, and from the outside, based on to what extent they suggest viable changes and alternatives to, or developments of, existing theory and practice (Redström 2011). I will do both. The inside will be represented by my exploration in the lab and field, the development of the wearable, and analysis of the testing will be discussed in relation to the program in chapter 10. Discussion. The outside, will be represented in my use of theory and discussed in chapter 11. Contribution to knowledge. Closure or termination of a program relies on time and materials, and how we align research in such restraints (Brandt et al. 2011). When thinking and doing intertwine, as they do when we make things, how things unfold also depend on what works – on what can be done here and now, with the materials of the design situation (Brandt et al. 2011). This illustrates the need to manage materials and the many agendas that influence the process: the people, the material, and the context. Regarding prototypes, when you work with digital material, there is a range from a simple mock-up made to enact scenarios, to fully functioning detailed technical interactions with the device. Since my investigation area has focus on the digital material driven by experimentation, and due to the time limit of the project, I will not be making fully functioning detailed technologies, but rather iterations of mock uplike prototypes, combining experiments in the lab with explorative design in the field.