Chapter 1
Introduction
1.1 Research background
Understanding the phenomenon of urbanization and analyses of patterns of urbanization would help in addressing the present and future needs of a region because it plays an important role in infrastructure planning and regional planning, so it is very important especially when resources are limited. During the landuse development, it affects air quality through influencing pollutant deposition and dispersion according to Andersson Skold (2015).
Several methods and techniques have been develop and applied to study the landuse development that correlation to particulate matter (PM10. Nowadays, there are several remote sensing satellite system such as Landsat (TM & ETM), ASTER, IKONOS, MODIS, GeoEye, Quick bird, RapidEye, WorldView and others providing from medium to high and very high resolution imagery.
Haze is said to be a partially not able to be seen through condition of the atmosphere caused by very tiny suspended solid or liquid particles in the air (Morris, 1975). Haze from open burning or forest fire usually contains large amount of particulate matter such as organic matter and graphitic carbon. This particulate matter is dangerous to health, particularly those relating to the lung and eye disease. Besides that, it is capable of reducing visibility, increasing the atmospheric greenhouse effects and affecting the tropospheric chemistry.
Figure 1.1 Hazes in Malaysia (Travel and Tourism News in Malaysia, 2013)
Conventionally, PM 10 can be measured from the ground like a sampler instrument air, sun photometers and optical particle counters. However, this instrument is not practical if the measurement is made in a relatively large area or for continuous monitoring. The haze episode, which occurred during mid-May to November 1997 is considered the worst since 1980 (five similar haze episodes had occurred in April 1983, August 1990, June 1991, October 1991 and August 1994). On 19th September 1997 Malaysian government had declared that Kuching (capital of Sarawak) was in the state of emergency when the PM10 API (Air Pollution Index) exceeded 650 (hazardous level). By 23 September 1997 the situation worsened as PM10 Kuching API reached 839, the highest ever recorded in the country.
Remote sensing has been widely used for applications such as the environment to study air quality and water quality. But the atmosphere affects the satellite images of the Earth's surface in the solar spectrum. Thus, the signals observed by satellite sensors that the total effect of the soil and atmosphere. Tropospheric aerosols act will change the Earth's radiation budget, but quantification of changes in radiation is difficult because of the distribution of atmospheric aerosol differ in type, size, space and time (Penner 2002).
1.2 Problem statement
Rapid landuse development has been recorded in developing countries, thus providing an indication of increasing urban issues and environmental problems in such area then occur the pollution such as air pollution. Air pollution in Asian cities has grown with the progressing industrialization and urbanization.
The changes in the economic structure seen as the growth of the manufacturing industry that affecting the amount of carbon emissions. This happens as particular economy shifts of living in an agricultural economy and later, to an industrial economy. It considers the magnitude of a population, the bigger the economy and the greater the pollution.
The main pollutants are sulphur dioxide (SO2), Hydrocarbons (HC) and volatile organic compounds (VOC), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone (O3), carbon monoxide (C6) and particulate matter (PM10/2.5). The particle size is directly linked to their potential for causing health problems. Small particles less than 10 micrometers (PM10) in diameter creates a big problem, because they can get deep into lungs and some may even get into the bloodstream.
Air pollution can come from a variety of sources. Industries, power plants, cars and trucks and many consumer products, all contribute to poor air quality. This means that every person in business and users that contribute to this problem. Therefore, this study was undertaken to investigate the condition of atmosphere at Klang, Selangor.
1.3 Aim
To study the determination of particulate matter (PM10) in relation to landuse development using remote sensing technique on area of Klang, Selangor.
1.4 Objective
a. To identify the landuse development in Klang, Selangor.
b. To produce a map distribution of particulate matter (PM10) using from Landsat 5 and Landsat 8 data.
c. To study the relationship between PM10 and landuse development.
1.5 Scope of study
Scope of study includes limitation and study area as follows.
1.5.1 Limitation of study
This study will focus on the PM 10 that relation to landuse development. It will show the changes the land use that affected to the atmosphere and will caused air pollution. Particulate matter in the air includes a mixture of solids and liquid droplets. Some particles are emitted directly and others are formed in the atmosphere when other pollutants react.
The seriousness air pollution will affect to human surround in long term. The identifying landuse development and determination of PM10 can be monitor through satellite images. Landsat satellite images from three dataset (2005, 2010 and 2015) were analyzed to map PM10 concentration over land. This study focuses only on the area of Klang that are rapid area with industry field and on clear area from cloud cover.
The study of PM concentration usually based on spatial and temporal data series measured in ground station sites in cities and rural areas. Ground-site measurements require installation and high cost of maintenance. Furthermore, the data collected through this method only effective in the coverage of small space around the station.
So, the ground measurements cannot provide a detail spatial distribution of the particulate matter (PM) air pollutant over a large area. Satellite remote sensing has provided quantitative information on particulate matter with acceptable accuracy comparable to that of surface measurements.
1.5.2 Study area
The study area is Klang, Selangor. The city of Shah Alam is partly within Klang District. Klang is the royal city and former capital of the state of Selangor, Malaysia. Port Klang, which is located in the Klang District, is the 13th busiest transshipment port and the 16th busiest container port in the world. It is recorded that Klang is suitable for researched study of air quality because Klang is one of the developing industry city in Selangor. This city is popular in industrial activity and commercial economies which contribute into factors to be considered for examine the air quality then it will harm the population growth.
Figure 1.3 Location map of study area (Wikipedia, 2012)
1.6 General methodology
The methodology of this researched can be divided into five important phase. First phase is selection of study area, second phase is selection of data types, third phase is preliminary data pre-processing, fourth phase is data processing and last phase is data analysis.
This study will cover Klang, Selangor. Three satellite images of Landsat 5 TM and Landsat 8 OLI will be used in this study. For 2005 and 2010 will used Landsat 5 while 2015 will use Landsat 8. It is due to get clear area from cloud cover and stripping line on images.
Software that will be used are Erdas Imagine 2013, ENVI and ArcGIS 10.2. Erdas Imagine used for data pre processing, ENVI used for processing and ArcGIS used for data analysis. Since this study using remote sensing technique, there used varies software of remote sensing and better result for analysis is used ArcGIS software.
Data analysis is carried out to achieve the objectives as outline in section 1.4. Analysis based on relationship between landuse development and distribution of PM10 value is being study.