CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
This chapter will elaborate on the theories and concepts that can be applied in the study. Among the matters to be addressed in this literature review is concerned with the Safe City concept and layout design housing. It includes definitions, types, functions, factors, classification and the importance of involving the Safe City concept and the layout design housing taking into the views and perceptions of the philosophers. To illustrate more clearly about the study, depth study, reading widely and conducted to comply with this research topic. The definition of the concept of safe as well as standards and elements adopted by the government and the private sector to secure the implementation of this concept. Appropriateness and safety of residential areas are a benefit for reducing crime in neighborhoods.
The Safe City concept is not new in the pipeline. But it has been widely used in western countries in the planning process. In addition, it is also said to have similarities with the neighborhood concept, the concept of regionalism, gated communities and urban fortress or "urban fortress". The implementation of the Safe City concept is being approached the establishment of crime prevention measures or "crime prevention". It became one of the important inputs in which concepts such as space, defense or "defensible space "can be carried out to establish a secure and residential area notably through the design safe housing layout planning.
2.2 Background of Safe City Program
Safe City program in Malaysia was established in 2004 in the direction Cabinet which met on January 28, 2004. The Ministry of Housing and Local Government instructed to provide the Safe City Program for creating a natural urban environment safer. National Council for Local Government in October 2004 ordered the local authorities (PBT) The main implement Safe City Program. Until 2009, a total of 39 Local Authorities of the City and Municipal level joining and implementing measures based on the level of PBS criminal and financial capacity of local authorities. There are no special provisions PBS held by KPKT and local authorities since the implementation of the measures PBS should be used as some of the existing functions of PBT such as clearing bush, provision of security and landscape areas, etc.
The 23 measures have been introduced by JPBD as the program to implement the concept of safe city in this cities with a focus on improving the physical City (JPBD, 2004). However, the focus of humanitarian-related security, such as emotional, psychological and spiritual which is non-physical procedural defects. In fact, urban planning and management is a secure development action must be total co-operation from various parties whether government agencies, the private sector, NGO and the population of the city itself. Therefore, when try the security aspect, it refers to various aspects of urban community safety as security on the physical environment, economic, environmental, cultural and social.
2.3 Definition of Safe City
A Safe city concept, an approach taken to resolve security issues that occur in urban areas. At first, the concept was proposed by the Malaysia Crime Prevention Foundation (YPJM) in early 1998 where YPJM has submitted a proposal to the Government to carry out an appropriate program of measures to address the issue of crime in Malaysia. Consequently, the Government through the Ministry of Housing and Local Government launched the Safe Cities program on 10 August 2004.
In Malaysia the safe city concept can be defined as a city that is free from all threats of physical, social and mental as well as the environment are always protected. Up to now, the concept of safe city in this country has been implemented based on the guidelines on Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) prepared by the department of town and country planning. 4 the principles of CPTED 3 easy use and strategies to produce a secure physical environment so that human behavior able to influence from doing crime and reduce the fear of crime happening in addition to improving the quality of life and the environment
According Kamalruddin b. Shamsudin (2004), the safe city can be defined as the city free from all threats of physical, social and mental. The environment is always in the most reserved and do not cause atmosphere can encourage the occurrence of the event may disrupt local serenity. Its inhabitants are always in the most secure, prosperous, healthy, and cheerful and could lead life with confidence. It is compatible with the concept of the safe city to the city that has the characteristics of security, prosperity and wellness.
Furthermore, a town considered to be unsafe if often suffers symptoms of high crime. In an effort to create a safer city, then there are four main goals that the foundation of the creation of the city Secure namely;
I. The city is free from terrorism (violence) who damage property and lifelike symptoms thefts, burglary, theft and others.
II. The city is free from damage due to natural disasters and catastrophes such as floods and landslides.
2.3.1 Redefinition of the Safe City Program
Review existing Safe City Program is among the activities under the NKRA KPKT action. JPBD together stakeholders in the Safe City Programed Task Force Meeting of the Safe City Program at 29 to 30 December 2009 have been discussed and agreed to strengthen the Crime Prevention Measure 23 in 2004 to 15 Steps. 15 Step redefining the Safe City programed aims to facilitate the implementation of the Safe City Program by providing options for definition of crime local authorities to implement measures to suit local safe city. This redefinition has been agreed by all local authorities, the police, the Home Ministry, representatives of reducing Crime NKRA labs and NGOs directly involved in the implementation of the JPBD 2004.
Paper filing redefinition Safe City Program has been endorsed by:
I. Planning and Development Committee meeting of the Special JPBD No.1 / 2010 on February 11, 2010.
II. Planning and Development Committee meeting KPKT No.2 / 2010 on 6 April 2010
III. Meetings National Council for Local Government (MNKT) 63rd on 2 September 2010.
2.4 Definitions of Crime
The word "crime" refers to criminal activity. Crime is a phenomenon which dates back to the early human existence on earth. According to Mohd Reduan Asli (1990) definition of the crime is an act or conduct or misconduct and violation of the criminal law and the violation of moral or the community. Paul Moedikdo Moliono (1984) concluded that criminal is a violation of legal norms (laws) should be interpreted or construed as an act harmful, irritating and should be not allowed For example, such as killing, stealing, robbing, corruption and the like are very clear violation of the Criminal Code and considered a crime by society.
According to Ibn Quddimah, crime is for every action or behavior contrary to the life or property and it is devoted to action of any member of the body such as murder, rape or beat and so on. While there is a criminal action of the property confiscated, stolen, robbed, repealed and that etc. Muhammad also argued that the crime was the act or action that infringes or truth and justice. Crime is acts forbidden by Allah and who did it considered rebelled against what is commanded by Allah swt By Al Muwardi After all, crime is an act or conduct that is prohibited by Allah swt the sentence or had takzir.
According to Nigam in his book Law of Crimes in India Vol 1 (1965), crime act or conduct that violates the law, whether prohibited or ordered against an act. It can vary because of something acts presumed innocent or immoral may no longer considered immoral at other times. John E. Conklin in his book Criminology (1981) writes
“Crime is behavior that subject to legally define punishment.
Indeed, some sociologists have claimed that it is the punish ability
of an act which defines a given behavior as a crime. Crime usually
Involves criminal intent, the wild desire to commit an act that
violates the criminal law.â€
2.4.1 Factors Creating Criminal Behaviors
There are many studies that have been made by individuals and the authorities in the search for the factors that create criminal behavior. There are many theories that have been written but no one theory that can explain specifically the causes that create a person becomes a criminal. Crime can happen with some reason, or reasons, or reasons,or no causal network. There are several causes that may give the impression to the crime, but it is still common and it is used as general guidelines. There are four common causes of criminal behavior that creates the factor psychology, sociology, physiology and observation. Psychological factors are central to everything is on the individual to life can form the individual committing the crime. Based sociological factors in the environment and the atmosphere that can affect a person commits a criminal act. Physiological factors are based on genetic where possible offspring inherited from the ancestors of the criminal nature that encourage criminal conduct occurred. Factor involves observation How the individual associates himself with the situation and position with others or with the environment or with the communities themselves that could create a crime that happened. However, the causes that create criminal behavior mixed in among the reasons above. There are probably one or two or three reasons that can be attributed to treatment on the crime that exists.
2.4.2 Real Situation Activity of Town Planner
Urban planning activities in the real situation has been criticized by many sociologists disputes that the concept of urban planning which tend to the physical and design. This is evident with the increasing crime rate, especially in the city that consists of criminal violence and property as follows:
I. Criminal Violence
• Kill.
• Attempted Murder.
• Gang robbery with firearms.
• Gang robbery without firearms.
• Armed robbery.
• Robbery without firearms.
• Rape.
• Hurting people.
II. Property Crime
• Burglary and theft (afternoon)
• Burglary and theft (night)
• Stolen motor truck / van
• Stolen cars
• Motorcycle theft
• Snatched
• Other thefts
The phenomenon of social issues has an impact on urban planner in charge fails to address the crime problem. Urban planners only physical focus without caring social problems in urban planning, the environment and the township. In Malaysia, crime and social problems has become a hot issue and a government agenda to reduce it. Through the Ministry of Housing and Local Government, Urban Safety Program was introduced as the concern of the Government to deal with social problems effectively.
Sourced : Portal Majlis Perbandaran Batu Pahat
2.4.3 The Causes of the Increas Crime Rate
The actual state of the situation in the cities of Malaysia which causes an increase in property crime rate and violence are as follows:
I. Development such as housing, trade, tourism, recreation and industrial safety aspects are emphasized no physical environment such as the provision of pedestrian railing, which is equipped with a bollard and landscapes can prevent snatching
II. In addition, the process of approval of the application for planning permission by the local authority does not involve the stakeholders such as the police to determine the needs of the police in a mega development project
III. Crime data and the frequent occurrence of the crime is not manipulated and analyzed best in helping local authorities make decisions on planning permission.
IV. The concern and become serious is when social activities and community residents and public driven not and no encouragement given by the Government.
2.5 Defensible Space
This concept has been expressed by Oscar Newman in 1972 in the US States. He has carried out research on 50 neighborhoods in 14 cities differently. As a result, he recommends using the concept of defensible Space in residential areas to overcome the problems caused by criminal behavior.
In addition, this concept seeks to make physical changes to the residential area allowing residents to secure their residential areas. Communities play an important role in ensuring the successful implementation this concept, while the government only provides support and assistance foundation. This all depends on the level of solidarity and participation for residents reduce crime rates around their homes.
Photo 2.1: The concept of defensible Neighbourhood
2.5.1 Concept CPTED
CPTED is based on the idea that "environmental design detailed physical effectively can affect treatment man from wrongdoing and reduce feelings fear of crime and criminal incidents as well improve the quality of the environment and life ". CPTED concepts have been applied in the design of the city-cities abroad, such as New York, Glasgow, Adelaide, Melbourne, Seoul, Singapore and others. Studies prove CPTED is effective in reducing crime as following:
I. Impairment losses on retail dealers as much as 50% of the crime of theft and 65% for robbery;
II. A sharp reduction in the sale of drugs, crimes of burglary and other crimes between 15 -100% in some communities in the United States and Canada
III. Reducing crime violations among students
IV. Increase benefits, productivity and quality of life for communities
V. Save costs and resources through efficient design and implement strategies against the natural and mechanical management strategy
I. Territorial
Territorial showed a spot or zone controlled and held by communities that are in place indirectly creating a shared responsibility to protect the security environment. Community and neighborhood has a relationship close or there 'sense of belonging' that can cause fear of intruders to enter the area because easily recognizable by residents (Refer to Figure 2.2)
Photo 2.2: Diagram showing clear Territorial for high density residential areas through landscaping and function space
II. Surveillance
Surveillance includes observations on each activity and the individual involved in it as an everyday life. Surveillance can be divided into two surveillance 'artificial' that use security cameras to monitor the environment and natural surveillance in which care neighbors and their property safe from any threat. Using hidden surveillance camera is one an effective way because it can record all actions in an area that is expected to have potential crime scenes.
Photo 2.3: Design of a closed road (cul de sac) and the placement of residential units in line will encourage natural surveillance by local residents against the environment
Photo 2.4: ‘Honeycomb Neighbourhood’
III. "Maintenance"
This concept refers to the maintenance priorities in the area housing as a step in preventing crime. It also involves cutting bushes, trees or landscaping may be spot these hideouts of criminals and become part of the principle CPTED to be observed.
IV. "Natural Access Control"
"Natural access control" is an action to reduce opportunities crime by taking steps to distinguish clearly between public space and private space. Through the selection of entrance and exits, lighting, landscaping and fencing is an initiative to limit access or control the flow of criminals.
Table 2.1: Relationship between Space and defensible concept of CPTED strategies
Defensible space principles (Newman) CPTED strategies (Crowe)
Territoriality boundary definition
Border definitions of controlled space
Territoriality Boundary definition
Access control
Clearly marked transitional zones
Surveillance Access control
Attention directed to gathering areas
Image and milieu :activity generation
Place safe activities in unsafe areas
Image and milieu :activity generation
Place unsafe activities in safe locations
Boundary definition
Access control
Reduce use conflicts with natural barriers
None
Better scheduling of space
Surveillance
Increase perception of natural
surveillance in spaces by design
None
Overcome distance and isolation by
communication
Source: Adapted from Newman (1973) and Crowe (1997)
Table 2.1 above shows the relationship between the concept of defensible space by Oscar Newman and CPTED strategies by Crowe. Evidence for CPTED strategies the scheduling and communication are not applicable space element and there are no similarities in the concept of defensible space. This element is responsible the concentration in management and taking into account the use of reserves according to the concept of crime prevention.
2.6 Concept of Safe City
Safe city is a city that is free from violence, disasters and social problems. Violence covers crimes such as theft, burglary and the like, while the disaster involving the creation of nature. Social problems also include the issue of drug abuse, loitering and vices. Among the indicators of a city is safe if people are not doubtful to leave the house. In addition, safe city guides can also be seen by reducing the level of crime and violence in the area, among the preventive measures that can be taken include streamlining area shrubs and protected, lockable bike parking, installation of circuit cameras private, public access unprotected or preventing public opinion and brighten the area are often the target.
The Safe City Initiative is a program of integrated activities towards creation the city where the population is more secure from crime and less fear of crime. Its characteristics are shared participation between government and citizens, crime prevention through environmental design behavior physical, learning and community development, bringing together prevention physical and social change as a catalyst for urban safety changes. Safe city can be defined as a city that is free of all threats, physical, social and mental. The environment is always in a state the most reserved and do not encourage the occurrences which could disrupt the serenity of mankind. Its inhabitants are always in the most secure, prosperous, healthy, and cheerful and can run life with confidence. In order to achieve a safe area several goals have been identified. Among them are such as:
i. City free of violence and destroying property lifelike symptoms thefts, burglary, theft and so on.
ii. City free of social and moral deterioration such as billing drugs, theft and so on.
iii. City free of accidents inside and outside the building
2.7 Goal of Safe City
City concept form requires the involvement and cooperation of all levels of society and government and private agencies in creating a safe environment. Emphasize crime prevention measures to achieve life quality and peace. The goal is to create a safe City is as follows:
I. City free of violence (violence) destroying property and lives like symptoms thefts, burglary, theft, and other
II. An independent city from destruction and havoc as a result of natural disasters such as floods and landslides
III. City free of social and moral deterioration such as drug addiction, theft, white collar crime, corruption, abuse of power, loss of integrity and other
IV. City free from traffic accidents, falling from the building, fire and so on (the Department of Town and Country Planning)
This goal more focused on crime approach cannot be eradicated through the legal system, but a collective responsibility of all Malaysians to ensure safety is assured.
According to the Minister of Housing and Local Government Minister Datuk Ong Kah Ting, in 2004 among the first steps that should be taken is like appointing a committee, conduct a criminal case, talks with NGOs, members of professional, secretariats and agencies involved, to know identified crime hot spots and suggest areas that require the installation of CCTV (closed circuit television) in order to create a city or town environment of a modern and safe living, working and doing daily activities (the Star, June 18, 2004)
2.8 Characteristics Safe City
The characteristics in the Secure City consists of the design of the environment, safety and community development. The closeness of the community through social interaction and good neighbourliness will create a secure city free from crime and fear of crime
Among the values that must be established is the level of security and safety in a community, a city, or in the community development programs implemented. The success of the Safe City program is to create a safe residential environment for living and free from crime. The impact of society will feel safe, peaceful, peaceful and safe place to live. There are three characteristics outlined by the Safe City Department of Town and Country Planning, the first is the aspect of environmental design; Second, in terms of safety (monitoring of the police or rukun tetangga for residential areas); Third, in terms of community involvement
Table 2.2: Characteristic Safe City
Characteristic The Way To Reach Target Area
Environmental design Environmental change: environmental micro-resilient, increasing the level of lighting in residential areas, installation of communication equipment and other emergencies. Residential environment free from crime
Security
(From The Police, etc.) Policy & Strategy development plan A residential area that is safe and peaceful
Community Development Education, community involvement, such as rukun tetangga, the establishment of the Crime Prevention Committee Public spaces are safe for consumers
2.9 Guideline Safe City Concept
The establishment of safe city can be made through urban design approach. In accordance with the Safe City Program, this outlined 23 preventive measures through three strategies. Here are processed preventive measures that have been submitted and have been adjusted with urban design approaches.. However, in the Safe City Programmed there other aspects such as management and planning should also be considered.
2.9.1 Strategy 1: Designing the Physical Environment
I. Exile Pedestrian From path vehicles
Local authorities will identify some focus public areas such as station bus and rail provided exile pedestrians from motor paths. There are some of the features in this implementation, namely:
a. The absence of railings for pedestrian and road motorized
b. Construction of railings
Pedestrian and vehicle separated by bar typical
c. Cultivation landscape as a separator
d. Some types of landscape planting and railings as dividing
e. Construction of railings and walkways at the bus stop
f. Control plants in landscaping pavement.
II. Provide the Bollard
PBT will provide a bollard in certain places of exile walkways and bike paths. Provision should take into account the needs of design and user-friendly bollard placement.
\
Photo 2.6: The Elements Which Way to Assess Effectiveness Furniture against Crime Prevention Through his locational Concepts In Urban Design
Source: Concept Safe City.23 of illustration steps to prevent from crime
Photo 2.7: Activity snatch thefts easier to do if there is no rail a barrier between the motor driving walkway.
Source: Concept Safe City.23 of illustrations steps to prevent from crime
III. Landscape
Herberle and Scutella (1995) stated that in order to create the ability to see and aspects of good lighting for a areas related to the landscape, especially at a time night tree must be planted with a height of seven feet between land with tree branches (seven foot tree limb clearance).
Soft and hard landscape elements that must be provided:
a. Do not obstruct the view
b. Compliance with Guidelines and the National Landscape Department
c. Consider the height of the crop mature.
IV. Research Crime Prevention through Design Methods surroundings
Ministry of Housing and Local Government (IPPF) through the Malaysian Human Settlement and Urbanization Research Institute (MAHSURI) will conduct research layout and architecture surrounding area which can help prevent crime. Research and Crime prevention measures through Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) is a major method that implemented in some developed countries. There are some guidelines were created as a reference in this research is:
a. General design concept of CPTED
b. Guidelines Lighting
c. Guidelines for Preparation of Landscape
d. Guidelines for the Safety Assessment of Buildings
e. Environmental Guidelines Free Parking
f. Guidelines for Installation of CCTV facilities
V. Sharing the criminal Information Through (GIS Based Mapping)
"GIS-Based Mapping" is able to assist in the implementation MURNInet determine the sustainability of a city (through the Crime Data available). Local authorities and the police will share information database GIS and crime incidents. Through this partnership, the police can enhance the effectiveness of combating crime and PBT operations can make progress in combating crime audits
VI. Revision of Guidelines for Layout housing
Ministry of Housing and Local Government (KPKT) will JPBD direct and PBT take into account the safety features and requirements site stations or police post.
2.9.2 Strategy 2: Strengthening Target Areas
I. Police Post
PBT will help the police to identify the location and suitable sites to build a police post. The location of each node city. PBT will help the police identify the locations and sites suitable for building a police post in existing urban areas and new areas. Examples placement police post in a residential area
Photo 2.9: The Police post position in residential house
Source: Development Guidelines
II. Signs of Warning Crime
Local authorities will determine the parking warning signs of crime together with the police. The contain of the sign was provide the number to get help. Providing signage crime alert contains warnings and phone number to get help during an emergency.
a. Has the information can be seen and read by clear
b. Maintained regularly and frequently;
c. Made of materials resistant to vandalism; and
d. Do not block the view of the public space and pedestrian walkways
III. Mirror safety
PBT will install security mirrors in some scene stealing crimes such as theft and theft in the halls sheltered. With this mirror can expose the situation in the alley behind the slit or which often became the cradle of a criminal activity of theft, theft and other crimes.
Photo 2.11: Mirror safety
Source: Development Guidelines
IV. Alarm
PBT will install a security alarm devices that can be used by the victim or the public in the event of a theft incident and crime. The alarm is activated by pressing a button device posted in places accessible to the public in moments from crime scenes. It should also be installed where vandalism is not easily accepted
Photo: 2.12: Security Alarm installation location strategic and in the middle of a public street can used by the public in the event of crime incidents.
Source: Concept Safe City.23 of illustrations steps to prevent from crime
V. Lamp / Lighting Clear
Clear lighting is very important in helping reduce criminal activity. The existing lighting in the area the city must always be in good condition to reduce frightened visitors while visiting the area. The area should have good lighting levels during the day and night. Dark spots less safe as hallways must be fitted with lights light so that the user always feel safe when the space.
VI. Wash and Keeping the Protected Areas.
Local authorities will ensure cleaning dirty areas and shrubs in particular, in public places such as streets around the bus station, rail and alleys and back edges of the main business premises. With Thus, these places will be supervised by local authorities.
2.9.3 Strategy 3: Social Work / Social and Education / Public Awareness
I. Education
PBT in collaboration with other government agencies and non-governmental organizations will intensify education about the behavior or conduct while outside the home, especially to women.
II. Installation of lighting in the hallway edges, Front And Back Home
PBT will encourage homeowners in common area criminal break-ins to install lights in the front, back and sides home to facilitate supervision and prevent breakages activities home. Experiences in places safe city program have been show lighting can reduce crime rupture home, for example in Bangsar.
III. Providing Community Criminal Proceedings
PBT should encourage community participation, such participation the community provides brochures about criminal status, activities public participation and safety requirements in residential areas
IV. CCTV
'Artificial surveillance' is the surveillance of the use of technologies such as security cameras (CCTV) to monitor the surrounding area. Camera This security will be placed in strategic locations and are not easily seen by the public. This security camera will be connected directly to nvthe panel controller as well as the district police office. However, an effective surveillance for prevention crime in the downtown area is the use of 'artificial surveillance' ie security cameras (CCTV) for every movement of people will be recorded at every time and every day to prevent any crime in an area with potential for the occurrence crime.
Photo 2.8: CCTV
Source: ACT Crime Prevention and Urban Design, Australia, 2000
2.10 5 Step Immediate Implementation
I. Segregation Between Pedestrian And Road Vehicles
Local authorities will identify a number of public hotspots such as the bus station and rail are available to separate pedestrians from motor lines.
II. Bollard preparation or Grill
PBT will provide a bollard or grill in certain places and isolate pedestrian walkways with a bike path.
III. Wash / Cleaning the and area sheltered check
Improving cleaning dirty areas and graffiti in particular, in public places such as bus stations along the route, rail and side lanes and behind the main business premises. Thus, these places will be supervised by the local authorities of criminal activities.
IV. Public Path not covered Or Denied From Public View
Pedestrian bridges are not filled with billboards that can protect the route from public view. This facilitates criminal activities thefts, drug activity and so on. Any advertising on bridges shall be at a level that does not impede (such as roof level).
V. Light / Give the light at Dark Areas the target or focus of Criminals
Replacing lights on the overhead bridge, parking lots, tunnels and so on to facilitate supervision. All business premises need to install lights in the route pavement so easy to watch and not be a target for thieves.
2.11 The implementation of the Safe City Program in Batu Pahat
On January 28, 2004, the Cabinet decided to set up cities and towns safe. Subsequently, on August 10, 2004, the paper 23 Step Crime Prevention Safe City Program was presented at the Meeting JKPPP Num. 1/2004 and on 11 October 2004, the National Council for Local Government (MNKT) recommends implementation of Crime Prevention Measures 23 Safe City Program.
2.11.1 The implementation of the Safe City concept in Malaysia
Nowadays, safety is a major issue in the planning area housing. Planning to design layouts that are relevant and appropriate to the needs of the present are one approach to avoid crime scenes. Furthermore, the safety of the people in the community the criteria to be taken into account to create a region sustainable and stable housing. Research is focused on design the layout of the housing into a more comprehensive measure as well as to establish the safety and welfare of the community. Refer to Daily News: October 12, 2004, the implementation of the safe city concept formally certified and approved at the National Council Meeting To Local Government 52nd (MNKT). During the meeting, also discussed the strategy to be followed by local authorities. Implementation of this program will be focused on physical planning and approvals. Deputy Speeches The Prime Minister was quoted as saying in the meeting also proposed MNKT so that all local authorities should adopt the concept of Safe City viewed in terms of layout and building like the back roads, tunnels and dark hallway that lead to the occurrence of crime.
2.12 Safe City Program Effectiveness
The results of this the implementation to some extent has reduced crime rates in Malaysia. Indirectly, Malaysia also increased the number of tourists from year to year. According to the report issued by the Ministry of Tourism, the number of foreign tourist arrivals to Malaysia increased by 1.2% due to a reduction in crime. This would improve the nation's economy indirectly. Clearly, the effectiveness of the Safe City program can be measured by statistics that crime is decreasing day by day. The crime index recorded a decrease of better every year. This can be seen in the table below:
Table 2.3 : Statistic of index crime
STATE Index of Crime
Jan 2012- Sept 2012 Jan 2011-Sept 2011 %
Kuala Lumpur 21,277 18,869 -11.3
Selangor 36,914 33,814 -.84
Johor 16,145 15,635 -3.2
Pulau Pinang 9,755 7,354 -24.6
Kedah 8,816 8,330 -5.5
Kelantan 5,408 4,596 -15.0
Melaka 4,014 3,600 -10.3
Negeri Sembilan 4,948 4,660 -5.8
Pahang 4,654 4,577 -1.7
Perak 3,118 7,387 -11.5
Terengganu 5,500 2,771 -11.1
Perlis 684 882 28.9
Source : Statistik Perbandingan Jenayah Indeks dan Jenayah (sumber dari laman web PDRM
2.13 Safe City in Oversea – An Overview
Safe city concept or 'safe city' has been performed in western countries since 1980s. The program is implemented through community involvement, the police and public agencies. It aims to reduce criminal activity mainly residential area. In South Africa, the safe city program implemented by concepts 'Prevention is better than cure' Early prevention is important because to prevent crime problem. The program is implemented in stages in cities like Durban implemented through education and awareness of crime prevention, CCTV installation, reducing the problems of drug addiction and provides the perfect infrastructure for residents belied children. (Durban Safer City Strategy 2000). In the United States, crime prevention implemented through a variety of methods involving intensive community involvement. Neighborhood Watch Program, Crime Control, society and bicycle patrols and ' Community Policing 'implemented in cooperation with the police to combat crime and all the other things that can threaten public safety in residential areas. Criminal or suspicious information supplied by the public to the police so that the police are planning to crime prevention.
In Canada, various activities are planned with the residents, the police, local authority and private sector to address the problem of crime and information resources to form a body of crime prevention at the neighborhood level.
For example, in Brampton City introduced a variety of activities ranging from vandalism 1982-1988sebagai to prevent problems such as START (Students Teaching Awareness and Responsibility Today), Neighborhood Watch and STEP (Seniors Taking Extra Precautions). It has been developed as the Safe City program for the aim prevent crime by establishing a Brampton Crime Prevention Association, which has been carrying out various activities such as Business Crime Watch, the Block Parent Program, CHALLENGE (for persons with disabilities) and Trash and Consequences (an anti-vandalism / anti- litter program for children). Such programs are carried out continuously with the involvement of various segments of society such as youth, children and parents to create safe and secure community welfare.
2.14 Summary
A Safe City concept identified as a program to prevent the growing crime problem in this country. Implementation of 23 crime prevention measures introduced by the Department of Urban Planning focused on repair and design of the physical environment as a major step to create comfort and well-being of community residential areas. Although there are four different goals, but safe city crime prevention remains a major aim of establishing a safe and secure city. The experience of foreign countries in crime prevention and other safety problems evident through its implementation for decades.
The success is the result of the efforts of all those who have joined forces for the success of a variety of organized activities. Indirectly to establish safe city program ties between government agencies, the private sector and the community in the success of crime prevention to create a quality lifestyle. While in Malaysia Bandar safe program was implemented in 2004 but has seen crime increase every year. Therefore, it is important for all parties to apply the safe implementation of urban crime prevention intensively in order to achieve the goals outlined. It is important to achieve a developed nation by the year 2020 which is free from criminal activities and thus ensure the safety and welfare of the people