Human life completes its journey through various stages and one of the most important stage adolescence. Adolescence is the phase of change from childhood to adulthood in which the child under goes various changes like biological, psychological and social. Adolescence is a period of growth and development bridging childhood and adulthood. The physical and emotional changes in this period influence behaviors of adolescence which is a time of risk taking and experimentation (Dowdell and Santucci, (2003),( Yannakoulia, Karayiannis, Terzidou, Kokkevi, and Sidossis,2004).
Adolescence is a critical period of life in which abilities to express and understand emotions, to assign meaning to emotional experience, and to regulate feelings may be particularly helpful for psychological and social adjustment (Mavroveli, Petrides, Rieffe, and Bakker, 2007)
According to( Erikson,2002) adolescence stage starts from 13 till 19 years. The psychosocial crises faced by adolescents are identity and Role confusion. Peers have significant influence on adolescents. They are troubled by existential question like: Who am I & what can I be? Adolescent age is considered as a transitional phase, a “Status Passage” between childhood and adulthood” (Fend and Flammer &(Alsaker, 2002).
Adolescence is a time of great change for young people when physical changes are happening at an accelerated rate. But adolescence is not just marked by physical changes — young people are also experiencing cognitive, social/emotional and interpersonal changes as well. As they grow and develop, young people are influenced by outside factors, such as their environment, culture, religion, school, and the media. A number of different theories or ways of looking at adolescent development have been proposed. There are biological views ( Hall), psychological views (Freud), psychosocial views (Erikson 2000), cognitive views (Piaget), ecological views (Bronfenbrenner), social cognitive learning views (Bandura2000), and cultural views (Mead 2007). Each theory has a unique focus, but there are many similar elements. While it is true that each adolescents is an individual with a unique personality, special interests, and likes and dislikes, there are also numerous developmental issues that everyone faces during the early, middle and late adolescent years (American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry).
Adolescence, as defined by the (World Health Organization,2002) is the period of life spanning the ages between 10 and 19 years. This period is characterized by major biological changes like physical growth, sexual maturation and psycho-social development which require intense readjustment to the self, family, school, work and social life. During this phase of growth the girls we first experience menstruation and related problems which is marked by feelings of anxiety and eagerness to know about this natural phenomenon.
During adolescence many type of growth and development takes place .with certain peculiar characteristics specific to the age of adolescent.
Pattern of Growth and Development during Adolescence:
The various changes in the growth & development experienced by adolescents are:
Physical Growth and Development: During adolescence the physical growth and development reaches to its peak and human body finds its final shape. The maximum limit with regard to increase in size weight and height is achieved .There is a growth of hair under arms and around genital organs. Boys and girls develop the characteristic features of their respective sexes. There is the roundness of the breasts and hips among the girls and the decoration of the faces with beard and moustaches among the boys. The adolescent also nocturnal emissions (discharge of semen during sleep accompanied by erotic dreams. (Hall Gesell and Tanner ,1987)
Emotional Development: Emotional development reaches its maximum during adolescence. It is the period of heightening of all emotions like anxiety, fear love anger etc. An individual experiences emotional instability and intensity during adolescence. At no stage the child is so restless and emotionally perturbed and touchy as in adolescence here the adolescent is too sensitive inflammable and moody. According to (Ross 1951)”The adolescent lives an intensely emotional life in which we can see once more the rhythm of positive and negative phases of behavior in his constant alternation between intense excitement and deep depression. Their emotions fluctuate very frequently and quickly. Self consciousness, self respect and personal pride is to much increase. Group loyalty and sentiments of love etc. are developed which make an adolescent sentimental and passionate.”( Muuss, 1996; Rice and Dolgin, 2002)
Social Development: Adolescence is the period of increased social relationships and contacts. An adolescent group believes in making intimate friendship and attaches himself closely to a group peer group relationship controls the social behavior of this age. The rejection is costly as it creates so many adjustment problems. ( Bandura,1963)
Intellectual Development: Adolescence is the period of maximum growth and development with regard to mental functioning. Intellectual powers like logical, thinking, abstract reasoning and concentration are almost developed up to the end of this period. An adolescent learns to reason and seeks answer to how and why of everything scientifically. He is almost critical of everything. He develops a fine imagination. (Piaget ,1961).
Sexual Development: The adolescent is sexually mature. In fact the whole personality structure and behavior of the adolescent is dominated by sex. During adolescence, the sexual development like infancy goes into three stages. (Freud,1933)
1 Stage of auto-egotism or self –love: At this stage the young boys and girls fall in love with themselves. They try to take pleasure with their own bodies. Self decoration and enjoying it before mirror is their common practice. Self enjoyment by indulging in masturbation is also prevalent at this stage
2 Stage of Homo- Sexuality: At this age boys and girls are attracted toward the members of their own sex and seek gratification from each other’s body by grouping them in two or three at one time.
3 Hetero- Sexual Stage: At this age boys and girls are seen attracted toward each other. They are keen to make friendship or establishing even sexual relationship with the members of the opposite sex.
Adolescence is stage of turmoil and stress. They experience a lot of changes not only at their physical level but also at their mental level. The conflicts that they go through further hamper their growth & development. At this particular point it that adolescent in it self is a stage of inflict frmtration and turmoil but is relevant to mention the adolescent belonging to marginalized group experience greater problems and are deprived of even the basic needs of their lives. Thus, it is relevant to understand the state of adolescent living in underprivileged areas.
Underprivileged- Underprivileged people are those who don’t have any sort of rights or freedom. They are deprived of social or economic benefits’ Privileged people are those who have rights and advantage and underprivileged people lack such freedom or rights. People often worry about children who are living in poverty and may not have the access to healthy food or medical core. Underprivileged comprise those processes by which individuals and groups or relegated to the sidelines of political debate, social negotiation, homelenessness, age, language, employment status, skill, race and religion are some criteria historically used to underprivileged. (“International encyclopedia of the Social Science 2008 Thomson Gale”)
Characteristics of underprivileged people
1) It suffers from discrimination and subordination.
2) They have physical and/or cultural traits that set them apart, and which are disapproved of, by a dominant group.
3) They share a sense of collective identity and common burdens.
4) They have shared social rules about who belongs, and who does not.
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“single orphans,” which is a child with only one parent has died, or “double orphans,” which is a child with both parents having passed away. In practice, though, we tend to think of children living in orphanages as orphans, although it is possible that both of their parents are alive but not caring for their child.
As a whole in the continent of Asia, the total orphan population forms a turgid number of 5,72,20,000 accounting to 5.8% of the total child population. India is home to 19% of the world’s children. Every year around 26 million children are born in the country and more than one third of the country’s population is below 18 years, which is approximately around 440 million (40%) of the total population in India. The total number of orphan children in India is estimated to be 2,32,46,000 in the year 2010 which accounts for 6.8% of the total child population.
Family support is needed in at different levels in each period. Support of the family is very important in the adolescence, which holds an important place in the life of an individual, in terms of development of personality and communication with the environment. Adolescents, who have an emotional tie with their family based on trust, are affected less by the problems created by the adolescence and although the adolescent is oriented towards the exterior in this period, knowing the presence of a family that can support them at all times results in a feeling of security and thus reduces the concerns related with life. However, because of the reasons like being left by parents, lost of parents, family disintegration etc., children live in orphanages (Anonim, 2009; Jacobi, 2009). Because of the physical conditions of orphanages, lack of personnel in orphanages, people’s views about orphanages, lack of family support on children, orphanages may have negative effects on adolescent (Yıldırım 2005). However, when the adolescent is deprived of family environment, they can feel lonely and experience various concerns and fears, and thus, the self concept of the adolescent is affected adversely.
Parents are the primary caretakers and saviors of a child but woefully thousands of children have to lead their lives without parents, the later either being dead or incapable of bringing up their children, and such section of the society is called as orphans.
Childhood is the most crucial and formative period of human life. A healthy childhood is essential for future growth and development. It is greatly influenced by parent, family, society and environment which formulate attitude, behavior, manner and emotions [Millions of children across the world are deprived of this crucial phase of life; those are the orphans and abandoned children. In the absence of the child’s parents, grandparents, or reluctant relatives not willing to take care of the child, orphanage act as an institution to provide care and support for these unfortunate children. These children are educated within or outside the orphanage. Orphanages provide an alternative for care and adoption for some of these children. There are about 153 million orphan children living in the world and Asia is the home for nearly 60 million of the children it has been observed that about 11 million abandoned children, 90% of whom are girls live in India Orissa, an eastern Indian state has about 16,382 orphans who live in the orphanages there are 272 child care institutions in Odisha, registered under the government (Juvenile Justice Act 2014) and they provide care as per the norms of Act.
Family support is needed in at different levels in each period. Support of the family is very important in the adolescence, which holds an important place in the life of an individual, in terms of development of personality and communication with the environment. Because of the physical conditions of orphanages, lack of personnel in orphanages, people’s views about orphanages, lack of family support on children, orphanages may have negative effects on adolescences (Yıldırım 2005). However, when the adolescent is deprived of family environment, they can feel lonely and experience various concerns and fears, and thus, the self concept of the adolescent is affected adversely.
Problem faced by orphanage adolescents:
According to Education Ministry (2002) the challenges faced by orphanage adolescents are:
Food and Shelter: If an orphanage does not have a relative willing to offer temporary housing, survival becomes their first and only objective, these children often end up turning to crime and prostitution, just to eat and have a place to sleep.
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Poor primary School Education: The vast majority of orphans lack the proper education needed to be admitted to the secondary educational facilities, or they dropout quickly if they manage this feat due to the pressures of providing for themselves without proper support.
No support system: Once a child is released from the orphanage they are completely on their own. Basic survival drives their actions, leading many into abusive situations and destructive behaviors.
The Stigma of Being an Orphan: Stereotypes and stigma run very deep. Common thinking is that if the orphan’s parents did not want to child, something must be very wrong with the child. The orphan is not ill – prepared to integrate back into society; he / she is also rejected by society. (Simek,2007)
. The most common problem faced by the orphans were loss of home, poor recreational facilities, overcrowding, high dropout rate, lack of health care and problems with immunization, child labor and drug abuse among adolescents (Margoob. P, 2006)
Just as adolescents living in orphanage are unable to get proper nutritionment care, shelter and social support. similarly adolescents living in slums are also straggling for their existence and trying to cope up with their peverished state.
Slums
A Slum, has been defined by Census,(2011) has been defined as residential areas where dwellings are unfit for human habitation by reasons of dilapidation, overcrowding, faulty arrangements and design of such buildings, narrowness or faulty arrangement of street, lack of ventilation, light, or sanitation facilities or any combination of these factors which are detrimental to the safety and health. (Chandram, 2012) For the purpose of Census 2011, slums have been categorized and defined as of the following three types.
Notified Slums: All notified areas in a town or city notified as ‘Slum’ by State, UT Administration or Local Government under any Act including a ‘Slum Act’.
Recognized Slums: All areas recognized as ‘Slum’ by State, UT Administration or Local Government, Housing and Slum Boards, which may have not been formally notified as slum under any act
Identified Slums: A compact area of at least 300 populations or about 60-70 households of poorly built congested tenements, in unhygienic environment usually with inadequate infrastructure and lacking in proper sanitary and drinking water facilities.
As the world’s populations grows more and more people move into the cities in search of a better life causing more poverty and creating bigger slums in cities. In the year 2001 over 900 million people levied in slums around the world. ( UN – HABITAT 2003) Slum is a “ run- down area of a city characterized by substandard housing and squalor and lacking in tenure security UN- HABITAT (2003) other characteristics of a slum are the extreme density of the neighborhood where low income people most lived under the poverty line have settled on a privately or government owned land where there is limited access to clean water basic health care and electricity (Gans,1962, Anderson,1999). Health, Hygiene and Sanitation: Housing in slums becomes a major health concern because residents of slums over crowded situations. Two-thirds of households are simple one-room structures, a majority of them with dirt floors and poor ventilation. Such overcrowding can lead to rapid spread of respiratory and skin disease. Access to drinking water in slums is another major problem. More than two thirds of slum residents lack access to safe drinking water on their premises. The main sources of water are hand pumps, though tap water is available in some homes. The lack of safe drinking water facilitates the spread of water borne diseases. The presence of stored water further promotes the breeding of mosquitoes and diseases such as malaria. Absence of available latrines is a major health problem as well. It is estimated that over one third of slum households have no access to bathroom facilities, promoting open defecation, which in turn leads to spread of fecal-oral disease and parasitic infestation.
Housing & Slums: Housing people in a city or abolishing ‘houselessness’ is a serious prob-lem. Government, industrialists, capitalists, entrepreneurs, contractors, and landlords have been unable to keep pace with the housing needs of the poor and the middle class people.
Crowding and Depersonalization: Crowding (density of population) and people’s apathy to other persons’ problems (including their neighbors’ problems) is another problem growing out of city life. Some homes are so overcrowded that five to six persons live in one room.
Water Supply and Drainage: We have reached a stage where no city has round the clock water supply. Intermittent supply results in a vacuum being created in empty water lines which often suck in pollutants through leaking joints. Cities like Chen¬nai, Hyderabad, Rajkot, Ajmer, and Udaipur get water from municipal sources for less than an hour a day.
Transportation and Traffic: The transportation and traffic picture in all Indian cities is extremely un¬satisfactory. A majority of people use buses and tempos, while a few use rail as transit system. The increasing number of scooters, motorcycles, mopeds and cars make traffic problem worse.
Power Shortage: Closely linked with transportation is the question of power shortage. The use of electrical gadgets has considerably increased in cities; on the other hand, the establishment of new industries and the expansion of the old ones have also increased dependence on electricity. Most states are not in a position to generate the power that they need with the result that they re¬main dependent on the neighboring states. Conflict over distribution and supply of power among states often leads to severe power crises in cit¬ies.
Sanitation: Municipalities and municipal corporations in Indian cities are so riddled with maladministration that they have time for sanitation of their cities, particularly with regard to removing garbage, cleaning drains, and unclogging sewers. Sweepers rarely and reluctantly perform their assigned duties and every few months threaten to go on strike on the issue of wages, etc.
Slums have been defined as areas where such buildings are in any respect unfit for human behavior and are detrimental to safety, health and morals. The living conditions in slums are usually unhygienic and contrary to all norms of planned urban growth and are an important factor in accelerating transmission of various air and water borne diseases]Adolescents in slums face serious problem of lack of access to reliable knowledge on the process of growing up reproductive health practices. Understanding the gap in the knowledge, attitude and practices related to menstruation of the adolescent girls, will help in planning programmers for this vulnerable group.
The literature available in India and abroad mainly highlights the reproductive problems among adolescent girls residing in rural and urban establishments; however literature for slum dweller adolescent girls was very scanty. Due to lack of health care facilities in slum area, poverty, ignorance, malnutrition, poor knowledge of health and diseases, low level education, cultural taboos and belief, poor standard of living, male dominance and poor access of health care services lead to a high morbidity and mortality among the women in reproductive age group (15-45 yrs.) residing in slum area.
The most common problem faced in slum adolescents is criminal problem
Criminal problem:
According to recent survey that about 1 billion people live in city slum around the world. It’s estimated that about 73 million people live in the city slums of India. India has one of the world’s largest slums in the world. Slums in India accounts worst living condition poor water, living condition, lack of sanitation, small half thatched houses etc. In busy city we don’t have time to look at the slums in our city .If don’t look at the slums in right time then one day it will epidemically affect the society. Government policy are enlarging the slum and keeping poor as poor. 53 mega cities in India which as population well over 1 million population. On tally More than 30% of the population lives in city slam. Since improper migration of people from rural to city as accounted major treat to the society. Most of the unlawful activity takes place in the city slam. The picture of Indian slum is poverty, garbage, unhealthy condition, illiteracy, unemployment etc Slum in India are epicenter of underworld activity. Where most of the criminal’s hubs are slams of India.
Due to lack of government policy reaching poor people in City and lack of future focus on poor in the economic policy .Since no concentration on poorer section in India .So people in slum to survive they become so vulnerable to anti-social activity. Symptoms of anxiety
Anxiety is a normal adaptive system that lets the body know when it’s in danger. But anxiety becomes a problem when it’s out of proportion to the situation, and interferes with a person’s ability to function. An overly anxious teen might withdraw from activities because she’s too scared or anxious, and her anxiety doesn’t go away with reassurance. A adolescents who has been anxious since childhood may have a lifestyle built around her anxieties: the activities and environments she chooses and those she rules out, the friends she is comfortable with, the expectations and limitations she has trained her family, friends, and teachers to accept. That’s why it’s more challenging to treat anxiety the longer a child has lived with it, and developed unhealthy coping mechanisms to manage it.
All anxiety-related problems share four common features:
• The anxiety is often an inexplicable fear or preoccupation that interferes with the child’s or adolescent’s ability to enjoy life or to complete daily routines or to do the things they are expected to do.
• The anxiety is often as puzzling to the child as it is to his or her parents.
• The anxiety does not respond to or diminish after logical explanations, since anxiety symptoms often defy logic.
Anxiety is not just Anxiety disorders vary from adolescents to adolescents. Symptoms generally include excessive fears and worries, feelings of inner restlessness, and a tendency to be excessively wary and vigilant. Even in the absence of an actual threat, some adolescents describe feelings of continual nervousness, restlessness, or extreme stress.
In a social setting, anxious adolescents may appear dependent, withdrawn, or uneasy. They seem either overly restrained or overly emotional. They may be preoccupied with worries about losing control or unrealistic concerns about social competence.
Adolescents who suffer from excessive anxiety regularly experience a range of physical symptoms as well. They may complain about muscle tension and cramps, stomachaches, headaches, pain in the limbs and back, fatigue, or discomforts associated with pubertal changes. They may blotch, flush, sweat, hyperventilate, tremble, and startle easily.
Anxiety during adolescence typically centers on changes in the way the adolescent’s body looks and feels, social acceptance, and conflicts about independence. When flooded with anxiety, adolescents may appear extremely shy. They may avoid their usual activities or refuse to engage in new experiences. They may protest whenever they are apart from friends. Or in an attempt to diminish or deny their fears and worries, they may engage in risky behaviors, drug experimentation, or impulsive sexual behavior.
Panic Disorder More common in girls than boys, panic disorder emerges in adolescence usually between the ages of fifteen and nineteen. Feelings of intense panic may arise without any noticeable cause or they may be triggered by specific situations, in which case they are called panic attacks. A panic attack is an abrupt episode of severe anxiety with accompanying emotional and physical symptoms.
During a panic attack, the youngster may feel overwhelmed by an intense fear or discomfort, a sense of impending doom, the fear he’s going crazy, or sensations of unreality. Accompanying the emotional symptoms may be shortness of breath, sweating, choking, chest pains, nausea, dizziness, and numbness or tingling in his extremities. During an attack, some teens may feel they’re dying or can’t think. Following a panic attack, many youngsters worry that they will have other attacks and try to avoid situations that they believe may trigger them. Because of this fearful anticipation, the teen may begin to avoid normal activities and routines.
Phobias Many fears of younger children are mild, passing, and considered within the range of normal development. Some adolescents develop exaggerated and usually inexplicable fears called phobias that center on specific objects or situations. These intense fears can limit a adolescents’ activities. The fear generated by a phobia is excessive and not a rational response to a situation. The objects of a phobia usually change as a child gets older. While very young children may be preoccupied with the dark, monsters, or actual dangers, adolescents’ phobic fears tend to involve school and social performance.
Several studies have revealed an increase in school avoidance in middle-school or junior-high years. With school avoidance, excessive worries about performance or social pressures at school may be at the root of the reluctance to attend school regularly. This leads to a cycle of anxiety,
Objectives
1 To compare the differences in Affective Status, Personality and Self Efficacy among adolescents living in Slum areas and Orphanage.
2 To explore the gender differences in the Affective Status Personality and Self Efficacy among Adolescents living in Orphanage and slum areas.
3 To find the relationship between Affective Status, Personality and Self Efficacy among adolescents living in slum areas.
4 To find the relationship between Affective Status, Personality & Self Efficacy among adolescents living in orphanage.
Design: Ex post facto research
Variables:
1 Affective status: It has been studied with the help of anxiety depression and stress.
Anxiety: Anxiety is conceptually defined as a series of symptom which arise from faulty adaptations to the stresses and strain of life (Ross, 2004).
In the present research anxiety is operationally defined in terms of scores obtained on Anxiety Depression, stress scale by Bhantnagar, et.al. (2011).
Depression: “Negative thoughts, generated by dysfunction beliefs are typically the primary cause of depressive symptoms. Beck,(1986 ).
In the present research Depression is operationally defined in terms of scores obtained on Anxiety Depression, stress scale by (Bhantnagar, et.al. (2011)
Stress: Stress has been conceptually defined as found to be detrimental as impairs mental concentration, problem –solving and decision making abilities of an individual, negatively influencing emotional functioning and well- being of people (Barling, Kelloway & Frone et al, 2004)
In the present research stress is operationally defined in terms of scores obtained on Anxiety Depression Stress Scale by Bhantnagar et,al. (2011).
Self – Efficacy: Conceptually self efficacy is been defined as the belief in one’s capabilitities to organize and execute the cause of action required to mange prospective satiations Bandura, (1994).
In the present research self efficacy is operationally defined in terms of scores obtained on Self efficacy Scale by Mathur (1986).
Personality: An individual’s personality is an abstraction formulated by the thorniest and not merely a description of the individual’s behavior. Murray, (1951)
In the present research personality is operationally defined in terms of scores obtained an big five inventory scale by John, et.al (1999).
Total sample comprised of 120 adolescents, 60 were staying in Orphanage and 60 were staying in Slum areas. Further, sample was bifurcated according to gender (30 boys and 30 girls). The sample was selected from Yateem Khana, Mumtaaz Yateem khana, Akbhar nagar etc from Lucknow and Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh.
Their age ranged from 14 to 18 years.
The method of sampling used was purposive sampling
Tool Used: For the assessment of variables following tools were employed in the present study:
1 PERSONAL DATA SHEET: Personal data sheet was used to find out the information regarding the age, gender of the respondents, family background for eg as parent’s , monthly income, etc (see Appendix A).
2 Anxiety Depression & Stress Scale: The scale was developed by Bhavnagar et.al (2011). The purpose of the test was to measure Anxiety, Depression & Stress.
Description of the Scale: The Scale comprises of 48 items divided into 3 subscales which are:
Anxiety Subscale: It comprises of 19 items covering various symptoms that are manifestation of anxiety.
Depression Subscale: It consists of 15 items representing the different symptoms of depression.
Stress Subscale: This scale Consists of items measuring the symptoms which people experience in state of stress.
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Reliability: Reliability of the total scale in terms of internal consistency measured by Cronbach’s Alpha and Spearman – Brown coefficient is 0.81 and 0.85. the obtained reliability for anxiety , depression and stress subscale as measure by Cronbach’s Alpha is 0.76,0.75 and 0.61 and when measured by spearman Brown Coefficient is 0.86, 0.86 and 0.76 respectively.
Scoring: Each item is scored 1 if endorsed “yes “and 0 if endorsed “No”. The range of the score is 0-19 for anxiety subscale 0-15 for depression subscale and 0-14 for stress subscale. Higher score indicates experiencing greater anxiety, depression and stress and vice- versa.
Self –Efficacy Scale: The scale was developed by Mathur (2012). The purpose of this scale measure to self efficacy. 8 respondant.
They subtypes which are used in self efficacy scale Self Regulatory skills which are as following
Self Influence, Self confidence, Self Achievement, Self, Self – Evaluation, Self- esteem, Self – Cognition
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Reliability: Reliability co-efficient of the scale was measured by test –retest on a sample of 600 (300 male and 300 female). In male it ranges between .73to 81 and in female .79 to .86, and is significant at.o1 level of significance
Validity: To obtain concurrent validity co- efficient of self –efficacy scale. The scale the scale was compared with the views of experts rating. Validity ranges in male .73 to .81 and in female .76 to .83.
.Scoring: Scoring of the self –efficacy scale is very easy. For the convenience propose of scoring the scale, in the scale, before the serial number of the items Means negative items for negative items strongly agree was given the score (1) agree (2) undecided (3) disagree (4) strongly disagree (5) & remaining items as positive items for positive items strongly agree was given the score (5) agree(4) undecided (3) disagree (2) strongly disagree (1) has been given. There are 15 positive item and o7 negative items.
Big Five Inventory: The inventory developed by jhon et.al 1999. The inventory purpose of the measure to big five factor.
Sub Types: sub types of big five inventory are.
Extroversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Neuroticism, Openness to Experience
Reliability: Coefficients were found to be 79,80,75 and83 for N,E,O,P and C respectively, P<.001
Validity: validity test extracted only four factors of the Big Five Inventory with factor loadings ranging from 0.573 to 0.803. The four factors were extraversion, conscientiousness, neuroticism and openness to experience.
Table 1 Shows that there are no mean significant differences between orphanage and slums children regarding Anxiety Depression and Stress. The obtained t-value of Anxiety = .043, Depression =.411, Stress = .906. The mean value for orphanage adolescents on Anxiety = 16.333, Depression =12.900, Stress = 11.7833 and the mean value for slum adolescent on Anxiety = 16.3500, Depression= 12.900, Stress= 12.0667. The probable reason for such findings may be both of them lack emotional and financial support and thus feel suppressed and emotionally weak.Table1.3 shows that there are significant differences between orphanage and slum adolescents regarding extraversion and openness to experience. The obtained mean value for orphanage = 23.5167 and slum = 21.1167, and openness to experience the obtained value for orphanage =27.5333and slum=29.6500. It indicates the probable reason for such findings may be because of their open nature they are tend to be extrovert, as they are out-going, love to share, love to explore new things.
No mean significant difference was found between orphanage and slums children regarding, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism,. The obtained t-value is agreeableness =.149 , conscientiousness =.689, neuroticism =.856, openness to experience =2.699. The mean values for orphanage adolescents on extraversion = 23.5167, agreeableness =24.3333, conscientiousness =24.3667, neuroticism= 21.8500, openness to experience =27.5333 and mean values for adolescent slum areas extraversion=21.116 agreeableness=24.2000, conscientiousness=24.9167, neuroticism=21.2833, It indicates that the reason for such findings may be because the anxiety level is same for them, because of which their scores for neuroticism is not much of difference . Their Agreeableness and conscientiousness and Conscientiousness didn’t had any mean significant difference.
Table 2 shows that there is a Negative correlation between Anxiety with self Evaluation self esteem and openness to experience orphanage. They experience higher amount of anxiety probably because both of them share almost a similar quality of life both of them are deprived of education and luxuries Both of them lacks emotional & financial support and thus feel suppressed and emotionally weak. There is no significant difference between depression and stress.
There is a positive correlation between self influence with self confidence, self achievement,, self evaluation and self esteem, indicatating that When self confidence of adolescents increases then all the variables also increases because they all are interrelated. There is also a positive correlation between self confidence with self influence self achievement, self evaluation, self esteem and self cognition that indicates all the above variables are part of self. Therefore when thought and perception of self will be positive, then all the variables will be positive. There is a positive correlation between self achievements with self influence self, self evaluation and self esteem, which indicates that All the above variables are part of self. Therefore when thought and perception of self will be positive, then all the variables will be positive. There is a positive correlation between self with self influence self , self evaluation, self achievement and self esteem that indicates that all the above variables are part of self. Therefore when thought and perception of self will be positive, then all the variables will be positive.
There is a negative correlation between self evaluation with anxiety and self influence, self confidence, self achievement self, self esteem and self cognition. There is a negative correlation between self esteem with self evaluation anxiety and self influence, self confidence, self achievement self, self esteem and self cognition. There is a negative correlation between self cognition with agreeableness it indicates when the self esteem of adolescents is low. Their reaction ability decreases as per the situation.
There is a positive correlation between extroversion with conscientious it indicates that when the person is extrovert then he is concerned with others also and he wants to do his work conscientiously and also for others work also. Negative correlation was found between agreeableness with self esteem, this indicates that when the self esteem of adolescents is low, their ability to react decreases as per the situation. There is a positive correlation between conscientiousness with agreeableness, it indicates that when the person is extravert then he is concerned with others also and that he wants to do his work conscientiously and so for others work also. There is a positive correlation between neurotics with agreeableness, it indicates that when anxiety level of adolescents increases their ability to react and cooperate in a particular situation decreases. There is a negative correlation between openness to experience with anxiety and neuroticism when Anxiety level increases, the child can’t be calm as he loses his abilities to think rationally thus they are not willing to open to new experiences situations as they are not able to handle such situations.
Table 2.1 shows a positive correlation between self regulatory, self influence, self confidence, self achievement, self, self evaluation, self esteem, self cognition with self regulatory, self influence, self confidence, self achievement, self, self evaluation, self esteem, self cognition. This indicates that all the above variables are part of self. Therefore when thought and perception of self will be positive, then all the variables will also be positive. No correlation was found between extroversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism with extroversion agreeableness, conscientiousness and neuroticism. There is a positive correlation between openness to experience with extroversion as it indicates that children of slums don’t have many facilites like good education, nourishment, due to which they have to face lot of problems because of which they learn to deal with new experiences and learn how to cope up with any situation. They interact with many people so they learn to deal with the problem on their own.
Conclusion
There was no significant difference found in anxiety, depression and stress of the orphanage and slums adolescent.
There was significant difference found in self regulatory . But other variable have no significant difference of self efficacy.
There was no significant difference found in personality (big five factor) of orphanage and slums children.
The significant difference of self regulatory was seen more in slum then orphanage adolescents.
There was no significant correlation found between the Anxiety, Depression and Stress in slums adolescents.
There was positive correlation found between self regulatory with self influence, self confidence, and self cognition in slums adolescents.
There was no significant correlation found between extroversion, Agreeableness and Neuroticism of slums adolescent.
There was positive correlation found between the openness to express, extroversion of slums adolescent.
There was negative correlation found between Anxiety, self evaluation, self esteem and openness to experience of orphanage adolescent.
There was no correlation found in depression, stress and self regulatory.
There was positive correlation found between self influence, self confidence and self achievement self of orphanage adolescents.
There was negative correlation found between self influence, self confidence, self achievement and self of orphanage adolescents.
There was negative correlation found between self evaluations and self esteem of orphanage adolescents.
There was negative correlation found between agreeableness with self cognition, and openness to experience anxiety and neuroticism.
There was positive correlation found between extroversion with conscientious and neurotics with agreeable
Recommendations We can increase the sample size.
Above study was a little step in this field of direction. Future researches can be planned to assess the role of other factors like parenting style and self esteem etc can be apply.
Larger area can provide the better result.
The whole thesis was done on only Muslim population so if we take large population with different religion we can get the better results and outcome
The study can be used for the better understanding livelihood, emotion and personality development of slums and orphanage adolescent
Obtained Variables can be added in future for the better outcome study.
Limitation
There were some limitations of the study which are being described below
Sample size was very small
Time duration of study was limited.
Only adolescent age group ( 14 to 18) were included in this study.
The sample was only restricted to the Muslim population