COUNTRY REPORT
COMPARISON ANALYSIS OF EDUCATION SECTOR OF INDIA & AUSTRALIA
COMPANY REPORT TOWARDS THE PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR THE AWARD OF MASTERS OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION.
(2015-2017)
SUBMITTED BY:-
UPENDRA
TRIPTI
CHAITANYA
AMITY UNIVERSITY
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
WE express our sincere gratitude to our programme coordinator Miss. SHWETA TYAGI, for her able guidance, continuous support and cooperation throughout our project, without which the present work would not have been possible.
we would also like to thank the SWINBRUNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY AND AMITY UNIVERSITY to let give us the chance to explore and for the constant support and provide opportunity to work on such reports.
TABLE OF CONTENT
Chapter No. Subject
Ch.# 1.0 Introduction……………………………………
Ch.# 2.0 Review of Literature ……….………………
Ch.# 3.0 Research Methodology … ………………..
Ch.# 4.0 Data Findings & Analysis…………
Ch.# 5.0 Recommendations………………………..
Ch.# 6.0 Conclusion……………………………………
Ch.# 7.0 Bibliography………………………………..
Executive Summary
Education is indispensable for growth of human resource. This report shows education expenditure in India and Australia. Report also presents the comparison between two countries. Public expenditure means expenditure incurred by central, state and local governments of a country for the maintenance of the government, internal and external security and for the promotion of socio-economic welfare of the people. Governments all over the world assume certain responsibilities for the people of their country, the performance of which requires public expenditures. The government expenditures mainly consist of Expenditures on general, social and economic service. Education expenditure is one among economic service.
A number of environmental forces are driving change within and across countries and their higher education. These changes have served to put the issue of quality management firmly on the agenda of many higher education institutions. The majority of research conducted on higher education quality management has been undertaken within single national contexts despite the fact that higher education is increasingly viewed as an international business in both INDIA as well as in AUSTRALIA.
In order to identify international quality management practices, this report comprises a review of the literature on quality management in higher education and COMPARISON ANALYSIS OF EDUCATION SECTOR OF INDIA & AUSTRALIA .
CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION
IMPORTANCE OF EDUCATION
Education forms all the very essence to our actions if we look beyond the conventional boundaries. Education is considered as the first important factor in terms of human civilization development. Education among people provides the country with manpower like engineers, doctors, teachers, lawyers, economists and other technical persons. Educated people always aware of their rights and duties in a society. It is important for upliftment of people through education to understand everyone thinking and view point. Education brings unity, harmony and cooperation in the society. It let them leave the old devil traditions and accept new modern era easily which makes life easy and comfortable. Educated people know the difference between what is right and what is wrong an ultimately it is enhancing human prosperity.
Different nations have different structure and system to provide education among their people. They have a different body governing and regulating for the education welfare and development of the human. Therefore, it is always important to know about the education system and the sector of that particular country before deciding to get education in other countries.
Students are more interested in studying abroad in good university for their courses and they want to build their career for which they have to search a lot regarding education sector of different countries. Due to increasing globalization, education crossing their boundaries with no limits it is easier to access education from abroad from good higher education universities and schools by students. But before that it is important to understand the education sector of the countries, here in this study we focus on education sector of India and Australia which is described below.
EDUCATION SECTOR IN INDIA
OVERVIEW
India is considered as a strongest place for the education industry globally. India consists of more then 1.4 million education schools and 36000 higher education schools. India is known as one of the biggest higher education systems in the world. India becomes 2nd largest market in electronic learning after the United States. India is having literacy rate of 74% in 2011 with the aim of achieving 100% in 2017. The education system of distance learning if growing at a rate of 34% till 2014. The amount of FDI (foreign direct investment) inflow in the education in India is $US 1256 million till march 2016 from April 2000 according to the DIPP (department of industrial policy and promotion)
The main focus of India is to shape up the prevailing system of education in the dynamic environment due to globalization attempting to solve the problems of serving trained employees for development and sustainable growth of the country in the area of higher education. The rapid expansion of education excellence in India provide rise to various nice intuitions like Indian institute of management Ahmadabad(IIMA) ranked 11th in the global MBA rankings by financial time and Indian institute of technology Bombay ranked 47th by QS (quacquarelli Symonds) rankings.
The relative share of education public expenditure in GDP grew from 2.61 %($21 billion) to 2.8%($51.4 billion) in 2006 year resulting rapid growth in higher education sector of India. There is an increasing demand for up gradationof education sector as by 2020 there is total of 47 million people expected to be in working age.
in India education is provided by the private as well as public sector too where funding is done from three levels i.e., local, state and central. The free education is provided to a child from the age of 6-14 under Indian constitution as it is a fundamental right provided to them. The seats are confirmed for the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes and other backward caste.
INDIAN EDUCATION SYSTEM
There is a pattern of education in India which is followed by the central and state board of education i.e., 10+2+3 pattern. Under this pattern, the study for 10 years in schools and then 2 years in higher education and 3 years in graduation is followed. The pattern is founded by education commission of India In 1964-1966.
NCERT (national council of educational research and training ) is an apex body situated in new Delhi, India. The main task of this body to set up the curriculum for schools across India. It provides guidance, technical assistance and support to all the schools in India and looks for the education policies too. There are various others education bodies governing the education sector are:-
• Each state governments have a single state board for secondary education except few stated like Andhra Pradesh have more then single board and union territories doesn’t have any board they work under larger cities.
• CBSE (central board of secondary education) is for conducting exams for 12thand 10th grade which are popularly known as board exams.
• National institute of open schooling conduct 2 exams, senior secondary and secondary exams(all India) including few courses in vocational studies too
• There are various international schools which are affiliated to Cambridge international examinations.
• National council for teacher education is responsible for managing techaer accreditation.
HIGHER EDUCATION
After US and china, India is considered as third largest in the higher education system. At tertiary level, the university grants commission works as a main governing body which enforces standards and advice the govt. and helping to coordinating between state and the Centre. India is having 316 state universities, 191 private universities and 152 central universities till 2012.
Technology becomes the main emphasis for growth and development in the tertiary sector. There are various number large institutions for technology across India like IITS, IACS, HRI and IIS.
CURRICULM ISSUES
The education of India is criticized often due to learning depends on the rote learning instead of problem solving. According to new Indian express the schools are producing zombies because students are prepared to focus on competitive exams rather than gaining learning , playing or having practical knowledge. The syllabus is set up by the boards are more theoretical instead of experiencing and facing situation which provides learning very fast. The students are more focus towards cramming things instead of learningthem.
ROAD AHEAD
Government is actively participating in developing and growth of education market, e-learning, distance learning and m-learning. Various government initiatives are being adopted to boost the growth of distance education market, besides focusing on new education techniques, such as E-learning and M-learning. There is a positive foreseen increase in the investments for the infrastructure of education system.
The opening of several IIMs and IITs in new location and providing grants for research scholars is a new road to built by government. The higher education is all set to develop certain change in education pattern and knowledge gaining in the next few years which can lead to all different and new education system.
EDUCATION SECTOR OF AUSTRALIA
OVERVIEW
States and territories are primarily held responsible for the education in Australia. Private schools and public schools are funded by the territory or state government including federal government which also helps in funding the private or independent schools. According to the UN’S HDI (HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX) IN 2008 it lists the Australia as highest education index in the world i.e., 0.993. Tertiary education of Australia has almost 33 institutions in QS WORLD UNIVERSITY RANKING By UK and 29 institutions in academic ranking of world university by china.
Education firm by name Pearson rank Australia’s education as 13th in the world. The education sector is considered as the third largest export sector in 2007-2008 year after iron ore and coal. The services of education includes expenses of 13.7$ billion by students in Australia and exports around $438 million from other operations of education.
According to the Australia bureau of statistics (ABS), there is a export of $19.5 billion in international education in 2014-2015, which makes it the third largest export of Australia. The significant increment in the contributions for the non – government schools in recent years from government.
The total of 20% increase in both independent and catholic sectors income in 2011 from 2005, $2.7 billion by catholic schools and $5.2 billion from independent schools approximately. It indicated that Australia is a country which is seeing as among best place for international students to get education.
AUSTRALIAN EDUCATION SYSTEM
Education in Australian schools compulsory for specific age group defined by stated or territory government. From the age of 5 till age of 15-16 from the date of birth it is compulsory to attend school for a child. More then 3 quarter students are staying in schools till they become 17 of age. Approximately 40% catholic schools and independent schools and total 60% of Australian students are educated by government schools. A very small proportion is home schooled specifically in rural areas of Australia.
Governments schools do not charge for education and whereas catholic and independent schools charge attendance fees. The estimate expense of per child per year is $316. Both government and catholic and independent schools have same curriculum in every state but there are slight change in syllabus when it comes to religious education.
HIGHER EDUCATION
The higher education of Australia includes self governing public, private and independent universities. There are 3 private universities and 38 public universities in Australia. The universities are required to make themselves register under tertiary education quality and standards agency part 3. The national system of the Australian qualification framework is established by government of Australia which links qualifications and courses. This national system provides general guidelines for pathways, learning outcomes, accreditation and learning outcomes of qualifications. The students to get admission in undergraduate programmed have to complete 13 years of schools. The universities of Australia are autonomous bodies which are held responsible for maintaining quality by internal accreditation process.
TAFE (TECHNICAL AND FURTHER EDUCATION) in Australia provides various vocational and educational courses such as in fields of tourism, business, construction and so many under Australian qualifications framework.
TAFE’S courses are funded by tertiary or state government . there are various universities which are offering TAFE’S COURSES such as Charles Darwin university, RMIT (royal Melbourne institute of technology) etc.
INTERNATIONAL STUDENTS
IN 2012, around total of 20.7% of all onshore international students of higher education. The education and overseas students (ESOS) protects the interest of students of other countries which gives financial assurance and tuitions. They protect from any hindrances such as visa denial , education universities not able to provide the course because of some reason etc.
CHAPTER-2 LITERATURE REVIEW
Australia and India both are vibrant democracies having strong faith and trust in the sector of education for towards peace, prosperity and development in their respective countries.The system of Australia is more matured an evolutionary one which achieves strong credits in the education sector whereas India faces the problem of highly populated and restrictions on resources but have high demographic features.
The biggest weakness of India have in the vocational and primary education system termed as essential characteristics for building demographic dividend. The system of education in Australia and India is totally opposite. Indian system of education always evolve around a meandering process due to history of gurukuls and more about approx. 4000 years ago whereas Australian education system id directly adopted by European education system.(srijan pal singh, aiyd, pg2)
The prosperity and stability of Australia depends on the several relationships across the countries based on political, social, academic and economic factors. India’s economy was forecasted to grow around 6.75% in 2015(Australian- government,2012, p. 51)
The GATS (general agreement on trade in services) have immensely affects the trade between the 2 countries, their international education and collaborations. The higher education is most important contributor for GDP of the countries but it is also important the universities to fulfill their motives to provide knowledge and learning to the students.(tony abbot, grattan,2013)
A number of authors (Knight& De wit, 1995, maringson & wende, 2007, tilak, 2008) present different definitions of international education. The analysis of the 2 countries shows the difference among education system and pattern. It will depict how Australia is becoming so attractive to the students that they prefer to come to Australia for their higher studies in compare to India which is not that attractive country for higher education.
The research on the topic comparative analysis between India and Australia in education sector is very less, there are various other research’s which shows the education system of Australia with compare to different countries in together and analysis of India’seducation sector with other countries collectively. But there is no such any specific research on India and Australia education sector analyses. So therefore, the research of our study simply give answers what’s the different between two countries education sector and how much their expenditure and income is from the sector of education.
CHAPTER -3 RESEARCH METHODOLGY
INTRODUCTION:
Research: research is an in-depth study of the project and it is done to establish facts, reaffirming previous studies, exploring new theories and experimenting new ideas. Research itself says searching again and again.
DATA SOURCE:
1. Primary Source:
Primary data is the first hand information which is done through surveys, filling up the questionnaires, in-depth interviews, random face to face communication etc.
2. Secondary Sources:
Secondary data information is those which have been gathered by another person and which as of now have been gone through measurable procedure. Secondary data has been taken from newspaper, magazines, and internet and companies links. It includes data from sources like internet where journals, several articles and various research papers are studied on the topic.
RESEARCH APPROACH
The descriptive research method is used in collecting the data from secondary sources and previous studies. Comparing the education sector and public expenditure on India and Australia is done from multiple sources of information provides a more complete, holistic, and comparable picture of the education sector of both the countries. The information is compared regarding the system of education in both countries and analysis is done based on what are the differences in the pattern of providing education.
RESEARCH OBJECTIVE
1. The purpose of this research is to analyze the India’s and Australia’s education sector.
2. The next objective is find to know about the difference in the pattern of the education on both the countries.
3.This report shows education expenditure in India and Australia.
4. Through this report we can also analyze that how can we promote international education in India.
LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
1. The data can be general and vague and out of date.
2. The study cannot be useful for one company specifically as it is a secondary research.
3. Shortage of time is the biggest limitation to make this study more effective and comprehensive.
4. Information provided is restricted due to time consideration.
CHAPTER -4 DATA FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS
This article comprises of some comparisons between our system of education and Australian framework.
First Of all, the primary difference between our dreadful system and theirs lies in understanding. There in Australia, students first do the concepts practically and then learn the theory part of it. This is an amazing method considering the fact that, students tend to do a lot of mistakes when attempting something practically and then when they follow up it with theory their thorough knowledge about the concept is achieved. That’s the reason why students in abroad are good at problem identifying and we Indians are good at solving it. For example, in case of a parallel connection in circuits students there first do it practically, try different methods then achieve the results and finally learn the theory part of it. As they can do it practically before the theory, those students are able to think out-of-the-box solutions as theoretical knowledge doesn’t restrict them.
Secondly, there in Australia, students present their ideas to teacher’s right from school. Whereas here we get to know about Paper Presentation only in college. The use of technology in education is restricted to a narrow spectrum of students which has to expand. Schools and colleges must teach their students the judicious use of available technology. This will enable our framework to be on par with international standards. Moreover, in Australia, most of the evaluation of student’s academic improvement is assessed and not tested. Meaning, every student undergoes many assessments and the best of which is considered and graded. On the whole, the student is devoid of any pressure to perform. The classes in Australia don’t happen in stringent 9 to 3 style. The students are left free to focus on their areas of interest and make a mark in it. All these ideas are student-friendly and gives him time to understand what he studies.
Finally, I want our current old-fashioned system of education to undergo some radical changes at the earliest. With the concept of Globalization and outsourcing becoming popular it’s high time we increase our standards of education.
The review report reveals that the most popular response is the testing or implementation of quality management models developed for industry. While there are benefits to be gained from using these models, these are related predominantly to the efficiency and effectiveness of non-academic functions. These models are also reported to encourage a culture of managerialism in higher education institutions. While this approach can be effective in responding to climates of accountability, the effectiveness of these models in managing quality of teaching and learning has been questioned.
Before independence, Australia and India were both part of the British Empire and both are members of the Commonwealth of Nations. They also share political, economic, security, lingual and sporting ties. As a result of British colonization, cricket has emerged as a strong cultural connection between the two nations, as well as the English language. India is least expensive foreign education destination for undergraduate students among 15 countries and Australia is the most expensive, a survey by the Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corp. Ltd (HSBC). “India has emerged as the least expensive foreign destination for university under graduate students among a list of 15 countries. Australia, Singapore and USA occupy the top three positions (respectively) in the expenditure chart for overseas students,” HSBC said in its survey titled The Value of Education: Springboard for Success. The survey found that the average annual cost of an undergraduate international student in India is $5,642, including tuition fee and living cost. In Australia, it is almost seven and half times higher. “At $42,093 a year, Australia—a hugely popular destination for Asian students—is the most expensive option globally,” the survey said. The survey “reasserts the perception that the quality of education is better overseas. However, the fact remains that the costs of international education are substantially higher,” said SanjivSood, head (retail banking and wealth management), HSBC India. “Education costs are lower in emerging markets such as India because the state-run universities are heavily funded by the government and also, the cost of living for overseas students is lower here,” Sood said in statement. In terms of quality Private expenditure as proportion of total expenditure of education, Indian parents perceive that the US provides the highest quality of education.
About 62% of Indian parents ranked US as their top destination, followed by UK (54%) and Australia (47%), the survey showed. Overall, India was ranked 8th in terms of quality, ahead of countries like Malaysia, Indonesia, Brazil, Mexico, Taiwan and Turkey. The survey said that 85% Indian parents were in favor of sending their children abroad for a better universityeducation. The HSBC survey said that parents in India feel that overseas education leads tointernational work experience and also offers other benefits such as
“Openings to opportunities in life, instilling confidence, exposure to new ideas and income earning potential”.
Now if we compare public expenditure in two countries then in India total expenditure as percentage of GDP was 3.83 and in Australia it was 5.2 in 1990.There is a big differences we have seen among two, this is the most important reason for preference for Australia for educated in comparison with India. In Australia we have quality of education, which is lacking in India. We have advance technology of Education in Australia, for which
India has to go a long way.
AUSTRALIA AND INDIA COMPARED: EDUCATION STATISTICS
STAT Australia India
Average years of schooling of adults
10.9
Ranked 6th. 2 times more than India 5.1
Ranked 65th.
Children out of school, primary
68,417
Ranked 39th. 1.39 million
Ranked 4th. 20 times more than Australia
Children out of school, primary per 1000
3.06
Ranked 68th. 3 times more than India 1.14
Ranked 85th.
Children out of school, primary, female
29,573
Ranked 39th. 6.11 million
Ranked 1st. 207 times more than Australia
College and university >Gender parity index
1.35
Ranked 39th. 86% more than India 0.726
Ranked 100th.
College and university > Share of total education spending
22.28%
Ranked 42nd. 35.89%
Ranked 3rd. 61% more than Australia
Compulsory education duration
11
Ranked 41st. 22% more than India 9
Ranked 64th.
Government spending on education >Proportion of GDP
5.59%
Ranked 41st. 77% more than India 3.17%
Ranked 44th.
High school enrolment rate
99.86
Ranked 6th. 17% more than India 85.13
Ranked 70th.
Literacy > Total population
99%
Ranked 25th. 66% more than India 59.5%
Ranked 134th.
Primary education, duration > Years
7
Ranked 20th. 40% more than India 5
Ranked 160th.
Primary education, teachers per 1000
5.57
Ranked 46th. 74% more than India 3.21
Ranked 104th.
Pupil-teacher ratio, primary
17.88
Ranked 118th. 35.15
Ranked 29th. 97% more than Australia
Secondary education, duration > Years
6
Ranked 144th. 7
Ranked 50th. 17% more than Australia
Tertiary enrollment
63.3%
Ranked 6th. 6 times more than India 10.5%
Ranked 20th.
SWOT ANALYSIS OF INDIAN EDUCATION SYSTEM
STRENGTHS:
NGO has provided a strong base for education system.
Skill of English proficiency has resulted in international demand of Indian students.
Responsible for creation of large human resource.
New Innovations and changes in education system has made this sector more impressive.
According to World Bank 3.6 million teachers on full time basis.
WEAKNESS:
o Extra curriculums are ignored in Indian education system.
o Interference of politics in the university and whole education system.
o Investment in the infrastructure of education institutes is very low.
o Dependent on government for education funding.
o Lack of market orientation in designed curriculum.
OPPORTUNITIES:
44.4% increase in American students from 2011 to 2015.
FDI is helping Indian students to get cheaper education.
Increase competition helps in improving the quality of education.
Inflow of foreign students helps in increasing the revenues.
THREATS:
o High growth of foreign and Indian institutions focuses on the revenue generation.
o Regional disparities between the rich and poor are widen.
o A private institution does not indulge in social responsibilities.
SWOT ANALYSIS OF AUSTRALIAN EDUCATION SYSTEM
STRENGTHS:
In Australian institutes there is global recognition
Australian institutes are well known for quality education.
Australian education is a research intensive education system
Government and institutions focuses on the infrastructure.
WEAKNESS:
OPPORTUNITIES:
• Tertiary education system involves both higher education and training.
• Languages of instructions
• Australian qualification frame work.
THREATS:
• Some Australian universities use agents to attract international students.
CHAPTER 5- RECOMMENDATIONS
• The government should take steps to improve the quality of the Indian education system.
• The reservations in government colleges should be cut down by a slight margin so that every student gets equal opportunity.
• Rather than sending Indian students to places like Australia the government should look forward to how they can attract foreign students to India.
• Focus more on the practical approach of studies rather than the theoretical approach.
• The universities should look to give students the time and the opportunity to pick up a job while pursuing their studies.
• The government should learn from foreign universities regarding the way of teaching and should try to bring in that sort of culture here in India.
CHAPTER 6- CONCLUSION
To conclude it can be stated that Indian education system is lagging way far behind than the Australian education system. Mostly because it lacks the adaptability of the studies in real life. We can also say that the way Australian students are promoted to engage in jobs while they are pursuing their education is one of the main differentiating points between the two systems. This is one of the main reasons why there are so many international students in Australia for their bachelors or masters programmer. However the government is making big steps to make the Indian education system a lot better place or Indian students as well as looking to attract international students in the near future. Stats also show that Australia is the 3rd most favorable place for Indian parents to send their students for higher studies. This is solely because of the quality of education and the practicality which the system uses.
The Indian education system is improving and in fact has improved over the previous years, however, the Australian system is still way far ahead in many aspects and it will take some time for India to reach up to the quality of the system in Australia.
CHAPTER-7 BIBLIOGRAPHY
ARTICLES AND RESEARCH PAPERS:-
• David Feith Monash College , 2012, INDIA’S HIGHER EDUCATION SECTOR IN THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY – A GROWING MARKET, AND THE NEED FOR GREATER INTERNATIONAL ENGAGEMENT1,
• AEI (2007). Year 2006 Market Indicator Data, Australian Education International, Australian Government.
• Bhushan, S. (2005). “Foreign Universities in India: Market-Driven New Directions.” International Higher Education 41(Fall).
• Considine, M., S. Marginson, et al. (2001). The Comparative Performance of Australia as a Knowledge Nation: Report to the Chifley Research Centre. Davis, D., A. Olsen, et al., Eds. (2000).
• Sources of Indian Tradition, Volume 2. New York, Columbia University Press
INTERNET:-
• https://www.go8.edu.au/sites/default/files/docs/examining_the_australian_relationship_with_india_in_postgraduate_education_and_research.pdf
• http://artsonline.monash.edu.au/mai/files/2012/07/davidfeith.pdf
• http://aiyd.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/AIYD-Education-Taskforce-Report-1.pdf
• http://www.ibef.org/download/education-report-291012.pdf
• https://www.go8.edu.au/page/australian-higher-education-system
• https://internationaleducation.gov.au/research/research-papers/Documents/ValueInternationalEd.pdf
• https://www.studyinaustralia.gov.au/global/australian-education/education-system
• https://ministers.education.gov.au/colbeck/australias-international-education-sector-worth-more-previously-estimated