Paste your essay in here…1.1 An Overview of the study
1.1.1 Introduction
Literature is a form of human expression for the overall human emotions and ideas and thoughts which ranging from poetry to prose to and plays. The literature of any nation is the image that reflects the sincere ideas, so we can call it the mirror of life which reflects writers' thought about life and the real situation of the world around. Here we will mention some of the famous definitions of literature, according to Salman Rushdie’s view about literature is the tool that we can know everything in the society's life with real interpretation. "Literature is where I go to explore the highest and lowest places in human society and in the human spirit, where I hope to find not absolute truth but the truth of the tale, of the imagination and of the heart." (Lombardi). For Octavio Paz “Literature is the expression of a feeling of deprivation, a recourse against a sense of something missing. But the contrary is also true: language is what makes us human. It is a recourse against the meaningless noise and silence of nature and history.” (quote) So, through literature we can feel different from other living creatures. Literature can form the life of society as Oscar Wilde said, “Literature always anticipates life. It does not copy it, but moulds it to its purpose.” (Lombardi). According to William Henry Hudson literature is the result of our observation of life whether seeing it or feeling by it and we can produce it through language. “Literature is a vital record of what men have seen in life, what they have experienced of it, what they have thought and felt about those aspects of it. Fundamentally an expression of life through the medium of language, literature accordingly needs to be systematically studied.” (W.H.Hudson).
Theatre is regarded as the father of arts, it dated back to the ancient Greeks and Romans and it was the tool which they perform their artistic view besides racings and wrestling. The emergence of the theatre was based on religious ritual in festivals of each civilization we can infer that of the Egyptian religious manuscript written in 2000 BC about the lord Osiris the god of eternal life. With regard to the Greek drama which is the origin of western theatre was originated to celebrate the anniversary of Dionysus in Greek mythology the god of wine through dancing and singing and wearing masks on their faces.
The movement of angry young man was emerged at the second half of twentieth century or specifically after the Second World War. The clear definition of the term was explained by Anglo-Irish writer Leslie Allen Pau “angry young men, term applied to a group of English writers of the 1950s whose heroes share certain rebellious and critical attitudes toward society.” (Pau). The movement was against social inequality which was spread among the society and especially in the lower-class or working class families in postwar British society. It criticized the hypocritical institutions and its achievement for common people; it expressed the disaffection and the scorn of young men. It regarded as an important part of British literature; this movement included some of the prominent writers such as A. Wesker, John Osborne, and Kinsley Amis.
1.1.2. HYPOTHESIS
The plays present a society divided on the basis of gender, class, caste, etc. Inequality, corruption, and violence characterize it. The life projected in the plays under study is miserable, full of contradictions, but it is real. The protagonists are sensitive, angry, and frustrated people, like most of us. This peculiar temperament of the protagonist disturbs the audience and gives them such a jerk that they are lulled out of their unconsciousness.
1.1.3. Significance of the study
First of all the, the importance of this study lies on the way of explanation of the main reasons which caused the frustration, dissatisfaction, and anger for the young people. The movement of angry young men has become interest for many scholars to study and analyze it around the globe; this movement has become prevalent issue. This research will be significant for those who are interested in literature especially the study of causes of the emergence the movement of angry young men. This study designed to give some academic and useful contribution such as:
1) This study plans to enable the students and researchers to comprehend the importance of this literary movement of literature besides its origin and aims. The researchers have to get an idea about relationship of this literary movement and political, economic, sociological, and equality situation at that time of history.
2) This study will be beneficial as resource for the researchers and writers in conducting research on view of youth on our contemporary life and how the political, and social situation cause to create new literary movement; it can be used as reference to study some of literary movements especially in Arabic literature.
In addition, the current study presents range of perspectives of dramatists about the social status of working and middle classes as seen through the views of playwrights in these plays. This study
1.1.4. OBJECTIVES:
This study is designed to investigate, analyze, and explore the images of angry young men in the post-war generation at the second half of 20th century in the selected plays.
1. Gaining critical insight into the comparative aspects of post- war drama and Indian drama in English translation with special reference to John Osborne and Vijay Tendulkar.
2. To bring to notice the main facets and salient ideas of the dramatic movement in the post- war and post- independence period.
3. To enable the students to understand the three fold aspect of modern Indian theatre.
4. To inspire them to further explore the areas that are discussed in the work and to attempt an in-depth study of them.
1.1.5. METHODOLOGY
The research method to be adopted will be followed in the critical study of literature or criticism. In short, it will be one of descriptive, exploratory, and interpretative nature. The study material will comprise the primary and the secondary texts. The present study is used the approach of critical or interpretive analysis. The researcher selected four plays which have been written in the Post-war theatre and in the Post- independence Indian theatre to come across various aspects of anger in the society especially among the youth. ,
1.1.6 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
This study, to sum up, arrives at some significant inferences. The dramatists aim at bringing to light some of the most complex and vital issues of our existence, inner and outer. One can approach their plays from various points of view, such as psychological, sociological, politico-cultural, deterministic, existential, etc. An analytical treatment will be given in the study to all these aspects or dimensions of their plays. A modest, sincere attempt will be made in this work to present these playwrights as men of the theatre with its variegated aspects. It is an attempt to find out the images of angry young men in postwar British society and after Independence period of India and how this movement influences on the literature. It is difficult for the researcher to find out the images of angry young men on all works in this movement as well as the selected dramatists. So the researcher has selected some of the plays for those which written by them. This study focuses only on the four plays:
– Ghashiram Kotwal (1972) by Vijay Tendulkar
– Kanyadan (1983) by Vijay Tendulkar
– Sakharam Binder (1972) by Vijay Tendulkar
– Look Back in Anger (1956) by John Osborne
These plays selected due to their representation of the reality in both British and Indian societies in second half of 20th century and share same idea about working class as well as and middle class. As dramatists, they are extraordinary and talented playwrights. Vijay Tendulkar and John Osborne have received famous prizes and awards for their plays. In addition, the dramatists are considered as the new voices and leading in the demanding the equality and the rights for lower-classes especially in the second half of 20th century.
Finally, it is not possible to study all the plays which have written by them to illustrate these images. These plays under study show an unbiased images of the both societies towards the working-classes’ status.
The main motive of the dramatists is to get away from the oft-handled themes and situations. Considering themselves as responsible members of society, they present the turmoil and make the audience conscious of the revolting mood of anger of the young generation as the world fails to respond to them.
In the post- independence Indian theatre, this feeling of pessimism is noticed in the dramatic works of Vijay Tendulkar, Girish Karnad, Badal Sircar, and Mohan Rakesh. Among them, Tendulkar has been recognized as the leading playwright of the avant- garde movement in the Indian context. The research work attempts to bring forward the pan- Indian and post war dramatic movement focusing its attention chiefly on John Osborne’s and Vijay Tendulkar’s contribution to the contemporary theatre
Accordingly
1.1.7 Scheme of Chapters
The tentative chapter scheme of the proposed research work is:
1. Introduction
The first chapter “Introduction” deals with the background of Indian theatre. It also refers to the foreign theatre’s influence on the Indian theatre. Further, it intends to give the objectives, hypothesis, methodology, scope, and limitations of the study.
2. Problematic Nature of Indo-English Plays
Chapter two refers to the tradition of Euro American problem plays. It proposes to discuss the main trends in British theatre and the three-fold tradition of Indian theatre.
3. Image of Angry Young Man in the Post-war Theatre
In this chapter, the researcher will discuss the anger and commitment in the post war British theatre with a special reference to Osborne’s Look Back in Anger.
4. Image of Angry Young Man in the Post- independence Indian Theatre
Chapter four will discuss anger and frustration in the selected translated plays of Vijay Tendulkar.
5. Conclusion
Last chapter will be in the form of conclusion where the necessary findings will be given
1.2 Indian Theatre: A Brief Survey
1.2.1 Introduction
Indian theatre is one of the longest and amplest theatres in the world; it dated back to around 5000 years, as the other theatres in over the world Indian theatre emerged in the seasonal celebration and religious ritual. Bharata's Natya Shastra was regarded to many Indian writers as the oldest and most detailed in the dramaturgy context, where the origin of word drama in Sanskrit was derived from the word “dance”.? . The history of Indian theatre was existed in the excavations and historical records in the ancient time; in one of the excavations there were two enormous epics which are The Mahabharata and The Ramayana. So; the ancient tradition whether in the Western or Eastern world has the same picture of performance in theatre which represents tradition though the philosophy in Western world has the belief that there is no life after death whereas in Eastern world especially in India life has the continuity even after the death there is existence of life. Indian theatre illustrated idealistic view for life while the theatre in the West portrayed life as it is.
Indian theatre began in the Vedic period; it comprises the inseparable parts of drama which are the playwright, the actor, and the director besides to the performance of various types of fine arts such as dancing, reciting and singing, which can consider as components of the theater so it was as a narrative form. The Indian historian described the types of plays which were in two forms realistic and conventional; the former type focuses on the evaluation of human behavior and generates another behavior the latter is the arrangement of the play through specific tradition and presentation. The first play in ancient history of India was about the battle between god and demon and portrays the victory of god upon the evil n the heaven. Indian theatre considered as the ideal theatre due to the diversity of forms in fine arts as well as literature such as sculpture, architecture, painting, mime, dance, and music which become known as ‘Natya. Indian theatre consists of various forms such as Ram/ Ramila Leela, Folk Theatre, Puppetry, and Modern Theatre.
Ram Leela:
It regarded as one of the most important form of the Indian theatre whereas it focused on the religious issues. Ram Leela reflects the mythological stories for example the battle between the Lord Ram and the Demon Ravana. It was exists throughout of India in place such as Kumaoni, Ramnagar, Chitrakoot, and Varanasi; it takes place once a year and required ceremonial environment to be performed.
Folk Theatre:
This form of theatre emerged in diverse states of India. Folk theatre is known through various names over India, like Nautanki in Uttra Pradesh, Jatra in Bihar, Orissa and Bengal, Tamasha in Maharashtra and so on.
My dear heart never think you are better than others. Listen to their sorrows with compassion. If you want peace, don’t harbour bad thoughts do not gossip and don’t teach what you do not know.
Theatre regarded as essential part of ancient history of India.
1.2.2 The emergence of Indian theatre
The history of Indian theatre ascribes to the cave dwellers, who built the great civilization from primitive form over the centuries. Sanskrit theatre was considered as the first performance of Indian theatre; the commencement of this theatre was at second century BC. It illustrated the aristocratic and religious Indian enthusiasm, the origin of it as the consequence of religious custom. So; the Sanskrit theatre continued popular till the 17th century. In the ancient history of India theatre play main role in the improvement of culture, technique, inspiration, and tradition in the ancient time of Indian history (Vedic era).