ay inABSTRACT
The earliest concrete plan for a new world organization to replace the ineffective League of Nations began under the aegis of the US State Department in 1939. U.S. President Franklin Roosevelt first suggested using the name United Nations, to refer to the Allies of World War II, to British Prime Minister Winston Churchill during the latter's three-week visit to the White House in December 1941. Roosevelt suggested the name as an alternative to "Associated Powers", a term the U.S. used in the First World War (the U.S. was never formally a member of the Allies of World War I but entered the war in 1917 as a self-styled "Associated Power"). Churchill accepted the idea and cited Lord Byron's use of the phrase "united nations" in the poem Childe Harold's Pilgrimage, which referred to the Allies at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815.
United Nation established on October 24, 1945. The United Nations (UN) was the second multipurpose international organization established in the 20th century that was worldwide in scope and membership. Its predecessor, the League of Nations, was created by the Treaty of Versailles in 1919 and disbanded in 1946. United Nation headquartered in New York City, the UN also has regional offices in Geneva, Vienna, and Nairobi. Its official languages are Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, and Spanish.
United Nation has its own organization and principle . All UN administrative functions are handled by the Secretariat, with the secretary-general at its head. The charter does not prescribe a term for the secretary-general, but a five-year term has become standard. The only UN body provided by the charter in which all member states are represented is the General Assembly. The General Assembly was designed to be a deliberative body dealing chiefly with general questions of a political, social, or economic character. It meets in a regular annual session beginning the third Tuesday in September; special sessions are sometimes held. The Security Council was constructed as an organ with primary responsibility for preserving peace. Unlike the General Assembly, it was given power to enforce measures and was organized as a compact executive organ. Also unlike the assembly, the Security Council in theory functions continuously at the seat of the UN.
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The name "United Nations", coined by United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt was first used in the Declaration by United Nations of 1 January 1942, during the Second World War, when representatives of 26 nations pledged their Governments to continue fighting together against the Axis Powers. The Declaration by United Nations, on 1 January 1942, was the basis of the modern UN. The term United Nations became synonymous during the war with the Allies and was considered to be the formal name that they were fighting under.The text of the declaration affirmed the signatories' perspective "that complete victory over their enemies is essential to defend life, liberty, independence and religious freedom, and to preserve human rights and justice in their own lands as well as in other lands, and that they are now engaged in a common struggle against savage and brutal forces seeking to subjugate the world". The principle of "complete victory" established an early precedent for the Allied policy of obtaining the Axis' powers' "unconditional surrender". The defeat of "Hitlerism" constituted the overarching objective, and represented a common Allied perspective that the totalitarian militarist regimes ruling Germany, Italy, and Japan were indistinguishable .The declaration, furthermore, "upheld the Wilsonian principles of self-determination," thus linking U.S. war aims in both world wars.
By the end of the war, 21 other states had acceded to the declaration, including the Philippines, France, every Latin American state except Argentine land the various independent states of the Middle East and Africa. Although most of the minor Axis powers had switched sides and joined the United Nations as co-belligerents against Germany by the end of the war, they were not allowed to accede to the declaration. Occupied Denmark did not sign the declaration, but because of the vigorous resistance after 1943, and because the Danish ambassador Henrik Kauffmann had expressed the adherence to the declaration of all free Danes, Denmark was nonetheless invited among the allies in the San Francisco Conference in March 1945
In 1945, representatives of 50 countries met in San Francisco at the United Nations Conference on International Organization to draw up the United Nations Charter.
Those delegates deliberated on the basis of proposals worked out by the representatives of China, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom and the United States at Dumbarton Oaks, United States in August-October 1944.The Charter was signed on 26 June 1945 by the representatives of the 50 countries. Poland, which was not represented at the Conference, signed it later and became one of the original 51 Member States. The United Nations officially came into existence on 24 October 1945, when the Charter had been ratified by China, France, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, the United States and by a majority of other signatories. This occurred on 24 October 1945, and the United Nations was officially formed. United Nations Day is celebrated on 24 October each year.
 
2.1 CHALLENGES OF UNITED NATION FACES TODAY
The world has changed dramatically since the United Nations was established after World War II, but the organization has not adapted to reflect the 21st century.
First challenge faced by United Nation nowadays is to support complex political processes and protect civilians in high-risk environments characterized by asymmetric threats. UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon said while these asymmetric threats are not new to the UN, they are more intense. He explained that while our UN mission does not have a counter-terrorism mandate, the use of suicide bombs, improvised explosive devices and other tactics of irregular warfare threaten the security.
The second challenge of peacekeeping is to maintain the commitment and unity of its constituencies. He said "successful peacekeeping demands sustained political and material support from the Security Council… from countries that contribute troops and police personnel… and from those who contribute funds to our operations. China provides more peacekeepers to the United Nations than all of the four other permanent members combined. The Secretary-General said he was deeply grateful for China's support in these important areas, particularly Beijing's most recent pledge to our operation in Mali.
The third challenge is unwieldy organization . The U.N. has become a sprawling system with 15 autonomous agencies, 11 semi-autonomous funds and programs, and numerous other bodies. There is no central entity to oversee them all. The secretary-general, currently Ban Ki-moon, can try to coordinate their actions but he has no authority over many of them.
 
2.2 PROPER ROLE OF THE SECRETARY-GENERAL AS TOP INTERNATIONAL PUBLIC SERVANT
At the time the United Nations was established in 1945, the UN Charter described the secretary-general broadly as the "chief administrative officer." The UN website stipulates that the secretary-general be "equal parts diplomat and advocate, civil servant and CEO." The UN's first secretary-general, Trygve Lie, called it the most difficult job in the world–an observation iterated by most of his seven successors. Some of the difficulty lies in the job description itself. Though U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, several years before the UN's creation, saw the secretary-general's role as that of "world moderator," the UN charter refers to it as "chief administrative officer." Each of the eight secretaries has tended to favor one role or the other. Below are the some proper roles of Secretary-General.
2.2.1 Administrative.
The secretary-general oversees the UN Secretariat, which handles UN operations, including research, translation, and media relations. The Secretariat–the UN's executive office–has a staff of close to nine thousand people from about 170 different countries. Each secretary-general has handled his administrative responsibilities differently. Hammerskjöld established a system of offices in charge of legal, political, personnel, and budgetary aspects of the secretariat. Boutros Boutros-Ghali streamlined the system by adding under-secretaries-general to oversee operations and report back. During Annan's administration, the deputy secretary-general position was created to handle day-to-day operations. This book, published by the International Peace Institute, chronicles the evolution of the secretariat.
 
2.2.2 Human Resources.
The hiring of under-secretaries for approximately fifty UN posts, including the heads of funds such as UNICEF and UNDP, falls under the purview of the secretary-general. An important aspect of the hiring process involves lobbying from members to fill posts with their nationals, highlighting the secretary-general's role of negotiating with the Security Council and General Assembly to ensure broad regional representation.
2.2.3 Peacekeeping.
The United Nations Peacekeeping began in 1948. Its first mission was in the Middle East to observe and maintain the ceasefire during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. Since then,United Nations peacekeepers have taken part in a total of 63 missions around the globe, 17 of which continue today. The peacekeeping force as a whole received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1988. The founders of the UN envisioned that the organization would act to prevent conflicts between nations and make future wars impossible; however, the outbreak of the Cold War made peacekeeping agreements extremely difficult due to the division of the world into hostile camps. Following the end of the Cold War, there were renewed calls for the UN to become the agency for achieving world peace, and the agency's peacekeeping dramatically increased, authorizing more missions between 1991 and 1994 than in the previous 45 years combined.The secretary-general's office shoulders responsibility for overseeing peacekeeping missions and appoints the under-secretary in charge of that department, involving some sixteen operations worldwide as of September 2008. Although the General Assembly or Security Council may initiate a peacekeeping mission, operational control rests with the Secretariat
2.2.4 Mediation
This function involves the secretary-general's role as a mediator between parties in conflict. As part of his "good offices" role the secretary-general makes use of his independence and impartiality as the head of a global organization to prevent and stop the spread of conflict. Examples of UN leaders taking on mediation roles in the past include Hammarskjöld's promotion of an armistice between Israel and Arab states and Javier Perez de Cuellar's negotiation of a ceasefire to end the Iraq-Iran War.
2.2.5 Security
In working with the Council, the secretary-general is tasked with standing for the interests of underrepresented states and balancing the demands of the Security Council with those of General Assembly members. The relationship between the Security Council's five permanent members and the secretary-general is similar to one between constituents and their elected representative. Critics say the structure of this relationship has made the secretary-general beholden to Security Council members, particularly the United States.
 
2.3 QUALITIES AND DISIPLINE OF A SECRETARY-GENERAL IN VIEW OF THE PRACTISES AND ACHIEVEMENT OT THE SUCCESSIVE SECRETARY-GENERAL
2.3.1 Practical intelligence
Practical intelligence is not the same, I think we would all acknowledge, as academic intelligence. Being able to engage, for example, in intelligent and sophisticated debate about the differences between functionalism and constructivism — which is something that I for one have never been able to manage — is not what the practical conduct of international relations is all about.
It also means a lot more than being able to read in meetings from the right prompt cards and ability to see patterns and shapes in that data flow, and to be able to see opportunities as they arise. The Secretary-General doesn’t necessarily have to generate good ideas, but it is critical that he or she be able to recognize them. And one has to know enough about people and their foibles to have a chance of making the right personnel choices.
2.3.2 Information
It’s no use being able to process information if you don’t have it. The Secretary-General, like anyone else in high office, is bombarded daily with a barrage of what passes for information: press reports, advisers reports and briefs, panel reports, governments’ blandishments, lobbyists’ appeals. But it is not always the information he or she most needs, and for all the quality of the people in the Departments of Political Affairs (DPA) and Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO) and elsewhere within the present Secretariat, the Secretary-General is notoriously under-resourced in-house for the kind of really detailed analysis of situations and possible strategies that is a crucial element in effective conflict prevention and resolution. Although there has been some catch-up, and there may be some more with the creation of the Peacebuilding Support Unit, we are all familiar with the sad history of the Brahimi Panel’s recommendation for the creation of an Information and Strategic Analysis Secretariat (EISAS).
An effective Secretary-General has to escape from time to time from the comfortable insulation of the United Nations and reach out for the kind of information he or she really needs. To combine my point with some shameless self-advertisement: a Secretary-General who shall remain nameless told me once that one of the things he liked about International Crisis Group reports is that he knew he was hearing in them, among other things, the real voices of his own people on the ground, giving the unvarnished reality about troubled situations, and the performance of the United Nations and others in responding to them — not the very often bowdlerized, gutted, and filleted version of that reality that makes its way up the system after everything that might cause offence to host governments, member states, and officials higher up the organizational food chain have been edited out.
2.3.3 Thinking Time
Having information, and the practical intelligence to process it, are not much help if a Secretary-General never has time to properly think the issues through. This is an occupational problem for everyone in high office, but it is particularly acute for someone who has 191 heads of state and foreign ministers, just for a start, who feel they have an absolute right to waste his or her time whenever they feel like it.
One solution, much easier to say than apply — given the number of people who want to kiss the secular-papal ring for extended periods at any given time — is to limit appointments to a few hours a day and relentlessly apply the 15 minute rule to all of them. In my own long experience of these meetings there is never much more than one or two substantive things that need to be said on either side, and the rest is padding and politesse. No doubt a good deal of time could also be saved in not spending hours listening to set piece speeches, in the Security Council and elsewhere, that could much more quickly be read if they are worth absorbing at all.
2.3.4 Friends
The role of groups of ‘friends’ in cutting through some of the institutional constraints that stand in the way of effective conflict prevention and management, and post-conflict peacebuilding..
The point about friends has a more immediate and personal application. Harry S. Truman, US President at the time of the establishment of the United Nations, famously said that “If you want a friend in Washington, get a dog.†The Secretary-General is in the politics business whether he likes it or not. And in international politics, perhaps even more than in the domestic variety, friendship with the key political players is a pretty transient issue-by-issue business — at least if you’re doing your job properly and calling every issue on its merits.
But anyone in high office does need people around, in his or her private office and wider professional and personal environment, who can give not only efficient technical and professional support, but a significant degree of emotional support: the essential loneliness of these offices is not just a cliché. Non-oleaginous expressions of encouragement when you have performed well or done the right thing are important to even the most apparently nerveless characters; and even more so are the words of quiet consolation when, as tends to happen more often, you have screwed something up.
The trick is to have people around you in your immediate personal sphere, and your private office in particular, who can play that supportive role without at the same time insulating you from reality: blind loyalty can be a terrible liability. The most useful staffer I ever had as a Minister — and she stayed until just about the end of my term to tell the tale — was the assistant who took it upon herself to whisper in my ear on those numerous occasions when I was about to do something, let us say, over-adventurous: “Remember Caesar that thou art mortalâ€. Every Secretary-General should have one.
 
2.3.5 Moral Courage
Where personal support becomes most important is when one goes right out on a limb, saying or doing what is absolutely the right thing, because it’s the right thing, but knowing that you will generate a firestorm in the process. The really first-rate Secretaries-General are those who have been prepared to put themselves and their reputations absolutely on the line in this respect: moral authority doesn’t come from preaching bland nostrums that will offend no one, but from taking real risks.
The most recent Secretary-General, Kofi Annan, gave some outstanding examples of just this kind of moral courage. I’m thinking in particular of his General Assembly speech in 1999 challenging not only the whole international community to confront the challenge of genocide, atrocity crimes, and humanitarian intervention, but the developing countries in particular to recognize that their sovereignty was not absolute in this respect; and then later-on, to spread the outrage even-handedly, his clear-eyed statement (albeit first uttered somewhat accidentally) that the US invasion of Iraq in 2003 was illegal as a matter of international law, and his determination to open up the issue of Security Council permanent membership, knowing the chances of change were slight, and that this was absolutely no way to win the affection of any member of the permanent members.
That’s moral courage on the high-ground issues, but there is plenty of scope for courage on more common peace and security issues. Despite Thomas Franck’s encouragement in his chapter, there may not be all that much hope for a Secretary-General saying an outright “no†when member states seem determined to follow some unpalatable or undeliverable course, but there is certainly scope for push-back, rather than timid reflex acquiescence; the best Secretaries-General have always been willing and able to do that.
 
 
3.1 Summary
The United Nations (UN) is an international organization formed in 1945 to increase political and economic cooperation among member countries. The organization works on economic and social development programs, improving human rights and reducing global conflicts. The United Nations is composed of the General Assembly (for legislation), a Security Council (for the promotion of peace), an Economic and Social Council (for economic development), a Secretariat (administration and information and the International Court of Justice (for judicial matters). It is also responsible for the World Health Organization (WHO), UNICEF and the World Food Programme.
There are many proper roles of the Secretary-General as top international public servant in different aspects such as administration , human resources , peacemaking , mediation and security . Secretary-General play their roles to works on economic and social development programs .They also improve human rights and reduce global conflicts in order to make the world more peaceful .
Besides that , in order to be a successive Secretary General , they need to fulfill some qualities and discipline . A successive Secretary General not only have academic intelligence but also practical intelligence . They need to know how to conduct a meeting and thus generate more ideas .They keep updated with many current issues and information . Friends are also important for a successive Secretary General . They need to make friends with people from different country in order to build good relationship with them .They need to be brave and need more courage to make a good decision .
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