The First World War left a big impression in the history of the world. The number of casualties and destruction of property that big raise awareness of the international community to establish an organization for ensuring world peace. Therefore, the League of Nations was established. However, the League of Nations failed to carry out the responsibilities entrusted to reply. The failure of the League of Nations proved when World War II broke out.
In August 1941, Winston Churchill and Franklin D. Roosevelt proclaimed the Atlantic Charter, which later became the basis for the establishment of the United Nations. January 1942, the main leaders of the US, Britain, Russia and China have signed a document known as the Declaration of the United Nations [United Nations]. US, Britain, Russia, France and China appointed as permanent members of the Security Council and the veto power given.
United Nation is an international organization which is form in California, San Francisco on 24th October 1945 right after world war II. Its membership is open for all country all over the world. Its main purpose would be exactly like the United Nation’s charter, that is to prevent the recurrence of great dispute, stressed that the main human rights, ensure respect for international law, as well as improving the living standards of people around the world. The United Nations has established solely to replace the League of Nations, which was dissolved after it failed to prevent World War II. The original UN headquarters is located in San Francisco, but the United Nations now operates in New York, which is the headquarters since 1946. The first General Assembly held in Church House, London on January 10, 1946 in London, United Kingdom participated by 51 countries. Currently, 195 countries have joined this organization. UN Charter assign six main tool, namely: General Assembly , Security Council, Economic and Social Council, Trusteeship Council, International Court of Justice (ICJ), and secretariat. However, there are also many special agency for specific purposes.
Apart from that, UN Secretariat headed by the Secretary-General, who is assisted by a team of international civil servants. The United Nations Charter requires that staff are selected from areas that are widespread throughout the world. Secretary-General himself only responsible for selecting staff.The United Nations Secretariat to provide research, information and facilities needed by United Nations bodies for their meetings. It also carries out tasks as directed by the Security Council, General Assembly, Economic and Social Council, United Nations agencies and others. The duties of the Secretary-General include helping resolve international disputes, administering peacekeeping operations, organizing international conferences, gathering information about the implementation of the decisions of the Security Council and in consultation with the government members of various measures initiated by the United Nations.
However, considering Secretary-General as top international public servant who are having number of multiple and pressing challenges faced by the United Nation today, how should he play his role? What are the required qualities and discipline in a view of the practises and achievements of the successive Secretary Generals? We will go in depth in our further discussion.
2.0 INTRODUCTION
United Nations (UN) is an international organization founded in 1945 to enhance political and economic cooperation among member countries. The organization is working on a program of economic and social development, improve human rights and reduce global conflict. The UN is made up of the General Assembly (of the law), the Security Council (for the promotion of peace), the Economic and Social Council (economic development), Secretary (administration and information and the International Court of Justice (for matters of justice). It also responsible for the World Health Organization (WHO), UNICEF and the World Food Programme. The United Nations was established following the Second World War as a way to reduce tension among nations and reduce the possibility of another large-scale conflict. Almost every state and a state representative and leader of the organization, Secretary-General, appointed by the General Assembly. Funding for the organization comes from its members, the United States accounted for the largest amount to the budget.
The latest UN headquarters building was built on the East River (East River), New York City in 1949. However, the building is not the property of the United States. It is built on land bought from John D. Rockefeller, Jr. with a donation of US $ 8.5 million, and designed by a team of international architects, including the Le Corbusier (France) famous, Oscar Niemeyer (Brazil), and representatives of many other countries. The team is led by Wallace K. Harrison, principal of Harrison & Abramovitz (NYC).
United Nation(UN) headquarters in New York was officially opened on January 9, 1951. While the main United Nations headquarters located in New York, there are major agencies located in Geneva, The Hague, Vienna, Montreal, Bonn and other places. UN headquarters address is 760, United Nations Plaza, New York, NY 10017, USA.
Since the main building of the UN has been a long time, the UN is in the process of renovating and enlarging the building. For use in the meantime, a headquarters designed by Fumihiko Maki was built between 41st Street and 42nd Street (41st and 42nd Street) in New York.
2.1 UNITED NATION MEMBER STATES
The number of member countries has often changed since the beginnings of the UN, with more countries joining, and some older ones leaving as they were broken up to form newer countries
The first General Assembly held in Church House, London on January 10, 1946 in London, United Kingdom participated by 51 countries. Currently, 195 countries have joined this organization. This list shows all the member countries up to the middle of 2006, showing the name of the country and the date on which it became a member.
Here are all the list of countries involve in United Nation:
Country or State Date of Joining the United Nations
Afghanistan 19 Nov. 1946
Albania 14 Dec. 1955
Algeria 08 Oct. 1962
Andorra 28 July 1993
Angola 01 Dec. 1976
Antigua and Barbuda 11 Nov. 1981
Argentina 24 Oct. 1945
Armenia 2 Mar. 1992
Australia 01 Nov. 1945
Austria 14 Dec. 1955
Azerbaijan 02 Mar. 1992
Bahamas 18 Sep. 1973
Bahrain 21 Sep. 1971
Bangladesh 17 Sep. 1974
Barbados 09 Dec. 1966
Belarus (formerly Byelorussia) 24 Oct. 1945
Belgium 27 Dec. 1945
Belize 25 Sep. 1981
Benin 20 Sep. 1960
Bhutan 21 Sep. 1971
Bolivia 14 Nov. 1945
Bosnia and Herzegovina (note 1) 22 May 1992
Botswana 17 Oct. 1966
Brazil 24 Oct. 1945
Brunei Darussalam 21 Sep. 1984
Bulgaria 14 Dec. 1955
Burkina Faso 20 Sep. 1960
Burundi 18 Sep. 1962
Cambodia 14 Dec. 1955
Cameroon 20 Sep. 1960
Canada 09 Nov. 1945
Cape Verde 16 Sep. 1975
Central African Republic 20 Sep. 1960
Chad 20 Sep. 1960
Chile 24 Oct. 1945
China 24 Oct. 1945
Colombia 05 Nov. 1945
Comoros 12 Nov. 1975
Congo (Republic of the) 20 Sep. 1960
Costa Rica 02 Nov. 1945
Cote d'Ivoire 20 Sep. 1960
Croatia (note 1) 22 May 1992
Cuba 24 Oct. 1945
Cyprus 20 Sep. 1960
Czech Republic (note 2) 19 Jan. 1993
Democratic People's Republic of Korea 17 Sep. 1991
Democratic Republic of the Congo (note 3) 20 Sep. 1960
Denmark 24 Oct. 1945
Djibouti 20 Sep. 1977
Dominica 18 Dec. 1978
Dominican Republic 24 Oct. 1945
Ecuador 21 Dec. 1945
Egypt (note 4) 24 Oct. 1945
El Salvador 24 Oct. 1945
Equatorial Guinea 12 Nov. 1968
Eritrea 28 May 1993
Estonia 17 Sep. 1991
Ethiopia 13 Nov. 1945
Fiji 13 Oct. 1970
Finland 14 Dec. 1955
France 24 Oct. 1945
Gabon 20 Sep. 1960
Gambia 21 Sep. 1965
Georgia 31 July 1992
Germany (note 5) 18 Sep. 1973
Ghana 08 Mar. 1957
Greece 25 Oct. 1945
Grenada 17 Sep. 1974
Guatemala 21 Nov. 1945
Guinea 12 Dec. 1958
Guinea-Bissau 17 Sep. 1974
Guyana 20 Sep. 1966
Haiti 24 Oct. 1945
Honduras 17 Dec. 1945
Hungary 14 Dec. 1955
Iceland 19 Nov. 1946
India 30 Oct. 1945
Indonesia (note 6) 28 Sep. 1950
Iran (Islamic Republic of) 24 Oct. 1945
Iraq 21 Dec. 1945
Ireland 14 Dec. 1955
Israel 11 May 1949
Italy 14 Dec. 1955
Jamaica 18 Sep. 1962
Japan 18 Dec. 1956
Jordan 14 Dec. 1955
Kazakhstan 02 Mar. 1992
Kenya 16 Dec. 1963
Kiribati 14 Sept. 199
Kuwait 14 May 1963
Kyrgyzstan 02 Mar. 1992
Lao People's Democratic Republic 14 Dec. 1955
Latvia 17 Sep. 1991
Lebanon 24 Oct. 1945
Lesotho 17 Oct. 1966
Liberia 02 Nov. 1945
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya 14 Dec. 1955
Liechtenstein 18 Sep. 1990
Lithuania 17 Sep. 1991
Luxembourg 24 Oct. 1945
Madagascar 20 Sep. 1960
Malawi 01 Dec. 1964
Malaysia (note 7) 17 Sep. 1957
Maldives 21 Sep. 1965
Mali 28 Sep. 1960
Malta 01 Dec. 1964
Marshall Islands 17 Sep. 1991
Mauritania 27 Oct. 1961
Mauritius 24 Apr. 1968
Mexico 07 Nov. 1945
Micronesia (Federated States of) 17 Sep. 1991
Monaco 28 May 1993
Mongolia 27 Oct. 1961
Montenegro (note 8) 28 June 2006
Morocco 12 Nov. 1956
Mozambique 16 Sep. 1975
Myanmar 19 Apr. 1948
Namibia 23 Apr. 1990
Nauru 14 Sept. 1999
Nepal 14 Dec. 1955
Netherlands 10 Dec. 1945
New Zealand 24 Oct. 1945
Nicaragua 24 Oct. 1945
Niger 20 Sep. 1960
Nigeria 07 Oct. 1960
Norway 27 Nov. 1945
Oman 07 Oct. 1971
Pakistan 30 Sep. 1947
Palau 15 Dec. 1994
Panama 13 Nov. 1945
Papua New Guinea 10 Oct. 1975
Paraguay 24 Oct. 1945
Peru 31 Oct. 1945
Philippines 24 Oct. 1945
Poland 24 Oct. 1945
Portugal 14 Dec. 1955
Qatar 21 Sep. 1971
Republic of Korea 17 Sep. 1991
Republic of Moldova 02 Mar. 1992
Romania 14 Dec. 1955
Russian Federation (note 9) 24 Oct. 1945
Rwanda 18 Sep. 1962
Saint Kitts and Nevis 23 Sep. 1983
Saint Lucia 18 Sep. 1979
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 16 Sep. 1980
Samoa 15 Dec. 1976
San Marino 02 Mar. 1992
Sao Tome and Principe 16 Sep. 1975
Saudi Arabia 24 Oct. 1945
Senegal 28 Sep. 1960
Serbia (note 10) 01 Nov. 2000
Seychelles 21 Sep. 1976
Sierra Leone 27 Sep. 1961
Singapore 21 Sep. 1965
Slovakia (note 11) 19 Jan. 1993
Slovenia (note 12) 22 May 1992
Solomon Islands 19 Sep. 1978
Somalia 20 Sep. 1960
South Africa 07 Nov. 1945
Spain 14 Dec. 1955
Sri Lanka 14 Dec. 1955
Sudan 12 Nov. 1956
Suriname 04 Dec. 1975
Swaziland 24 Sep. 1968
Sweden 19 Nov. 1946
Switzerland 10 Sep. 2002
Syrian Arab Republic (note 13) 24 Oct. 1945
Tajikistan 02 Mar. 1992
Thailand 16 Dec. 1946
Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (note 14) 08 Apr. 1993
Timor-Leste 27 Sep. 2002
Togo 20 Sep. 1960
Tonga 14 Sep. 1999
Trinidad and Tobago 18 Sep. 1962
Tunisia 12 Nov. 1956
Turkey 24 Oct. 1945
Turkmenistan 02 Mar. 1992
Tuvalu 05 Sept. 2000
Uganda 25 Oct. 1962
Ukraine 24 Oct. 1945
United Arab Emirates 09 Dec. 1971
United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland 24 Oct. 1945
United Republic of Tanzania (note 15) 14 Dec. 1961
United States of America 24 Oct. 1945
Uruguay 18 Dec. 1945
Uzbekistan 02 Mar. 1992
Vanuatu 15 Sep. 1981
Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) 15 Nov. 1945
Viet Nam 20 Sep. 1977
Yemen (note 16) 30 Sep. 1947
Zambia 01 Dec. 1964
Zimbabwe 25 Aug. 1980
Source: UN Press Release ORG/1360/Rev.1 (10 February 2004)
Graphic 1: Number of UN Member States
2.2 CHALLLENGES FACED BY UNITED NATION
UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon has highlighted three key challenges facing United Nations peacekeeping.
In a speech at the China Peacekeeping Training Centre in Beijing on Wednesday, the Secretary-General said that the first challenge we face is to support the complex political process and protect civilians in high-risk environments characterized by asymmetric threats. He said although the asymmetric threats are not new to the United Nations, they are more intense.
He explained that although the UN mission we do not have a mandate to combat terrorism, the use of suicide bombings, improvised explosive devices and other tactics of irregular warfare threatens the security.
The second major challenge, the Secretary-General highlighted, anxiety ensure peacekeepers are trained and equipped to deal with new threats and to operate in an increasingly difficult.
"We need skills and specific variables, such as engineering units, field hospitals and I am very grateful for the support China in this field is important – .. Especially pledge our operations in China for the latest Mali We also need to improve the ability of peacekeeping forces us to react quickly. They will be able to collect and analyze the right information. "(28")
For the first time, he said, "we're using, unmanned aerial systems are not armed in the Democratic Republic of the Congo so that the peacekeeping force will have real-time, updated information on the situation in remote areas where fighters can threaten civilians."
And the third challenge to keep the peace is to maintain the unity and commitment of constituencies. He said, "demand that peacekeepers were sustained political and material support from the Security Council … of countries that contribute troops and police … and the people who donate to our operations."
China to provide more peacekeepers United Nations of all the other four permanent members combined. Secretary-General said he was very grateful for the support China in this important field, especially the recent Beijing oath to our operations in Mali.
3.0 DISCUSSION AND FINDINGS
The world we live in today is one of promise and danger. This promise lies in the spread of freedom and democracy, free markets and trade, and the march of technology and modern medicine
For the United Nations to contribute to this promise, as we want it, it also has to grapple with danger.
3.1 PROPER ROLE OF SECRETARY GENERAL
Equal parts diplomat and advocate, civil servant and CEO, the Secretary-General is a symbol of the ideals of the United Nations and the spokesman for the interests of the peoples of the world, especially the poor and vulnerable among them. During the Secretary-General, and the eighth occupant of the post, Mr Ban Ki-moon of the Republic of Korea, who took office on January 1, 2007.
The Charter describes the Secretary-General as "chief administrative officer" of the Organization, who shall act in that capacity and perform "such other functions as are entrusted" to him by the Security Council, General Assembly, Economic and Social Council and other United Nations organs -organ. The Charter also empowers the Secretary-General to "bring to the attention of the Security Council any matter which in his opinion may threaten the maintenance of international peace and security". These guidelines both define the powers of that office and give it scope for action. Secretary-General would fail if he did not consider carefully the concerns of member countries, but he must also uphold the values and moral authority of the United Nations, and speak and act for peace, even at the risk, from time to time , challenged or disagreed with the member countries of the same.
That creative tension accompanies the Secretary-General through the daily work includes attending the bodies of the United Nations; talks with world leaders, government officials, and others; and traveling around the world is to keep him in touch with the member countries of the Organization and informed about various issues of international interest in the agenda of the Organization. Each year, the Secretary of State issued a report on the work of United Nations to assess the activities and outlines future priorities. The Secretary General also Chairman of the Board Chief Executive System United Nations for Coordination (CEB), which brings together CEOs of all UN funds, programs and specialized agencies twice a year for coordination and cooperation in the entire range of cross-cutting substantive and management issues facing the United Nations system.
One of the most important roles played by the Secretary-General is the use of "merit" of his – steps taken publicly and in private, drawing upon his independence, impartiality and integrity, to prevent international disputes from arising, the increase or spread.
Each Secretary-General also defines the roles and adjust to meet the challenges and opportunities in a specific time in office.
3.2 QUALITIES AND DISCIPLINE OF SECRETARY GENERALS.
The issues most pressing for the world community, whether trafficking in human or civil war, will continue to play a role. Emphasizes the link between climate change and conflict have priority Ban since he took office. Ban stressed that the Darfur conflict began as an ecological crisis in order to encourage countries to combat global warming in the interest of safety. Like Annan, Ban has also been made in the management structure of the United Nations reform priorities.
"Just about everything we do depends on the good management of limited resources entrusted to us," he said in a speech to the General Assembly in April 2008. The transmission, the Millennium Development Goals Annan, and human rights as well included in the agenda of the Secretary-General, although he left the execution of these programs so agencies such as the UN Development program and the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights. Each of the Secretary-General to interpret different roles, however. Discuss the future of the organization, former CFR Senior Fellow Lee Feinstein put it as follows: ". A secretary is like a Supreme Court judge – you never know what you will get".
Graphic 2 : 17 Goals to Transform Our World
To succeed, the Secretary-General clearly must be strong and diplomatic. But with so many restrictions, post-holder can expect to make any difference?
"This is not a position of power, this is not a man who can lay down the law," said Sir Marrack.
"But he did not have a great influence, and he has a 'bully pulpit" He can tell the world that they really have to get to grips with what may – .. Aids, environmental Kofi Annan in particular has made a lot of influence.
"I think we should not underestimate the importance of the role. If you put into it someone who can not communicate properly, you will be missing a lot of tricks."
As members prepare to choose the eighth secretary-general, James Rubin said it was time for people around the world to reduce their expectations.
"If the major countries in the world are not ready to do something, the UN will not be able to do it either," he said."If people understand that, they will be less disappointed by the chief diplomat United Nations." But the fact that so many expectations continue to be invested – a challenge for anyone stamina, diplomatic skills, and courage.
4.0 CONCLUSION
First and foremost, it is such a pleasant I am able to prepare this assignment. From here, I can conclude that I have learn a lot throughout my findings and discussion. After a lot of research, I have found what United Nations is all about and how it helps worldwide. As we can see, altogether United Nations consist of 6 UN Charter assign six main tool, namely: General Assembly , Security Council, Economic and Social Council, Trusteeship Council, International Court of Justice (ICJ), and secretariat. However, there are also many special agency for specific purposes. This really show how well organize they are. Apart from that, one of the major advantages a country gets from being part of the United Nations organization. In the event that the country is plagued with a major disaster such as a major earthquake, tsunami or flood, the UN would not hesitate for a moment sending help to the country. A nation that is a member of the United Nations will get benefit from the United Nation’s special agencies, the World Bank Group and International Monetary Fund (IMF). For example, a country that is part of the United Nations can have access to loans from the World Bank that can help boost the country’s economy while others country except the members can not. The IMF also gives UN member nations emergency loans. This is mostly given to indebted countries. Besides that, UN really take good care of human right of the membership country too. Why do I say so? This because one of the most basic rules and principles of the UN is that all member countries must respect the fundamental human rights of all. This in result will lead to greater strength of human rights in those country. Hence I think that many benefits that a country can derives from being a member of the UN.