ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We are using this opportunity to express our gratitude to everyone who supported us throughout the course of this Operating system final project. We are thankful for their aspiring guidance, invaluably constructive criticism and friendly advice during the project work. We are sincerely grateful to them for sharing their truthful and illuminating views on a number of issues related to the project.
We would like to express our warm thanks to Dr. Kamaruddin Malik bin Mohammad for his guidance and knowledge.
We would like to thank to our members for giving a good cooperation along this algorithm and complexity final project making.
Abstract
iOS is Apple’s mobile operating system developed originally for the iPhone, and later deployed on the iPod Touch and iPad as well. It is derived from Mac OS X, with which it shares the Darwin foundation, and is therefore a Unix-like operating system, by nature. In iOS, there are four abstraction layers: the Core OS layer, the Core Services layer, the Media layer, and the Cocoa Touch layer. The operating system uses roughly 500 megabytes of the device’s storage. Apple does not permit the OS to run on third-party hardware.
As of June7, 2010, Apple’s App Store contained more than 225,000 iOS applications, which had collectively been downloaded more than five billion times. The user interface of iOS is based on the concept of direct manipulation, using multi-touch gestures. Interface control elements consist of sliders, switches, and buttons. The response to user input is immediate and provides a fluid interface. Interaction with the OS includes gestures such as swiping, tapping, pinching, and reverse pinching.
Chapter 1
Introduction
iOS is the operating system at the heart of iPhone, iPod touch, and iPad devices. The iOS platform was built using the knowledge that went into the creation of Mac OS X, and many of the tools and technologies used for development on the platform have their roots in Mac OS X as well. Despite its similarities to Mac OS X, iOS does not require experience developing Mac OS X applications. The iOS Software Development Kit (SDK) provides everything you need to get started creating iOS applications.
The iPhone SDK contains the code, information, and tools you need to develop, test, run, debug, and tune applications for iOS. The Xcode tools provide the basic editing, compilation, and debugging environment for your code. Xcode also provides the launching point for testing your applications on an iOS device, and in iPhone Simulator platform that mimics the basic iOS environment but runs on your local Macintosh computer. iOS comprises the operating system and technologies that you use to run applications natively on devices, such as iPad, iPhone, and iPod touch.
Although it shares a common heritage and many underlying technologies with Mac OS X, iOS was designed to meet the needs of a mobile environment, where users needs are slightly different. If you have previously developed applications for Mac OS X, you will find many familiar technologies, but you’ll also find technologies that are available only on iOS, such as the Multi-Touch interface and accelerometer support.
Chapter 2
ABOUT iOS
iOS is was developed by Apple Inc. in June 2007 for iPhone so it is also called iPhoneOS.It is programmed in C,C++ and Objective C and derived from the Mac OS X. The Mac OS X is series of Operating System developed by Apple Inc. and it supports Graphical user Interfaces (GUI) and therefore a Unix like OS. The kernel type is Hybrid kernel architecture and hybrid kernel architecture is combination of microkernel and monolithic kernel. iOS is currently supported by 34 languages worldwide. The default user interface of iOS is Cocoa Touch (Multi-touch, GUI).Initially; third-party applications were not supported. Steve Jobs argued that developers could build web applications that”would behave like native apps on the iPhone”. On October 17, 2007, Apple announced that a native SDK was under development and that they planned to put it”in developers’ hands in February”. On March 6, 2008, Apple released the first beta, along with a new name for the operating system: iPhone OS.
In the early years, the apple Smartphone was actually well behind the competition when it came to a strict feature-by-feature comparison. Windows Mobile, Palm OS, Symbian, and even BlackBerry were all established systems in 2007, with a wide and deep array of features. Comparatively, the iPhone didn't support 3G, it didn't support multitasking, it didn't support 3rd party apps, you couldn't copy or paste text, you couldn't attach arbitrary files to emails, it didn't support MMS, it didn't support Exchange push email, it didn't have a customizable home screen, it didn't support tethering, it hid the file system from users, it didn't support editing Office documents, it didn't support voice dialling, and it was almost entirely locked down to hackers and developers.
Chapter 3
THE iOS ARCHITECTURE
The iOS architecture is similar to the basic architecture found in Mac OS X. At the highest level, iOS acts as an intermediary between the underlying hardware and the applications that appear on the screen. The applications you create rarely talk to the underlying hardware directly. Instead, applications of the iOS Architecture communicate with the hardware through a set of well defined system interfaces that protect your application from hardware changes. This abstraction makes it easy to write applications that work consistently on devices with different hardware capabilities. The iOS Architecture consists of four main layers namely:
• The core Operating system
• The core services layer
• The media layer
• The Cocoa Touch layer
THE CORE OPERATING SYSTEM:
This layer contains the low-level features that most other technologies are built upon. Even if you do not use these technologies directly in your applications, they are most likely being used by other frameworks.
THE CORE SERVICE LAYER:
The Core Services layer contains the fundamental system services that all applications use. Even if you do not use these services directly, many parts of the system are built on top of them. The following sections describe some of the key technologies available in the Core Services layer.
THE MEDIA LAYER:
The Media layer contains the graphics, audio, and video technologies geared toward creating the best multimedia experience available on a mobile device.
THE COCOA TOUCH LAYER:
The Cocoa Touch layer contains the key frameworks for building iOS applications. This layer defines the basic application infrastructure and support for key technologies such as multitasking, touch-based input push notifications, and many high-level system services. High level features such as storyboards, Document support, Multitasking, Printing, Data Protection.
Chapter 4
iOS DEVELOPMENT
Mac OS X applications cannot be copied to and run on an iOS device. The applications must be written and compiled specifically for iOS and the ARM architecture. The Safari web browser supports web applications as with other web browsers. Authorized third-party native applications are available for devices running iOS 2.0 and later through Apple’s App Store. IOS is the operating system that runs on iPhone, iPod touch, and iPad devices.
This operating system manages the device hardware and provides the technologies required to implement native applications. The operating system also ships with various system applications, such as Phone, Mail, and Safari that provide standard system services to the user.
SOFWARE DEVELOPMENT KIT (SDK):
The iOS SDK contains the tools and interfaces needed to develop, install, run, and test native applications. Native applications are built using the iOS system frameworks and Objective-C language and run directly on iOS. Unlike web applications, native applications are installed physically on a device and are therefore always available to the user, even when the device is in Airplane mode. They reside next to other system applications and both the application and any user data is synced to the user’s computer through iTunes.
On October 17, 2007, in an open letter posted to Apple’s ”Hot News” weblog, Steve Jobs announced that a software development kit (SDK) would be made available to third-party developers in February 2008. The SDK was released on March 6, 2008, and allows developers to make applications for the iPhone and iPod Touch, as well as test 9
Apple iOS Chapter 4them in an ”iPhone simulator”. However, loading an application onto the devices is only possible after paying an iPhone Developer Program fee. Since the release of Xcode 3.1,Xcode is the development environment for the iPhone SDK. iPhone applications, like iOS and Mac OS X, are written in Objective-C.
XCODE:
The focus of your development experiences is the Xcode application. Xcode is an integrated development environment (IDE) that provides all of the tools you need to create and manage your iOS projects and source files, assemble your user interface, build your code into an executable, and run and debug your code either in iOS Simulator or on a device. Xcode incorporates a number of features to make developing iOS applications easier,
INTRUMENTS:
To ensure that you deliver the best user experience for your software, the Instruments environment lets you analyze the performance of your iOS applications while running in Simulator or on a device. An instrument gathers data from your running application and presents that data in a graphical display called the timeline view.
We can gather data about your applications memory usage, disk activity, network activity, and graphics performance. The timeline view can display all the types of information side by side, letting you correlate the overall behaviour of your application, not just the behaviour in one specific area. For example, the Instruments window lets you store data from multiple runs so that you can see whether your applications behaviour is actually improving or whether it still needs work.
You can save the data from these runs in an Instruments document and open them at any time. In addition to providing the timeline view, Instruments provides tools to help you analyze your applications behaviour over time.
Chapter 5
iOS VERSION
iOS 1:
The first version of iOS is the iOS 1 which is revealed alongside the original iphone in January 2007. The first Apple Smartphone operating system was not given a specific name until the following March, with the launch of the first Software Development Kit beta., when it became known as iPhone OS. Three months after releasing the original iPhone, Apple released its first major software update for the device, which is iOS 1.1.1. It was notable for a few reasons. First, it established a pattern of releasing major new versions of iOS concurrently with new devices — in this case, the original iPod Touch. It also established that Apple would be continuously updating iOS with new versions and new features and that those software updates would be offered across as much of its iOS product line as possible.
IOS 2:
The next step for the iOS version is the update of the iOS 2 along with the iphone 3g. This iOS 2 version leads to the introduction of the App Store. 3rd party apps for smartphones were the furthest thing from new, but Apple managed to make them feel that way with its system for developing, browsing, and installing them. Unfortunately, iOS 2.0 was not the most stable of releases. Many users experienced shorter battery life, app crashes, and dropped calls. All happening in the midst of a 2.0.1 and 2.0.2 release that had come in fairly short order. The 2.1 release in September of 2008 helped to mitigate those issues. It fixed a raft of bugs across the board on the OS and also added faster sync with iTunes. IOS 2.2 came in November of that year. In terms of features, Maps saw the biggest updates, with Google Street View, walking directions, and public transit directions added in.
iOS 3:
The iOS 3 was released next with the iPhone 3GS in June of 2009 and like the 3GS, it didn't necessarily have any single headline feature. Instead, Apple filled in all sorts of gaps in iOS with a massive list of functionality and app updates touching every corner of the operating system. With the third incarnation for the new 3GS handset, the cut, copy and paste function finally became commonplace, alongside the long-awaited push notifications for third party apps. Video recording, MMS (multimedia messaging service) and voice control were also added, and users were given the chance to purchase films, TV shows and audio books through iTunes. Spotlight search enabled more comprehensive search through email, contacts, calendar, notes and within music, and the new voice memo function facilitated the recording and storing of audio notes. Purchasing within apps was also introduced, but only within paid-for apps. The 3.2 version contained a raft of improvements designed for use with the newly released iPad. While not supporting general multitasking, it was made to accommodate the differing resolution of a larger screen than the iPhone, as well as revamping apps specifically for the new platform.
iOS 4:
Released in June of 2010, iOS 4 was mainly about one thing: adding features for power users. Multitasking, app folders, Wi-Fi tethering, spell-check, customized Spotlight searching (including web and Wikipedia), unified inbox, and support for multiple Exchange accounts all added up to an update that helped keep iOS competitive with Android, which was beginning to finally make inroads. The headline improvement was, of course, multitasking. However, iOS 4 did not technically support "true" multitasking in that it didn't allow any app to simply run in the background. Instead, iOS 4 offered developers several different multitasking services that they could run in the background. Unfortunately for Apple, iOS 4 was also embroiled in the Antenna gate scandal just as much as the iPhone 4 was. In this version of iOS (as well as earlier versions), Apple claimed the phone didn't properly display signal strength information.
iOS 5:
In the year 2011, Apple introduced the iOS 5 along with the launch of the iPhone 4s. The main new feature was Siri, Apple's voice-activated virtual assistant that had previously been downloadable from the App Store as a third party app. Now integrated into the OS, Siri now communicated with other apps to make calls, check emails and transcribe text. Containing more than 200 new features, iOS 5 heralded the arrival of iOS user messaging system iMessage, Twitter integration across a range of apps and online storage facility iCloud, replacing previous system MobileMe.
iOS 6:
The next version of iOS is the iOS 6 which has been introduced on June 11th, 2012. Tim Cook took to the stage at Apple's 2012 Worldwide Developers' Conference shocked fans by announcing that Google Maps would not feature in latest incarnation iOS 6, and would be replaced by the company's own inbuilt Maps app. Siri also received a makeover, featuring restaurant recommendations, the ability to dictate tweets or Facebook statuses and film reviews. A year after Twitter integration into Apple's native apps, Facebook was added to the fold, and Apple launched its answer to Google Wallet, Passbook, will collated tickets, boarding passes and coupons within the single app.
iOS 7:
On the year 2013, the iOS 7 was announced. iOS 7 is the first iteration to arrive with a pair of phones in tow: the iPhone 5s and 5c. In addition to shipping iOS 7 with the new handsets, Apple is updating all its devices from the iPhone 4 and iPad 2 onwards to the new OS on September 18th. iPod touch support is limited to the latest, fifth-generation model. The single-swipe control centre feature allowed users to quickly access key settings such as Wi-Fi, Airplane mode, Bluetooth and the newly-introduced torch without having to delve into the Settings menu. Siri was upgraded to both male and female voices, and redesigned to understand French and German. Other changes included a new camera interface with a square photo mode, full multitasking for all apps and new wallpapers. While iOS 7 brought about the biggest visual change to the platform since its inception,
iOS 8:
iOS 8 is a refinement of the design iOS 7 established. IOS 8 is announced on the year 2014 at the WWDC conference. iOS 8 features frameworks Health Kit and Home Kit, integrating apps to track health data and the standardisation of controlling internet-enabled home appliances. It shipped on the iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus following their launch in September last year, and a beta version of iOS 8.4 is currently available to download. Other features include being able to send audio and video messages by holding down a record button while inside the Messages app, new predictive typing feature Quick Type and the new and improved file hosting service iCloud Drive.
iOS 9:
The latest version of iOS available right now is the iOS 9. iOS 9 is Apple's newest operating system for iOS devices like the iPhone and the iPad, released to the public on September 16, 2015. iOS 9 builds on the content introduced with iOS 7 and iOS 8, bringing subtle design changes, refined features, improved functionality, and performance enhancements. IOS 9's biggest focus is on intelligence and proactively. With it, a whole host of new features. Better battery life thanks to the new Low Power Mode, Siri's new role as a deep-search assistant and a new keyboard and font are among the new updates, while older apps including Maps, Notes and Passbook have been given makeovers. Slide Over, Split View, and Picture in Picture are the three major new multitasking features for iPad, enabling you to use or watch multiple apps at the same time.
Chapter 6
Conclusion
The objective of the report was to study and enhance our knowledge about Apple iOS mobile operating system. We have learnt about the new features of the latest iOS operating system, what’s new in it, how is it different from previous versions of iOS, what the technicality behind the iOS is and some more information about it. So we have learnt about the layers of iOS technology. core os, core services, media and cocoa touch. We have studied about some aspects of the iOS that will help using developing the applications for iPhone, via this report. Hence we are now acquainted with iOS operating system for iPhone. We now know its features and technicality. Despite the fact that all the information regarding iOS cannot be bound in this report, I have tried to cover almost all points that made our study of iOS worthy. We have learnt many things about the iOS, which we can implement on our own with just a little effort. Hence our objective has been achieved through this report.