NULL SUBCARRIER BASED BLIND FREQUENCY SYNCHRONIZATION METHOD USING REMODULATION TECHNIQUE FOR OFDM SYSTEM
Kavya Vinod, Suma Sekhar Sakuntala S. Pillai, Senior Member- IEEE Department of Electronics and Communication Department of Electronics and Communication
LBS Institute of Technology for Women, Mar Baselios College of Engineering & Technology Thiruvananthapuram, India Thiruvananthapuram, India
kavyavinod91@gmail.com, sakuntala.pillai@gmail.com.
sumasekharlbss@gmail.com
Abstract— In this paper, a blind carrier frequency offset estimation technique for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is proposed. For broadband wireless communication systems, this OFDM technique has been selected. OFDM provides large data rate with acceptable robustness to radio channel impairments. The estimation method is based on remodulated received vectors. A cost function is designed which is used to estimate CFO. It can be seen that the proposed estimator can achieve better estimation performance when compared with existing competitors.
Keywords—OFDM,QPSK,CFO,AWGN,ICI,CP
I. INTRODUCTION
The rapid growth in information network lead to the need for new communication technique. Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing is an attractive modulation technique for high speed wireless data transmission due to its high spectral efficiency and robustness against frequency-selective channel. This OFDM technique is more powerful and is computationally efficient due to the use of FFT technique. In OFDM, a large number of orthogonal overlying narrow band subcarriers transmitted in parallel split the available transmission bandwidth. The main advantages of OFDM includes immunity to delay spread, efficient bandwidth usage, resistance to frequency selective fading. The majore demerits are large peak to average power ratio and synchronization issues.It is the modulation technique used in many broadband communication schemes including digital television, digital audio broadcasting, ADSL, and wireless LANs. It allows reliable and efficient transmission of digital data over a radio channe [8][11].
OFDM system are sensitive to synchronization errors such as carrier frequency offset. CFO destroys the orthogonality between subcarriers and generates inter-carrier interference.One of the non-idealities in receiver design is CFO. CFO is caused by Doppler shifts or imbalance in oscillators. When CFO occurs, there will be frequency shift in the received signal.
CFO can be broadly divided into two: Integer part(IFO) and Fractional part(FFO). Basically for getting better performance, the CFO should be estimated and corrected. Many methods for CFO estimation have been proposed. These methods can be divided into two categories: Data aided method and non-data aided method.. This paper focuses on blind CFO estimation [2].
CFO causes the received signal to be shifted in frequency. This shift is illustrated below:
Fig 1.Frequency Offset
There will be a difference between the receiver generated carrier frequency with the one that is generated in the transmitter.. This difference is known as frequency offset.
δF = f-f’ (1)
where f is the carrier frequency in the transmitter and f’ is the carrier frequency in the receiver
The different sources of frequency offset include Doppler shift, frequency shift in transmitter and receiver oscillator, radio propagation and the tolerance of electronic elements in local oscillator in transmitter and the receiver[2]. Doppler shift is mainly due to the relative motion of transmitter and receiver. As the receiver moves with some velocity relative to the transmitter, there will be changes in the phase shifts of the receiver signal. The Doppler effect defines the Doppler frequency as
Fd = v.f/c (2)
Where v is the velocity of the moving receiver, c is the speed of light and f is the carrier frequency of transmitter.
Then the normalized CFO is
Ɛ = δF/Δf (3)
where Δf is subcarrier spacing
Fig 2. System model
This normalized CFO has two parts : an integer and a fractional part. Therefore
Ɛ = Ɛi+ Ɛf (4)
II. CFO ESTIMATION ALGORITHMS
CFO estimation and compensation algorithms have been proposed because CFO can produce Inter Carrier Interference which can be much worse than the effect of noise. The CFO estimation algorithms can be broadly classified into two:
1.Training based algorithm
2.Blind algorithm
In training based algorithms training symbols such as pilot tones or preambles are used .This algorithm have low computational complexity. The main demerit of this method is the reduction in data throughput. This method is also called as data aided method [12].
The non-data aided method or blind method uses the statistical properties of the received signal to estimate CFO. When compared with data aided method, blind method have no need of training sequence. So this method has high bandwidth efficiency.
Most of the existing estimators are based on pilot tones, which take place at the expense of bandwidth efficiency [1],[4]. These pilot tone methods are suited for packet oriented applications. Constant modulus constellation allows accurate CFO estimation [5]. A kurtosis type criterion based approach was proposed in [10]. In [9], diagonality based blind estimation was proposed.
In this paper, we propose a new blind CFO estimation method based on remodulation of received signal. This method works for OFDM system with or without virtual subcarriers. When compared with existing method this method has better result
with low complexity.
III. SYSTEM MODEL
Consider an OFDM system model as shown in fig 2. Consider an OFDM system with N subcarriers in total. From this N subcarriers V subcarriers are deactivated and allocated to the spectrum to avoid intercarrier interference. Let L be the length of the cyclic prefix (CP). The relationship between data before and after modulation is given by,
where k=0,1,…N-1 and m is the data block.
Then cyclic prefix is added to the above signal and transmitted through the channel. At the receiver, the received signal is converted to parallel form.
Then, the received signal after removing cyclic prefix is given by,
where φ is the offset and w is the noise term.
The resulting signal is remodulated and offset is estimated.
In this paper, we will show how to estimate CFO from received signal in blind form. For blind estimation, there is no need of channel information.
IV. PROPOSED METHOD FOR CFO ESTIMATION
The remodulated signal can be used for blind CFO estimation.
Let the received signal be r’. Let us consider the remodulated vector:
That is remodulated vector is (N+L)×1 vector formed by the last N entries of (k-1)th received signal and the first L entries of kth received signal.
Now, consider the following vector:
Based on this equation, we define a cost function and is given below:
…………………………..(9)
where S1={0,1,………,L-1,N,N+1,……..,N+L-1} and K is total number of received block
Then CFO can be estimated using the equation
where φ € (-0.5,0.5]
Using coarse estimation CFO can be estimated using the equation:
where phase is defined in the region (-Π, Π ].
After finding coarse estimate of CFO, we can find fine estimate of CFO using the equation given below:
where S2 is a subset of S1
Then the actual estimate of CFO is given by the equation,
V.SIMULATION RESULTS
The OFDM parameters are chosen as follows:
PARAMETRES
VALUE
Total length of data
256
No. of simulated data
128
Modulation scheme
QPSK
Offset Randomly selected
(-0.5 0.5]
Channel Noise
AWGN
Table 1. Parameters and its values
The performance have been investigated using Matlab R 201a. Here, we assume that the channel does not varies while CFO is estimated. The modulation scheme used is QPSK..
The mean square error MSE is defined as:
The result presented shows the symbol error rate and mean square error as a function of signal to noise ratio. The symbol error vs SNR plot of the proposed estimator is shown below:
Fig.3 Symbol error rate vs SNR
The MSE plot of the proposed estimator is
Fig 4. MSE vs SNR
The figure below shows the mse plot of the moose method. When compared with the proposed method, mse curve of the proposed method decreases with increase in SNR.
Fig 5 MSE vs SNR of moose method
VI. CONCLUSION
In this paper, we propose a new blind CFO estimation method. The main advantage of this proposed method is its low complexity and has better performance. Cost function minimization leads to an accurate and computationally efficient estimation. This method can be implemented to MIMO-OFDM system. In this paper we present how to empirically evaluate the symbol error rate and mean square error of OFDM system subjected to carrier frequency offset.
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MoVI.CONCLUSION