Yr 11 Design and Technology Assessment Task 3 2016
Design Situation
Reusing materials is becoming more and more important issue in the eyes of society today. Recycling refers to the ability of a designed product to be used for purposes other than its original function or purpose. Advances in technology have devised ways to recycle materials to be useful for other products.
Design Brief
Design and produce a product system or environment that makes use of unwanted general household materials preventing these materials from becoming landfill. The solution must provide the identified material/s with a new life and all major components must have previously been used for a different purpose. The final solution should be functionally sound and exhibit quality processes and finishes. This is not a craft project. A sort-after 21st century product that explicitly demonstrates a sustainable and desirable solution to the identified wastage issue is essential.
Design Parameters
❏ This brief is to be solved by a team of at least 3 students.
❏ All major materials must have had a previous life.
❏ A minimum of three technologies must be demonstrated in the design process and solution.
❏ The design folio is completed as a group (one folio), however the final design solution can be manufactured for each group member if you wish or just one product/ systems/ environment.
❏ If you choose the latter then each member of the group is then able to have a product, system or environment that they are able to take home.
Identifying the Issue (Secondary Research)
Australia’s waste issue
Australia is one of the world’s largest producers of waste. Excluding the USA, Australia produces the most waste per person each year than any other country. Being a high first world consumerist society, Australians constantly purchase and consume unnecessary and/or luxury products as often, if not more than we purchase functional products necessary for daily life. These unsustainable patters of production and consumption result in the millions of tonnes of waste are disposed into the environment every year.
Australia’s urban areas are in a state of growth and are expanding in order to accommodate the rising amount of residents and cater for their high standard of living that they are accustomed to. A huge issue is the lack of sustainable methods for waste disposal. Waste can be solid waste, dry waste, liquid waste or gaseous waste. Often, toxic materials are used to produce these items, as their costs may be cheaper. This leads to issues when disposing products made of such materials. Urban growth means that all these waste are causing increasing problems.
Solid waste consists of household garbage and industrial by-products and these are all generally dumped into landfill (or ‘tip’). This method of disposal has been shown to cause several environmental management issues such as finding new landfill sites as this waste solution (landfills) is not sustainable, and is not effective in the long run. In Sydney specifically, new landfill sites have become an issue and the possible solutions include dumping city waste into other areas in New South Wales. Using this landfill method would increase Sydney’s large carbon and waste footprint.
Approximately 19 million tonnes of building and demolition waste produced came from Australia in 2008-2009 and of this, 8.5 million tonnes were sent to landfills whilst 10.5 million tonnes were recycled. If possible, instead of recycling only part of our waste produced, recycling all (if not the maximum amount) of this waste could create social, economic and environmental benefits. Several states; Victoria, South Australia and Western Australia are all initiating zero waste strategies. These strategies all aim for the target of waste reduction, resource recovery and reduced littering. These strategies all attempt to deliver more sustainable use of resources in Australia.
Waste reduction can be approached in three categories: reduce, reuse, recycle. Reducing consumption of resources could involve building smaller houses or only utilising materials needed. Reuse of existing building and materials reduces the demand for resources. This will lower waste volumes, meaning less will end up in landfill. Recycling resources that have been reached the end of their product life will reduce the need for new materials and also lower the volume of waste going into landfill. Recycled material could create a market for recycled resources. This will reduce the impact of the products and materials as materials with high embodied energy especially metals. Unrecyclable materials such as certain types of paper, plastic, Styrofoam and glass are disposed of in the ‘tip’, thus contributing to the size of the landfill. The environmental impact of these materials can be reduced with reuse and recycle. Steel, aluminium, gypsum plasterboard, timber, concrete, glass, carpet, bricks and tiles, plastic and more are all materials that have the potential of being recycled.
Australia’s homeless population
Over 100 000 Australians on any night are homeless. The homeless population is not only defined by the people seen sleeping on the streets, or those who live in makeshift shelters. It includes people who may be living in hotels, crisis accommodation, vehicles – anyone without a permanent home. Because of this, the issue of homelessness is often overlooked. Homelessness may be caused by financial issues (i.e. unemployment, etc.), health issues (mental and physical), drug/alcohol/gambling issues, abusive relationships, and many more. Homelessness is defined as ‘inadequate access to safe and secure housing’ by the Australian federal law. However, because of the many variables in each individual’s situation, homelessness is often hard to define.
It is considered a basic human right for every Australian to have access to safe and secure housing, and the rising costs of living and housing is making it hard for many to afford a home. Homelessness can lead to a lack of self-confidence from lack of independence (i.e. have negative effects on an individual’s mental and/or physical health), and threaten their safety and security. Being homeless means that Australians do not have access to many basic human rights and personal amenities.
Plastics – our chosen material (Secondary Research)
Why plastics?
– Plastic is generally not biodegradable and is capable of surviving in the environment for hundreds of years. Rather than degrading they break down into smaller pieces. They are also lightweight and moisture resistant which means they float in the air, water and can travel long distances.
– Australians use 1.3 million tonnes of plastic each year. 46% of waste are recycled each year, this means that over half of our waste still ends up in landfill.
– The main plastics that can be found around households in Australia include plastic bottles, soft packaging for food, packaging for larger products. Plastic is also cheap to manufacture so it’s hard to not buy food or items packaged with plastic nowadays.
– Plastics are the root of several environmental issues such as greenhouse gases due to the process of making plastic, they are made from non-renewable resources, and are also a threat to marine life as every year, more than 6 million tonnes of rubbish are dumped into the world’s oceans. 80% of this waste is plastic, with around 46,000 pieces of plastic per square mile of ocean. These include plastic bags, food packaging, and fishing nets which can be deadly to marine life.
Polyethylene
– Polyethylene is the most common type of plastic, which is often utilised in packaging and for certain water bottles. Plastic bags are also made from this material.
– It has a high chemical resistance.
– It has high wear resistance and durability, allowing it to withstand countless use.
– It is buoyant, which allows it to float in water.
– This is lightweight and resistant to staining
– The global production of polyethylene is 80 million tonnes each year.
Polystyrene
– Polystyrene can both be used to make home appliances and can be made into foam, which is often used for packaging of fragile items to prevent damage.
– The foam form of this material has high insulation properties, allowing it to be used for home appliances such as cups, food packaging and in walls of households.
– It is lightweight.
– Some polystyrenes can be combined with other polymers to increase durability and strength
– Con: Regular polystyrene is brittle and flammable
– Con: It will soften in boiling water and will turn yellow when exposed to the sunlight for a prolonged amount of time.
Bubble wrap
– Bubble wrap insulates well and is made from polyethylene
– It absorbs impact well, thus it will protect fragile items from damage
– Bubble wraps are great for wrapping glassware, picture frames, mirrors, electronics, and collectibles.
Bottle caps
–
Plastic caps are made from different types of plastics with numbers on top to say which type it is.
– The 2 main types melt at different temperatures during the recycling process and therefore requiring special processing.
– They are nearly impossible to avoid as they are used everywhere.
Life Cycle of Plastic Waste (Primary Research)
Habitania: Q&A
Habitania is a chain of home-ware and kitchenware stores – as like any other company of such would – that produce a lot of packaging waste (cardboard, bubble wrap, etc.). Through our question and answer type interview with the CEO of Habitania, we gathered insight into the amount of waste that would be produced by a medium-sized business in Australia and the life-cycle of these packaging – particularly, plastic packaging.
Q: How much waste do you estimate you produce in total?
A: All the products that come into our store are all packaged in cardboard boxes, then, around that, with Styrofoam, and finally in a layer of plastic. Sometimes there may also be a layer of bubble wrap. This is to ensure that the products are safe when transferred or delivered. This also means that we have quite a lot of plastic waste and cardboard boxes – waste produced. In order to try recycling the waste we keep the smaller boxes, plastic wrapping and bubble wraps but it is extremely difficult to find use for the larger plastic wrapping and bubble wrap. Thousands of products come into the stores every month leading to a very large amount of waste produced in total that all ends up being taken away by trucks.
Q: What is the process your company takes in regards to managing the waste – specifically plastic waste – that you produce?
A: As previously mentioned, we try to use measures such as reusing the plastic packaging, but only some specific ones such as bubble wrap and small plastic bags can be reused. We offer these packaging to customers when they purchase the product, to ensure they are able to take the products home safely. However, our other waste, such as Styrofoam would just be thrown out. This is obviously not the best way to manage our waste, as there is still a lot of packaging we cannot reuse which are then disposed of. It would great if there could be a method created to utilise – reuse our plastic waste.
Q: Are there any costs associated with this process?
A: The process we use right now has no cost as it only offers benefits for the customers as they are provided with free packaging. There is still the issue with the packaging that is unused as we currently do not have a sustainable and efficient way to dispose of it.
Cleanaway: phone call transcript and email
Cleanaway is an Australian company that provides waste management, recycling, and industrial service and solutions. Through the primary research conducted here, we are able to gather firsthand knowledge on the process plastic waste undertakes after leaving a household, a business/company (such as Habitania).
Phone call transcript
ARI: Cleanaway, this is Ari.
SU ANN: Hi, my name is Su Ann Khoo and I’m a year 11 student from North Sydney Girls. Would it be alright if I asked you a few questions about your company for my Design and Technology assignment?
ARI: Yeah, go ahead.
SU ANN: On your website, your company states that it provides packaging recycling solutions for companies.
ARI: Yes.
SU ANN: Could you tell me about the process that your company undergoes when ‘providing this solution’ for businesses, schools, etc.?
ARI: We take – are you talking about specifically, recycling bins or…?
SU ANN: Specifically, with plastic waste.
ARI: The exact process – is that they take it to tip. They put it in different areas, and they take the plastics and make them into something else. So let’s say, with oils, they take them from grease traps and they take them and make them into Maybelline products – do you know what I mean?
SU ANN: Yeah.
ARI: So they just make them into other products, and they keep going like that. So let’s say, glass can be recycled over and over, and over again. The tips are just there to keep it environmentally sustainable.
SU ANN: Do you have any specifics about recycling plastic packaging?
ARI: I can send – Do you want me to send you some information as like an email or something, it’ll be all there.
…exchange of contact information…
ARI: Did you have any other questions?
SU ANN: No, thank you so much.
ARI: Just that? I’ll send information to you. Okay, cool, thanks.
SU ANN: Thanks for speaking with me, bye.
Email from Cleanaway
Evaluation of Existing Solutions
Product #1: Polyethylene Light
Plus
– Visually appealing for a range of user
– Able to be adjusted by the user according to their preference and usage.
– Provides a reliable light source.
– Innovative use of recycled polyethylene.
– Professional exterior
Minus
– Does not address a pressing need in the community
– The height of the light is of a concern for potential users who intend to use it in low ceiling areas.
Interesting
– The process of producing a polished exterior from recycled polyethylene can be investigated to benefit our project.
Product #2: Ruben Recycled Furniture
Plus
– Serves as a functional table of an appropriate height
– Durable
– The plastic surface is easy to maintain clean
– Innovative design
Minus
– The colour selection is visually unappealing for its intended use.
– The thickness of the table top may reduce the amount of leg space available for its user.
Interesting
– This product utilises a range of plastic waste, not just those which are difficult to recycle.
– The product uses interesting forms to still become a functional design.
Product #3: 111 Navy Chair
Plus
– Simplistic design which will suit a variety of environments.
– Functional chair.
Minus
– It is made from only 60% recycled PET plastics (polyethylene etc.), rather than 100%.
– The design of the chair lacks innovation and may not be visually appealing to a range of users.
Interesting
– It is durable despite the thin structure, possibly due to the available machinery for the production of this item.
Product #4: Synthetic Wood Table
Plus
– A design that could be used in schools making them much more useful and it would raise the interest of schools who may pay for them.
– Interesting design that would attract the attention of children.
– Looks like real wood but would not rot or require maintenance
– Recycled polystyrene which has the same weight and density as real wood.
Minus
– It could be costly to produce and would require a big system.
– The design may only appeal to people of younger ages or schools with children of younger ages such as childcare centres and primary schools where there would not be such a large amount demanded.
Interesting
– The product surprisingly has the same properties as real wood which means it would also be much more stable when used outside.
– The product has a great design that really attracts the attention of potential users.
– Already welcomed by many.
– Made out of old CD cases and clothes hangers.
Criteria to Evaluate Success
Criteria
Rating
Importance
Method of Evaluation / Standard
FUNCTIONAL
The solution needs to function as intended.
1/13
Whether or not the solution functions as intended is the main measurement for its success.
The design should be able to complete all the points required by the design brief but also function as a shelter.
The product must be durable enough to last for prolonged usages.
3/13
It should be durable in order for the shelter to be used in various conditions outside.
The shelter will be tested in different environments mainly outdoors in order to see if the environment will influence the shelter.
For solutions intended for outdoor use, the item must be waterproof.
5/13
Due to the shelter being meant for outdoor use, it should be capable of being waterproof in order to function as a shelter.
Water will be poured over the outside of the shelter and no water should leak through and get into the shelter.
The design must be safe for use, and complies with any Australian Standards where applicable.
2/13
The design should be safe for users and there should be no health issues or safety issues affecting them as it would be unsuccessful if dangerous.
The shelter will be tested during the prototype stage in order to assess whether the product will be safe for the user in short term and long term.
The shelter must be compact and easily transportable for the convenience of the user.
4/13
To ensure the success of our design, the product must be compact to ensure that the user will be able to operate and transport it with ease when not in use.
The size of the product will be evaluated by consulting appropriate teachers and the product will be tested in terms of convenient transportation.
AESTHETIC
The solution must be visually desirable for its intended user and environment.
11/13
As the shelter is a homeless shelter it would be used in several environments and should be suitable for these environments. (E.g. the city)
The shelter will be placed in different environments and it will be assessed as to how visually appealing it is in the area and a survey will be conducted.
The colour palette of this product should be appropriate for its use and its environment.
12/13
The colours of the product should be suitable for its environment in order for it to be appropriate and usable. E.g. if it’s in the park it should be a colour that would go well with green.
A survey will be conducted with the shelter placed in different environments in order to get responses as to whether the product has the appropriate palette for the environment.
The final product must appear professional to an appropriate degree.
9/13
The product will be made with the appropriate materials and will be completed with a professional finishing.
A survey will be conducted in order to see if the product has been completed to the appropriate degree.
The product should be relatively easy to clean and maintain.
8/13
The environment the product will be in will mean it will get dirty easily which also means it would need to be relatively easy to maintain.
The product will be tested with different methods of cleaning such as cleaning with water, soap and such in order to see if it is relatively easy to clean.
It should not be gender specific.
13/13
As this solution targets a range of audiences who are in need of portable shelter, the design should not discriminate and should appeal to all genders.
The design of the solution will be surveyed and constructive feedback will be provided.
OTHER
Design should not be offensive.
10/13
As the solution is to be made from recycled material and other sources of waste, it is crucial to ensure that the design and materials does not contain offensive content.
The appropriateness of the design will be surveyed according to wide range of target audiences.
The solution should be feasible and achievable within the given time.
6/13
The solution is produced from recycled materials or sourced from wastages but there may be other costs which are inevitable for the production. These costs will need to be feasible.
The cost required for the solution will be analysed and cost reductions will be made wherever possible.
The production of the solution should be within an appropriate budget.
7/13
The product is to be produced in mass amounts and should be appropriate in cost, in order for it to be practical.
A budget will be created and decided on at the beginning and the cost of materials will be recorded in order to keep the cost within the budget.
Areas of Investigation
Area for Investigation
Method of Research
Importance/Benefit
Types of unrecyclable materials
This will be researched through both primary and secondary means. Online research and emailing relevant sources.
Researching the unrecyclable materials will allow us to confirm that the need of this project is genuine. This will also allow us to understand which materials we can use for our solution.
Capabilities of the potential materials
Each identified unrecyclable material will be evaluated according to their capabilities through secondary research conducted online via reliable websites.
Identifying the capabilities of the potential materials will allow us to assess the different potential purposes which can be achieved with each material. This will assist us when designing our solution and allow us to understand which designs are feasible with our chosen material.
The life cycle of chosen material
The material will be researched in order to discover the life cycle of the plastic.
The life cycle of the chosen material should be looked into, as this is important to justifying the chosen material to be used in the solution.
Existing designs/solutions that utilise chosen material
This will be researched through secondary methods, such as browsing and assessing the designs which are available online.
Researching the available products in the market will allow us insight on what is still required in society and determining what designs are redundant. Also allow us to consider how our design will further improve living standards.
Safety Issues and Standards
The safety standards will be researched online and the product will be checked.
The safety issues and standards in regards to the product must be known in order for the product to achieve the criteria of being a safe product.
Appropriate techniques
The techniques must be researched online and through asking teachers.
The techniques must cause no harm to the environment or create safety issues.
User interface
Users will try the shelter in order to test the ergonomics.
This is important as the users are the ones who determine the success of the design and it must be suitable.
Design Parameters
The different design parameters will be researched online and through asking teachers.
It is important to stay within the design parameters in order for the design to be a successful one. It is important to achieve the standard required.
SWOT Analysis of Initial Exploration of Need of Initial Analysis of Design Brief
Strengths
Weaknesses
Opportunities
Threats
It will address a prominent issue which is applicable to the society and will improve the quality of living for those who are in need of this product.
The material could be hard to manipulate in terms of shaping and moulding, which means the materials we source needs to be in a desirable condition/shape
There is a lot of flexibility in the design of the actual product as long as the materials we source allows for it. This could mean that there will be much more uses for the plastic.
Our desired materials (unrecyclable plastics) can be hard to source and may be inconsistent, meaning we may not be able to source enough/ the desirable materials to suffice for our project
The final solution will be of use to a wide range and number of audiences as it is not a product addresses wants, but rather, a need for some in society
It would be difficult to produce an extremely aesthetically pleasing design using our chosen material and for our intended purpose
There are many components which we can add to our design so it is better than the existing products in the market and provide more benefits to its user
A quality final product may be difficult to produce as the materials are hard to work with
Our chosen material, plastics, comes in various forms and finished, thus allowing us a degree of flexibility when choosing the material for each component of our design
The plastics which we have chosen, although it has many desirable properties for a homeless shelter, may be less durable than the existing designs which are not made from recycled materials
The transportability aspect of the shelter can be developed into forms such as a backpack or a luggage for its user.
The overall length of the homeless shelter needs to be considered for the shelter to remain compact whilst maximising the number of users who can comfortably fit and use this solution
The materials which we have chosen, plastics, is a suitable medium for homeless shelters due to its waterproof and lightweight properties
Gantt Chart Explanation and Evaluation of Differences
In the first week, the proposed action was similar to the actual action. Since this was only half a week, we did not assign ourselves much work to complete, and mostly research was conducted.
In the second week, our actual action differed to our proposed action as we prioritised our research and evaluation of existing solutions and developing of our own initial designs over completing the Criteria to Evaluate Success and forming the Areas of Investigation.
In the third week, we finalised our thumbnail sketches and research and evaluation of existing solutions while finishing our Criteria to Evaluate Success and the Areas of Investigation due to the reasons mentioned before (in our second week).
Weekly Evaluation
Week
Evaluation
1
Proposed Action:
Conduct research into potential materials and select a material to form a solution with.
Actual Action:
In the first week we looked into different materials that we could potentially use. We also began looking into possibilities for design solutions.
Reason for Difference:
This was only half a week, accounting for mainly research being done, along with the identification of need, and the research of some of the potential solutions.
Su Ann:
Together, we looked through possible materials and existing designs that used recycled materials in general. We began writing up our secondary research for proving the need of using plastics as our chosen material.
Amanda:
We mainly used the time available this week to familiarise ourselves with the task through secondary research, which took longer than anticipated due to the numerous possibilities.
Mary:
I think this week we may have accomplished more but as the task was only just handed out, we only did the research and looking at designs.
2
Proposed Action:
Conduct primary research to prove the need for the solution and chosen material. Develop the Criteria to Evaluate Success (CES) and Areas of Investigation (AI).
Actual Action:
This week we did the feedback ladder which helped us further expand on our ideas. This includes issues with our design that helped us expand on our possible solutions. We chose one material to work with this project. Possible sources of this material was researched. The thumbnail sketches of possible solutions were started upon. The primary research in regards to the analysis of need and identification of the major household waste was completed and the need was identified including the potential materials. Existing solutions were looked into. Drafting of CES and AI.
Reason for Difference:
We chose begin research of existing solutions and generating ideas (thumbnail sketches) in this week as it seemed appropriate to do so, having chosen a material and already coming across such existing products in our research in week 1.
Su Ann:
The primary research was conducted through a phone call to a waste management company and an interview with another company that produced a lot of packaging (plastic) waste.
Amanda:
Through the feedback and the initial stages of research, we were able to narrow down the materials we found the most suitable without much debate, allowing us to proceed onto further research.
Mary:
The feedback ladder really helped us solidify the type of design we were looking at including looking at the possible materials. This is when we really came down to one idea.
3
Proposed Action:
Complete and evaluate thumbnail (initial design) sketches of ideas for possible solutions. Complete/draft the finance plan.
Actual Action:
The main focus of this week was to work on the portfolio, having already chosen a material. The evaluation of existing solutions utilising the chosen material was completed. The criteria to evaluate success and the areas of investigation were also completed. The initial design sketches and evaluation were further developed upon, giving us an idea of which design out of our initial ones we were going to potentially choose.
Reason for Difference:
The actual and proposed actions were similar. Changes were a result of the actual work done last week.
Su Ann:
We worked on completing our portfolio for this week, due to the approaching deadline of Part A.
Amanda:
Due to the following deadline which we had to meet, we worked efficiently and effectively on our portfolio more so than previous weeks.
Mary:
This week our portfolio really went on its way and we accomplished finishing more than half of what was to be handed in the week after.
4
Proposed Action:
Develop the five design factors relevant to the success of the final product. Begin research on Areas of Investigation. Continue on developing design to be ready for prototyping and approval (possibly on Creo Parametric).
Actual Action:
Reason for Difference:
Su Ann:
Amanda:
Mary:
5
Proposed Action:
Finish research on Areas of Investigation. Continue on developing design to be ready for prototyping and approval.
Actual Action:
Reason for Difference:
Su Ann:
Amanda:
Mary:
6
Proposed Action:
Design approval should be given, and design should be ready for prototyping. Production of first prototype should begin.
Actual Action:
Reason for Difference:
Su Ann:
Amanda:
Mary:
7
Proposed Action:
First prototype should be finished, evaluated and design should be developed upon. Production of second prototype should begin.
Actual Action:
Reason for Difference:
Su Ann:
Amanda:
Mary:
8
Proposed Action:
Second prototype should be finished, evaluated and design should be developed upon. Production of third prototype should begin.
Actual Action:
Reason for Difference:
Su Ann:
Amanda:
Mary:
9
Proposed Action:
Third prototype should be finished, evaluated and design should be developed upon. Progress on portfolio.
Actual Action:
Reason for Difference:
Su Ann:
Amanda:
Mary:
10
Proposed Action:
Rendered and technical/CAD drawing should be completed.
Actual Action:
Reason for Difference:
Su Ann:
Amanda:
Mary:
11
Proposed Action:
Production of final product should begin.
Actual Action:
Reason for Difference:
Su Ann:
Amanda:
Mary:
12
Proposed Action:
Final product should be finished and evaluated. Portfolio should be finished.
Actual Action:
Reason for Difference:
Su Ann:
Amanda:
Mary:
Proposed and Actual Finance Plan
Material
Cost
Actual
Tarp
Recycled
–
Hula Hoops
Recycled
–
D-limoene
Sourced from school
–
Styrofoam
Recycled
–
Bibliography
• http://www.livestrong.com/article/141247-what-items-can-t-be-recycled/
• http://lausd-oehs.org/docs/Recycling/Non_Recyclable_List.pdf
• http://www.livestrong.com/article/157176-products-that-cannot-be-recycled/
• http://www.plasticseurope.org/information-centre/education-portal/resources-room/abc-of-plastics/the-abc-of-polyethylene.aspx
• http://www.wshampshire.com/pdf/psg_uhmw_polyethylene.pdf
• https://www.chemicalsafetyfacts.org/polystyrene-post/?tab=1
• http://www.britannica.com/science/polystyrene
• http://www.aerolaminsulations.com/bubble-wrap-insulation.php
• http://www.buffalo.edu/recycling/recyclable.html
• http://www.yourhome.gov.au/materials/waste-minimisation
• http://www.skwirk.com/p-c_s-16_u-140_t-417_c-1464/waste-management/nsw/waste-management/issues-in-australian-environments/geographical-issues-human-elements
• http://inhabitat.com/ruben-thier-creates-wonderful-recycled-furniture-from-plastic-factory-waste/
• http://www.kedeleducation.co.uk/blog/the-education-show.html
• https://uk.pinterest.com/pin/251286854180778983/
• http://www.cleanaway.com.au
• https://www.missionaustralia.com.au/what-we-do/homelessness-social-housing
• https://www.humanrights.gov.au/publications/homelessness-human-rights-issue
•