The author of this article is Danielle Dunand Zimmerman, a faculty member at Loyola University in the Women’s Studies and Gender Studies Department. She has a PhD in social work form Loyola University Chicago. In “Young Arab Muslim Women’s Agency Challenging Western Feminism” Zimmerman discusses how the veil is viewed as a threat to modernity but that’s not the case as it’s not so black and white. She explains how the hijab is slowly acquiring new meanings in the West as society progresses along with feminism. But how in countries like France they no longer have the option of wearing the hijab as they often have to leave school as they will not accept it. She comes to the conclusion that it does not endanger a secular state if women decide to wear the hijab. I plan to focus on her ideas in the section “Conceptual Framework” but more specifically on the subsection called “Intersectionality and Agency of Muslim Women”. This section talks about how religion is often seen to be oppressive compared to the liberal idea of not being held down by a religion. Zimmerman also defines what intersectional feminism is and how it’s vital to the progression of feminism as a overall political movement.
2. Clark Mane, Rebecca L. “Transmuting Grammars of Whiteness in Third-Wave Feminism:
Interrogating Postrace Histories, Postmodern Abstraction, and the Proliferation of
Difference in Third-Wave Texts.” Signs, vol. 38, no. 1, 2012, pp. 71–98. JSTOR, JSTOR,
www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/665810.
The author of this piece is Rebecca L Clark Mane, she has a PH.d in communication, and studies Race, Gender, and popular culture in Seattle. Mane talks about the apparent issues in third-wave feminism, focusing on the lack of inclusion of other races. She discusses the dangers of of racial and national intersectionalities and how it affects the idea of mainstream feminism. She claims that without the inclusion of all women, especially women of color and those in third world countries, feminism will never reach its full potential or be able to convey it’s true message of equality. This article is useful to my paper as I would use the second part of her article that discusses the different types of ways we can resolve the current issues of modern feminism through analyzing the history of feminism and recognizing the different challenges faced by race.
3. Hirschmann, Nancy J. “Freedom, Recognition, and Obligation: A Feminist Approach to
Political Theory.” The American Political Science Review, vol. 83, no. 4, 1989, pp.
1227–1244. JSTOR, JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/1961666.
Nancy J. Hirschmann is a professor of politics at the University of Pennsylvania. She specializes in the history of political thought, analytical philosophy, feminist theory, disability theory, and the intersection of political theory and public policy. She received a BA from Smith College and MA and PhD degrees from John Hopkins University. Before she moved to the University of Pennsylvania as Graduate Chair in the Political Science department she was a member of the Cornell University for twelve years. Hirschmann believes that a feminism can assist the progression of the liberal political ideology. She comes to a conclusion in her article by claiming that it is the female obligation to make sure everyone, regardless of race, gender, and nationality is encompassed in what we call modern feminism. I plan to use her ideas about the priority of liberty and her section about freedom and recognition. Her thoughts about how a boy devalues his relationship with his mother really resonated within me as I have seen my own little brother do so, which means I have a strong example to provide when writing my actual paper and can back it up with research.
4. Phillips, Anne. “Feminist Review.” Feminist Review, no. 40, 1992, pp. 122–125. JSTOR,
JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/1395291.
The review is written by Anne Phillips is a Graham Wallas Professor of Political Science, Professor of Political and Gender Theory at the London School of Economics. However I will be focusing on Mary Lyndon Shanley and Carole Pateman who wrote the “Feminist Interpretations and Political Theory” section of the Feminist Review. Shanley is a feminist legal scholar and specializes in issues of American Family and reproductive technologies who graduated from Harvard University. Pateman is a feminist and political theorist who graduated from the University of Oxford and now teaches at UCLA where she is a distinguished professor. Shanley and Pateman talk about the idea of one’s gender or sexuality not having any relevance the same way one’s eye color or hair color don’t matter. They discuss the idea of a gender-neutral standard toward justice, but how it’s still such an abstract idea in our modern world. I plan on using this paper mostly to encompass the different interpretations of feminism and how it ties into politics and everyday life. I want to talk about how people of color often face harsher sentences in the justice system and why feminism needs to be evolved to fight against that.
5. Aries, Emilie. “The Imperative Of Intersectional Feminism.” Forbes, Forbes Magazine, 30
Aug. 2017,
https://www.forbes.com/sites/emiliearies/2017/08/30/the-imperative-of-intersectional-feminism/#44fcccba1914
Emilie Aries is a nationally recognized speaker and the founder and CEO of Bossed Up; she regularly contributes to Forbes, The Huffington Post, and Levo League. Aries talks about Kimberle Crenshaw and how she decided to coin the term “intersectionality” after a court case in 1976 where Emma DeGraffenreid’s case was dismissed because the fact that she was both a female and a person of color was not taken into account, a fact that would have tipped the court case into her favor. I’m utilizing this article in my paper as it talks about when the term “intersectionality” was first coined and why it was created. This is so I can lay a stronger foundation for my paper and help my reader understand what it is before I talk about why it’s needed in our current version of feminism.
6. Basij-Rasikh, Shabana. “Dare to educate Afghan girls.” Shabana Basij-Rasikh: Dare to
educate Afghan girls | TED Talk, TEDTalk, Nov. 2012,
www.ted.com/talks/shabana_basij_rasikh_dare_to_educate_afghan_girls/up-next#t-618952.
Shabana Basij-Rasikh graduated from Middlebury College in Vermont through the YES program and graduate magna cum laude in International Studies and Women & Gender Studies. She has a honorary doctorate from SOAS University of London and a Davis Peace Prize.
She talks about her experiences under the rule of the Taliban and how females getting an education was a dangerous struggle. Basij-Rasikh discusses how in the beginning they had to basically smuggle their way into school and how only a few hundred girls were in school, but now there are 3 million girls in schools, in SOLA because they continued to fight despite their lives being endangered. I plan on using her TEDtalk to debunk counter-arguments to feminism that claim that nobody needs it anymore because everyone has basic rights. Education is a vital part of our lives, something we often take for granted and don’t realize that it’s something that others have to fight for. If all girls don’t have an equal opportunity to receive an education they lose the chance to progress through life at the same rate males get to.