Page I
GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Chandkheda, Ahmedabad
Affiliated
ARUN MUCHHALA ENGINEERING COLLEGE – DHARI
A Report on
Utilize Energy In Forging Press By Piezo Electric Sensor
Under subject of
Project – II (2182005)
B.E., Semester-VIII
(Mechatronics)
Submitted by:-
Sr. Name of Student Enrolment No.
1. Kaneriya Meet C 130960120009
2. Patel Manasvi J 130960120016
3. Chhodavadiya Uttam J 130960120002
ASSI. Pro. Purvisha Dobariya ASSI. Pro. Ashif Hathiyari
(Faculty Guide) (Head of the Department)
Academic year
(2016-2017)
Page II
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I have taken effort in this project. However, it would not have been
possible without the support and help of many individuals,
organization and My all team members. I would like to extend my
sincere thanks to all of them.
I am highly indebted to Miss Pooja Mam and Mr. Harsad Sir for
their guidance and constant supervision as well as for providing
necessary information regarding the project & also for their support
in completing the project and all progress. I also thanks to Shree
Shreenath Forge industry to give us to opportunity for making
Project in their industry. I would like to express my special gratitude
toward my Parents and Member of our collage for their kind cooperation
and encouragement which help me in any time. Special
thanks for My all Friends who always to ready for any kind of help
in our project.
I would like to express my special gratitude and thanks to industry
person for giving me such attention and time.
My thanks and appreciations also go to My Colleague in
developing the project and people who have willingly helped me out
with their abilities.
Page III
ARUN MUCHHALA ENGINEERING COLLEGE
DHARI
Mechatronics Engineering Department
CERTIFICATE
Date:-________________
This is certifying that Project–II (2182005) project report on Utilize
Energy In Forging Press By Piezo Electric Sensor has been carried by
Kaneriya Meet (130960120009) under my guidance in fulfilment of
the degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Mechatronics Engineering
(7th& 8th Semester) of Gujarat Technological University, Ahmadabad
during the academic year 2016-17.
Guide Head of Department
Signature of Internal Examiner Signature of External Examiner
___________________________ ___________________________
Page IV
ARUN MUCHHALA ENGINEERING COLLEGE
DHARI
Mechatronics Engineering Department
CERTIFICATE
Date:-________________
This is certifying that Project–II (2182005) project report on Utilize
Energy In Forging Press By Piezo Electric Sensor has been carried by
Patel Manasvi (130960120016) under my guidance in fulfilment of
the degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Mechatronics Engineering
(7th& 8th Semester) of Gujarat Technological University, Ahmadabad
during the academic year 2016-17.
Guide Head of Department
Signature of Internal Examiner Signature of External Examiner
___________________________ ___________________________
Page V
ARUN MUCHHALA ENGINEERING COLLEGE
DHARI
Mechatronics Engineering Department
CERTIFICATE
Date:-________________
This is certifying that Project–I (2182005) project report on Utilize
Energy In Forging Press By Piezo Electric Sensor has been carried by
Chhodavadiya Uttam(130960120002) under my guidance in
fulfilment of the degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Mechatronics
Engineering (7th& 8th Semester) of Gujarat Technological University,
Ahmadabad during the academic year 2016-17.
Guide Head of Department
Signature of Internal Examiner Signature of External Examiner
___________________________ ___________________________
Page VI
SELF – DECLARATION (BY STUDENTS)
We Chhodavadiya Uttamn, Kaneriaya Meet, Patel Manasvi ,the student of
Mechatronics Branch, having Enrolment Number 130960120002, 130960120009,
130960120016 enrolled at Arun Muchhala Engineering College-Dhari hereby certify and
declare the following:
1. I/we have defined my/our project based on inputs at Utilize Energy In Forging Press By
Piezo Electric Sensor and each of us will make significant efforts to make attempt to solve
the challenges. We will attempt the project work at my college or at any location under the
direct and consistent monitoring of Prof.Ashif Hathiyari. We will adopt all ethical practices
to share credit amongst all the contributors based on their contributions during the project
work.
2. We have not purchased the solutions developed by any 3rd party directly and the efforts
are made by me/we under the guidance of guides.
3. The project work is not copied from any previously done projects directly. (Same project
can be done in different ways but if it has been done in same manner before then it may not
be accepted)
4. Utilize Energy In Forging Press By Piezo Electric Sensor to the best of my knowledge
is a genuine industry engaged in the professional service/social organizations.
5. We understand and accept that he above declaration if found to be untrue, it can result in
punishment/cancellation of project definition to me/we including failure in the subject of
project work.
Names:
Contact Numbers: 7698036245 / 9978818526 / 9737737408
Date:
Place: Dhari
Chhodavadiya Uttam
Kaneriaya Meet
Patel Manasvi
Signs
Page VII
ABSTRACT
Now a day so many Energy source available in world. Like wind
energy, solar energy, tidal energy, nuclear energy, and so on. Same
like as We develop one more new source of energy. It’s name is
“Piezo electric power energy”. It is totally Eco- friendly and Non
pollute source.
When we apply force then piezo produces energy in turn of
electric energy. We use this principle in forging industry. When forge
press machine apply force in down word to its direction then piezo
electric sensor produce power. For applying this system in forging
industry we can produce energy which are goes to waste in now a
days.
Page VIII
List of Figure
Sr. No. Figure Name Page No.
1 Piezo Electric Sensor 7
2
Half section of piezo sensor
7
3 Construction of sensor 7
4 Graph voltage vs Force 9
5 Circuit diagram 10
6 Circuit diagram-2 12
7 Forging press 15
8 Concept of forging 16
9 Inverter 24
10 Rectifier 24
Page IX
List of Table
Sr.No. Table no. Table Name Page No.
1 1 Property of piezo 7
Page X
INDEX
Chapter No. Chapter Name Page No.
1)History 1
FIRST GENERATION APPLICATIONS 2
SECOND GENERATION APPLICATIONS 3
JAPANESE DEVELOPMENTS 5
2)Piezoelectric sensor 6
Principle of operation 8
Transverse effect 8
Longitudinal effect 8
Electrical properties 9
Sensing materials 11
Sensor design 11
Sensor design calculation 13
Graphical representation 16
3) Forging 18
Definition 18
Press forging 19
Special feature of Forging machine 22
Press forging equipment 22
4) Concept 23
5) Reference 25
6) Appendix 26
PPR(Periodic Progress Report )
Business model canvas
PED(pattern drafting exercise)
Industrial competition certificates
Plagiarism report
Utilize Energy In Forging Press By Piezo Electric Sensor 2016/17
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History
The first experimental demonstration of a connection between macroscopic
piezoelectric phenomena and crystallographic structure was published in 1880 by
Pierre and Jacques Curie. Their experiment consisted of a conclusive measurement
of surface charges appearing on specially prepared crystals (tourmaline, quartz,
topaz, cane sugar and Rochelle salt among them) which were subjected to
mechanical stress. These results were a credit to the Curies' imagination and
perseverance, considering that they were obtained with nothing more than tinfoil,
glue, wire, magnets and a jeweler's saw.
In the scientific circles of the day, this effect was considered quite a
"discovery," and was quickly dubbed as "piezoelectricity" in order to
distinguish it from other areas of scientific phenomenological experience such
as "contact electricity" (friction generated static electricity) and
"piezoelectricity" (electricity generated from crystals by heating).
The Curie brothers asserted, however, that there was a one-to-one
correspondence between the electrical effects of temperature change and
mechanical stress in a given crystal, and that they had used this correspondence
not only to pick the crystals for the experiment, but also to determine the cuts of
those crystals. To them, their demonstration was a confirmation of predictions
which followed naturally from their understanding of the microscopic
crystallographic origins of pyroelectricity (i.e., from certain crystal asymmetries).
The Curie brothers did not, however, predict that crystals exhibiting the direct
piezoelectric effect (electricity from applied stress) would also exhibit the
converse piezoelectric effect (stress in response to applied electric field). This
property was mathematically deduced from fundamental thermodynamic
principles by Lippmann in 1881. The Curies immediately confirmed the existence
of the "converse effect," and continued on to obtain quantitative proof of the
complete reversibility of electro-elasto-mechanical deformations in piezoelectric
crystals.
The first serious applications work on piezoelectric devices took place during
World War I. In 1917, P. Langevin and French co-workers began to
Utilize Energy In Forging Press By Piezo Electric Sensor 2016/17
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perfect an ultrasonic submarine detector. Their transducer was a mosaic of thin
quartz crystals glued between two steel plates (the composite having a resonant
frequency of about 50 KHz), mounted in a housing suitable for submersion.
Working on past the end of the war, they did achieve their goal of emitting a high
frequency "chirp" underwater and measuring depth by timing the return echo. The
strategic importance of their achievement was not overlooked by any industrial
nation, however, and since that time the development of sonar transducers, circuits,
systems, and materials has never ceased.
FIRST GENERATION APPLICATIONS WITH NATURAL
CRYSTALS
1920 – 1940
The success of sonar stimulated intense development activity on all kinds
of piezoelectric devices, both resonating and non-resonating. Some
examples of this activity include:
Megacycle quartz resonators were developed as frequency stabilizers for
vacuum-tube oscillators, resulting in a ten-fold increase in stability.
A new class of materials testing methods was developed based on the
propagation of ultrasonic waves. For the first time, elastic and viscous
properties of liquids and gases could be determined with comparative
ease, and previously invisible flaws in solid metal structural members
could be detected. Even acoustic holographic techniques were
successfully demonstrated.
Also, new ranges of transient pressure measurement were opened up
permitting the study of explosives and internal combustion engines, along
with a host of other previously unmeasurable vibrations, accelerations,
and impacts.
In fact, during this revival following World War I, most of the classic
piezoelectric applications with which we are now familiar (microphones,
accelerometers, ultrasonic transducers, bender element actuators, phonograph pickups,
signal filters, etc.) were conceived and reduced to practice. It is important to
remember, however, that the materials available at the time often limited device
performance and certainly limited commercial exploitation.
Utilize Energy In Forging Press By Piezo Electric Sensor 2016/17
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SECOND GENERATION APPLICATIONS WITH
PIEZOELECTRIC CERAMICS
1940 – 1965
During World War II, in the U.S., Japan and the Soviet Union, isolated
research groups working on improved capacitor materials discovered that
certain ceramic materials (prepared by sintering metallic oxide powders)
exhibited dielectric constants up to 100 times higher than common cut
crystals. Furthermore, the same class of materials (called ferroelectrics) were
made to exhibit similar improvements in piezoelectric properties. The
discovery of easily manufactured piezoelectric ceramics with astonishing
performance characteristics naturally touched off a revival of intense
research and development into piezoelectric devices.
The advances in materials science that were made during this phase fall
into three categories:
1. Development of the barium titanate family of piezoceramics and later the
lead zirconate titanate family.
2. The development of an understanding of the correspondence of the
perovskite crystal structure to electro-mechanical activity.
3. The development of a rationale for doping both of these families with
metallic impurities in order to achieve desired properties such as dielectric
constant, stiffness, piezoelectric coupling coefficients, ease of poling, etc.
All of these advances contributed to establishing an entirely new method of
piezoelectric device development – namely, tailoring a material to a specific
application. Historically speaking, it had always been the other way around.
This "lock-step" material and device development proceeded the world over, but
was dominated by industrial groups in the U.S. who secured an early lead with
strong patents. The number of applications worked on was staggering, including
the following highlights and curiosities:
Powerful sonar – based on new transducer geometries (such as spheres
and cylinders) and sizes achieved with ceramic casting.
Ceramic phono cartridge – cheap, high signal elements simplified
circuit design.
Utilize Energy In Forging Press By Piezo Electric Sensor 2016/17
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Piezo ignition systems – single cylinder engine ignition systems which
generated spark voltages by compressing a ceramic "pill".
Sonobouy – sensitive hydrophone listening/radio transmitting bouys for
monitoring ocean vessel movement.
Small, sensitive microphones – became the rule rather than the
exception.
Ceramic audio tone transducer – small, low power, low voltage, audio tone
transducer consisting of a disc of ceramic laminated to a disc of sheet metal.
Relays – snap action relays were constructed and studied, at least one
piezo relay was manufactured
It is worth noting that during this revival, especially in the U.S., device
development was conducted along with piezo material development within
individual companies. As a matter of policy, these companies did not
communicate. The reasons for this were threefold: first, the improved materials
were developed under wartime research conditions, so the experienced workers
were accustomed to working in a "classified" atmosphere; second, post war
entrepreneurs saw the promise of high profits secured by both strong patents and
secret processes; and third, the fact that by nature piezoceramic materials are
extraordinarily difficult to develop, yet easy to replicate once the process is
known.
From a business perspective, the market development for piezoelectric devices
lagged behind the technical development by a considerable margin. Even though
all the materials in common use today were developed by 1970, at that same point
in time only a few high volume commercial applications had evolved (phono
cartridges and filter elements, for instance). Considering this fact with hindsight, it
is obvious that while new material and device developments thrived in an
atmosphere of secrecy, new market development did not – and the growth of this
industry was severely hampered.
Utilize Energy In Forging Press By Piezo Electric Sensor 2016/17
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JAPANESE DEVELOPMENTS
1965 – 1980
In contrast to the "secrecy policy" practiced among U.S. piezoceramic
manufacturers at the outset of the industry, several Japanese companies and
universities formed a "competitively cooperative" association, established
as the Barium Titanate Application Research Committee, in 1951. This
association set an organizational precedent for successfully surmounting
not only technical challenges and manufacturing hurdles, but also for
defining new market areas.
Beginning in 1965 Japanese commercial enterprises began to reap the
benefits of steady applications and materials development work which
began with a successful fish-finder test in 1951. From an international
business perspective they were "carrying the ball," i.e., developing new
knowledge, new applications, new processes, and new commercial market
areas in a coherent and profitable way.
Persistent efforts in materials research had created new piezoceramic
families which were competitive with Vernitron's PZT, but free of patent
restrictions. With these materials available, Japanese manufacturers
quickly developed several types of piezoceramic signal filters, which
addressed needs arising in television, radio, and communications
equipment markets; and piezoceramic igniters for natural gas/butane
appliances.
As time progressed, the markets for these products continued to grow, and
other similarly valuable ones were found. Most notable were audio buzzers
(smoke alarms, TTL compatible tone generators), air ultrasonic transducers
(television remote controls and intrusion alarms) and SAW filter devices
(devices employing Surface Acoustic Wave effects to achieve high
frequency signal filtering).
By comparison to the commercial activity in Japan, the rest of the
world was slow, even declining. Globally, however, there was still
much pioneering research work taking place as well as device invention
and patenting.
Utilize Energy In Forging Press By Piezo Electric Sensor 2016/17
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Piezoelectric sensor
A piezoelectric sensor is a device that uses the piezoelectric effect, to
measure changes in pressure, acceleration, temperature, strain, or
force by converting them to an electrical charge. The prefix piezo- is
Greek for 'press' or 'squeeze'.
The main principle of a piezoelectric transducer is that a force, when
applied on the quartz crystal, produces electric charges on the crystal
surface. The charge thus produced can be called as piezoelectricity.
Piezo electricity can be defined as the electrical polarization produced
by mechanical strain on certain class of crystals.
The rise of piezoelectric technology is directly related to a set of
inherent advantages. The high modulus of elasticity of many
piezoelectric materials is comparable to that of many metals and goes up
to 106 N/m².
Even though piezoelectric sensors are electromechanical systems that
react to compression, the sensing elements show almost zero deflection.
This gives piezoelectric sensors ruggedness, an extremely high natural
frequency and an excellent linearity over a wide amplitude range.
Additionally, piezoelectric technology is insensitive to electromagnetic
fields and radiation, enabling measurements under harsh conditions.
Some materials used (especially gallium phosphate or tourmaline) are
extremely stable at high temperatures, enabling sensors to have a
working range of up to 1000 °C. Tourmaline shows pyroelectricity in
addition to the piezoelectric effect; this is the ability to generate an
electrical signal when the temperature of the crystal changes. This effect
is also common to piezoceramic materials. Gautschi in Piezoelectric
Sensorics (2002) offers this comparison table of characteristics of piezo
sensor materials vs other types.
Utilize Energy In Forging Press By Piezo Electric Sensor 2016/17
Page 7
Principle Strain Threshold Span to
Sensitivity [με] threshold
[V/με] ratio
Piezoelectric 5.0 0.00001 100,000,000
Piezoresistive 0.0001 0.0001 2,500,000
Inductive 0.001 0.0
N
Business Model Canvas Report
[Utilize Energy By using Piezo-Electric Sensors]
Thus business model canvas can be used to visualize such market problems and
customer expectations.This exercise will increase the market potential and penetration of
technology goods and services.This will make them more effective in market.
1. Key Partnerships:
It is always recommended to map Key Partners to Key Activities.If an activity is
key,it’s still part of business model.This is a way to denote which specific Partners are
handling various Key Activities for you.
Forging Industry
Developer
Induatrial labor
Investor
Employee/worker
2. Key Activities:
The Key Activites block aims to the main activity of system what kind of activity performs
in project.
Piezo electric power
Power production at low cost
Easy operation
Selling
3. Key Resources:
This segment of the business model canvas use to define the resources what kind of
resource are need in this project.
Forging press
Piezoelectric sensors
Guard plate
Power controller
Converter
4. Value Propositions:
The Value Propositions business block aims at providing answers to the following
questions:
What value do we deliver to the customer?
Which one of our customer’s problems are we helping to solve?
What bundles of product and services are we offering to each Customer
segment?
Which customer needs are we satisfying?
The following are the propositions of our project…..
Good utilization capability
Good stability
Batter module size
Shock proof material
Save money
High strength
Easy controlling
Efficient/reliable/accurate
5. Customer Segments:
Customer Segment block is to present the list of Persons,organized by Customer
Segment.Following are customer segment..
Heavy industries
6. Channels:
This business block comprises of a list of important Channels,linked to Persons
or Segments if they differ substantially. Make notes on what steps are relevant for each
promotion,sales,service,etc.
Plan & policy
Advertisement
Industrial events
7. Customer Relationship:
The customer relationship business is what type of relationship does each of our
customer expect us to establish and maintain with them.
Unique continuous source
User friendly environment
Easy installation
8. Revenue streams:
Revenue Streams block of block of Business Model Canvas aims at future plans
and actions.
More option for payment
Online report system
Small module size
More features
9. Cost Structure:
Cost Structur business block provides a list of cost structure elements with notes
on their relationship to Key Activities.
Cost of resource
Cost of maintenance
Cost of employee