Abstract
International migration has become a crucial economic issue over the last two decades. Migration plays an important role of economic development for a country. One important phenomenon that international migration raises is how migration impacts upon receiving countries. This research proposal addresses one of the largest waves of forced migration that the world came to face in recent history. The eruption of the Syrian conflict, which ignited in March 2011, has sent refugees to many regions in the world. What began as a small-scale internal displacement problem quickly escalated into a large-scale crisis, one that spilled across borders into neighboring countries. Turkey alone has been hosting around 2.2 million refugees. The purpose of this research is to identify whether Syrian refugees impose a positive or a negative economic impact on Turkey. This research proposal looks at the impact of these flows on certain economic outcomes, such as labor markets, consumer prices and housing rents in Turkey. The study is positivist-quantitative and draws on data from the European Social Survey. It is expected that the findings will yield important implications for policymakers in Turkey.
The civil con ict in Syria, which ignited in mid-2011, has sent refugee shock waves through many regions in the world. The neigh- bors of Syria (e.g., Turkey, Lebanon, Iraq, and Jordan) have been affected the most. Based on the United Nations gures, the total number of registered Syrian refugees has exceeded 4.2 million as of December 2015.
This study uses data from 1991 to 2011 to analyze the socio-economic impacts of migration for Bangladesh. This study splits the analysis into two parts; in first part, empirical evaluation is made through using econometric tools, where unit roots test, cointegration test as well as Ganger Causality test has been run between two variables such as Growth Rate of Remittance (GRR) and Literacy Rate (LR). There is a cointegration between these variables. That means in the long run the growth of remittance have a positive impact in increasing literacy rate which may lead to socio-economic development of our country. But using Ganger Causality test we did not find any unidirectional causality between GRR and LR. In later part, we attempted to provide a descriptive analysis about the socio-economic impacts of migration by observing various research papers and field studies. Government policies and strategies are highlighted regarding migration to show the position of government in this issue. Finally recommendations are made to have fruitful migration pattern as well as most efficient use of migrant and their sent remittance.
Introduction
Aims and Objectives
LR
– ……………. Summarised the movement of Syrian refugees in two stages: an initial shock causing a fast and extensive movement toward the nearest neighbor (2012 and 2013) followed by a selective search for a new permanent home as the wait gets longer (from the second half of 2014 on). Immediately after this initial shock, the Turkish government set up numerous accommodation camps close to the Turkey-Syria border and offered subsidized food, health, education, and other services to the refugees, which led to a massive number of refugees crowding around the camps. Overall, those two years of the exile in crowds can be portrayed as a period in which both the choice to relocate and the location decision inside Turkey are for the most part exogenous to the area and employment inclinations of Syrian refugees.
……………As the International Labor Organization (ILO) points out, "the size of the convergence, and the resulting economic difficulties confronted by both Syrians and the communities makes access to recruitment a problem that needs to be addressed."
This concise aim to incorporate the prosperity of existing search to light up some key issues arising in the debate. The IRC believes that an intensive comprehension of the evidence will aid policymakers and humanitarian actors implement efficient policies and projects to address the immediate requirement for access to safe employment both for Syrian refugees and the most vulnerable host regions.
The IRC’s accessible review of qualitative research, quantitative research and public commentary emphasizes some key issues about the influence of Syrian refugees on host community labour markets.
Syrian workers have been a feature of host labour markets. In some countries, job competition is primarily between Syrian refugees and migrant workers, not host communities. Across the country, however, the recent flow has assisted in the driving down of wages.
Syrian employees have been a playing a part of the Turkish migrant labour pool for a long time before the civil war, appealed by the draw of higher wages and proximity to Syria. Most Syrian refugees generally work in the abundant informal markets of host communities. Predominantly, this sector have been served by migrant workers, including Syrian workers, long before the immigration of Syrian refugees.
As a result of historical trends as well as recent host government policies and practices further confining Syrian exiles' entrance to the formal sector rivalry for jobs has been largely with other migrant workers in informal sectors, mainly construction and agriculture.
• While many occupations taken by Syrian and potentially vagrant workers are those host community workers would not want, the current deluge of exiles has prompted a decrease in wages as refugees are willing to take lower pay due to their constrained circumstances.
• More research is needed to examine the effect of prohibiting or restricting Syrian work in host nations on sectors reliant on Syrian labour before the crisis.
High unemployment has been a feature of territorial labour markets well before the Syrian war and is brought about by a large number of variables including a mismatch of skills with available jobs.
There is a growing body of evidence that conveys the Syrian crisis has had some beneficial outcomes on job creation in host nations.
• Syrian refugees are highly vulnerable to labour exploitation. Child labour is drastically on the rise in host nations, driven generally by an expanding number of Syrian refugee child workers.
• Syrian outcasts and poor host community members are particularly defenseless to labour exploitation and abuse, as they are frequently working outside the insurance of host countries’ formal labour laws and at risk of deportation if caught working illegally.
• Syrian refugees are often paid well below the minimum wage, leading to increased poverty and the reliance on negative coping mechanisms such as child labour in order to meet basic needs.
• Many children are the main bread winner in refugee and vulnerable host community households due to restrictions on access to work and relative impunity regarding the exploitation of children in the workplace.
• Syrian outcasts and poor host group individuals are especially defenseless against work misuse and mishandle, as they are frequently working outside the insurance of host nations' formal work laws and at danger of expelling if discovered working wrongfully.
• Syrian displaced people are frequently paid well underneath the lowest pay permitted by law, prompting expanded destitution and the dependence on pessimistic methods for dealing with stress, for example, youngster work keeping in mind the end goal to address fundamental issues.
Many youngsters are the principle provider in exile and helpless host group family units because of limitations on access to work and relative exemption with respect to the misuse of kids in the work environment.
• Syrian refugees contribute positively to host country economies.
• Syrian refugees have contributed to host country economies through increased investment by both Syrian diaspora and Syrian businesses.
• In Turkey, according to a report by the World Bank, 26 per cent of newly registered businesses in 2014 had Syrian ownership or capital. In rdan, Syrian direct investment has accelerated industrial activity, creating employment opportunities for both Syrians and Jordanians. Across the region, refugees also act as consumers, increasing demand for local products including food, services and rents.
• Syrian refugees are consumers and economic actors boosting host country economies at a time when the crisis inside Syria is having negative effects on regional economies.
• Humanitarian aid is helping host countries directly, and through economic programming that supports vulnerable host populations to find work.
A common response in any host community is to blame refugees for existing social and economic problems. Such populist views prevail amongst large sections of the Syrian host countries, with fears that Syrian refugees are taking jobs, increasing rents and food prices and causing a strain on public services.
• Governments, seeking to avoid political destabilisation in a historically tense region, are responsive to such public sentiments. Moreover, some politicians have sought to play on the fears and prejudices of their constituents to gain political favour with the public. Negative public perception has played a dominant role in shaping host governments’ specific responses to Syrian refugees’ access to legal work, contributing to ever tightening restrictions and barriers.
Negative public perceptions of refugees in host communities are encouraging increasingly restrictive access to work policy responses from host governments.
Politicians play on the fears of their constituents for political gains, leading to widespread scapegoating of Syrian refugees across the region.
The region, in particular Lebanon and Jordan, is heavily influenced by a history of political and socioeconomic tensions between host communities and previous large refugee influxes.
Politicians fear electoral fallout and other negative political ramifications if their governments were to extend access to work for refugees.
• The impact of the Syrian conflict in general has caused greater macro-economic challenges in host countries than the impact of Syrian refugees.
Since the outbreak of the war in Syria, host country economies, all of which were heavily dependent on trade with Syria, have been impacted with direct and indirect fiscal costs. All have lost major trade routes through Syria and have had to adopt more expensive alternative routes, increasing export prices and hurting competitiveness.
In Turkey, the biggest impact has been the dramatic decline of trade with Syria. Tourism in Turkey has also been affected, with tourists coming from Britain and Russia estimated by one Turkish newspaper to have declined by 30 per cent.
There have been broader macroeconomic and fiscal implications of the Syrian crisis impacting regional economies which have been caused by the Syrian conflict and are separate to the economic impact of Syrian refugees.