1. DISCOVERY
• The internet enables users to access or discover information located in database all over the world. By only browsing and searching data sources on the Web , users can apply the Internet’s discovery capability to areas ranging from education to government services to entertainment to commerce.
• An example of discovery application is search engine. Search engine is actually a computer program that searches a specific information by keywords and then report the results. Its been a useful medium for the human being as all the information needed can obtained by only at the fingertip.There are many example of search engine nowdays , such as Google , Yahoo, Bing and also Ask.
• Portal is also a great medium to discover and find relevants and accurate information of somae organization. Basically , portal is a Web based,personalized gateway to information and knowledge that provides relevant information from different IT systems and the Internet using advanced searches and indexing techniques. There are 4 types of portal which are commercial , affinity,corporate and industrywide. Usually every university have their own portal for student’s reference. For example , Uitm student portal is a medium for their student to get any information on their studies.
2. COMMUNICATION.
• Communication is a way on how people interact with the other person via many platform which are e-mail, call centre, chat room and voice.
• Recently teenagers love to use chat room and also e-mail. E-mail is the largest volume application running over the Internet. E-mail have been used widely over the world and its actually give many benefits to the users. For example , many students and lecturers use E-mail to interact with each other; students send their works or assignment via E-mail to the lecturer. Futhermore , studies have found that almost all companies conduct business transaction via e-mail
• Skype is one of example covered under voice communication. Its help people to communicate with one another from a distance. Skype provide several voice-over Internet protocol(VoIP) services for free; voice and video calls to users who also have skype, instant messaging, short message service , voice mail, one to one and group chats and conference call with up to nine people. Its also give a chance to parents that miss their children that studies in oversea to interact with each other via video call.
3.COLLABORATION
• Collaboration refers to efforts by two or more entities, that is individuals, teams , groups or organizations who work together to accomplish certain tasks.
• Workflow is the movement of information as it prpgress through the sequence of steps that make up an organization’s work procedures. This actually help to pass documents,informations and task from one participant to another in a way that is governed by the organizations’s rules or procedures. Its actually a good tools for automating business process.
• Furthermore , electronc teleconferencing is also a medium that is been choose by the businessman to collaborate with the other businessman in other country. Teleconferencing is the use of electronic communicatiom technology that enables two or more people at different locations to hold a conference. This in return will give amny benefits to the users, as they can actually save their cost for transport and aslo accomadation to held a meeting face to face.
b) 4 differences of characteristic of distance learning and E-learning.
Distance learning E-Learning
Distance learning is any learning situation in which teachers and students did not meet face to face E-learning is a learning that is supported by the web.
Interaction between instructor only separate in a distance, where is both person are not together in the class. It can take place inside the classroom as a support to conventional teaching, for example when a student work on the Web during the class.
Distance learning , actually can be defined as more widely medium because , the teachers can be from any country. For example, a lecturer in Kuantan can make a website for any students that want to learn on how to write an essay , they can communicate with each other via email and help the student in needs to write an essay by edit their writing. E-learning can help in a blended learning , in which all coursework is done online. Student is in an environment on self study and become more independently.
For an example , scribble is a tool that communicate a learners with a guidance to a work together such as annotate an articles. For example , uitm’s student use an I learn for online tutorial where, the lecturer will open then tutorial session for a particular time.
c. Two types of computer network and the application
a)Local Area Networks
• Local area network is a network that connects two or more devices in a limited geographically region, so that every device on the network can communicate with every other device.
• For example , a few of computer will shared a cable to connect with a printer and also linked to a domain server.
b) Wide Area Network
• Wide area network is a network that covers a large geographic area. Usually , WANs will connect multiple LANs. WANs have a large capacity to cover and its contain routers which is a communication processor that routes message from a LAN to the Internet, across several connected LANs.
• An example of WAN is the Internet. Internet provides a great medium for society to communicate , gain information and many more.
2. a) Three types of electronic commerce
1) Business to consumer (B2C)
• In a business to consumer , the sellers are organization and the customers are indviduals. A business to consumer is more complex than business to business.
• The business to consumer is a type of e commerce that focus on how to approach the buyers and how to promote the products to the consumer. It is a strategy to make a business more efficiently.
• The sellers may use a site for shopping online which is offer an alternative to catalog and television shopping. For example , electronic malls and online service industries can attract thousands of customers. Electronic malls is a collection of individual shops grouped under a single Internet address. The idea is to provide a one stop shopping place that offers a various of products and services. Teso, Ikea and Giant are on of the supermarket that use this electronic malls for online grocery shopping. Tesco have their own website which is eshop.tesco , which is very convenience for their customer that having lack of time for grocery shopping.
• As for the online service industries , it is very famous among the teenagers and also adult. Online service industries is a medium for customer to purchase product via the Web; for example Lazada and Zalora. Those web provide a wide range of product such as handbag,shoes,pants,toys and so many more. This in return will reduce seller’s selling costs by at least 20 percent.
2) Business to business(B2B)
• Business to business is both buyers and sellers are business organizations.
• This business to business covers a broad spectrum of applications that enable an enterprise to form electronic relationships with its distributors, resellers, suppliers, customers and other partners.
• Sell side marketplace is a major models that this B2B applications utilized. In the sell side marketplace model, an organization got to sell their product to the other organization electronically from their own private e-marketplace Web site or from a third party Web site. For example , seller such as Asus computer will use auctions extensively , they may use any third party auction website such as eBay to liquidate their items.
• The sell side marketplace also can be used for customization. Customers can configure their items onlines. For example , at Dell, the customers can determine the exact type of computer that they want such as they can choose the type of chip or the size of hard disk.
3) Consumer to consumer (C2C)
• Consumer to consumer is an individual sells products or services to other individuals.
• This kind of medium is widely used nowdays, where a consumer attempt to sell back their product to the other customer via Internet. Many indivduals are conducting their own auction at any website at the Internet.
• The major catagories of online ads are vehicles,pets,employment,tickets and travels. Mudah.com is one of the website that consumer use to sell their product. They may conducting their own auction at this website to attract the other customers. The consumer may get to buy a products from the other customers at any other region as this type of e commerce are being used widely over the world.
b) Two advantages and two disadvantages of E commerce
Advantages
1) Making national and international markets more accessible
• E commerce can make national and internation markets more accessible like the consumer can get the product and service in a more convenient way. The customer also can buy a product that they required from any other region as e commerce provide access to an international audiences.
• For example , in the B2C the use of electronic malls for sure will attract a millions of customers as its more convenient for the customer. This in return will let the sellers to gain a high profit from this.
2) Lowers cost of processing , distributing and retrieving information.
• E commerce provide a better medium to promote the products and services to the consumers which is by using mobile commerce.
• Businesses and customers can buy and sell on the Internet by using this e commerce. The internet provides an efficient medium for conducting auction at lower administrative costs and with many involved selles and buyers. By using electronic malls , the number of workers can be reduce thus will lower the cost of the sellers to conduct the businesses.
Disadvantages.
1) Technologically limited
• Technologically limited means that , there are also a case that this e commerce can not be conduct due to the network and communication problems at some place.
• In less developed countries telecommunications bandwidth is often insufficient and web access is expensive.
2) Perception of insecurities
• The perception of insecurities refer to the product or service given may not same as stated or the standard may not fully fulfilled.
• For example, ad for the consumer to consumer electronic commerce, the consumer may think wisely before buying the product or services provided at the website; mudah.com as they may think that the product provided may not fully standard as stated at the auctions.
c) One issue related to e-tailing
1) Channel conflict
• Channel conflict happens when the manufacturers disintermediate their channel partners, such as distributors, retailers, dealers, and sales representatives, by selling their products directly to consumers, usually over the Internet through electronic commerce.
• Its also can arise in areas such as pricing and resource allocation , for example, how much money to spend on advertising.
• The channe conflict can also involves the logistic services provided by the offline activities to the online activities. Such as , how should a company handle returns of items purchased online. This kind of conflict might give a challenges to the business party.
3.a) Differentiate with example of mobile computing and mobile commerce.
Mobile computing.
• Mobile computing is a real time connection between a mobile device and other computing enviroments , such as the Internet or intranet.
• This mobile computing have two major characteristic which are mobility and broad reach. These two characteristic ,mobility and broad reach , create five value added attributes that break the barriers of geography and time which are ubiquity,convenience, instant connectivity,personalization and localizations of products and services.
• An example of mobile computing is by using a mobile phone a company can interact with the customer like customize information and send it to the individual consumers as a SMS.
Mobile commerce.
• Mobile commerce is an electronic commerce(EC) transactions conducted in a wireless environment especially via the internet.
• Mobile commerce applications are many and varied. The most popular applications include location based application and services, financial srvices, intrabusiness applications, accessing information and also telemetry applications.
• An example of mobile commerce is mobile banking. Mobile banking allows the consumers to make any transaction by online or allows the consumer to check their account balance where ever they are.
b) 4 wireless transmission media that commonly used in connecting the network
The major types of wireless media are microwave,satellite,radio and infrared.
1) Microwave
• Microwave transmission system transmit data via electromagnetic waves. These systems are used for high volume,long distance , line of sight communications. Line of sight means that the transmitter and receiver are in view of each other.
• This microwave transmission is relativel inexpensive , but it only offer a limited solution to data communication needs,especially over very long distance. Furthermore, microwave transmission alsa requires an unobstructed line of sight.
2) Satellite
• Satellite is been developed due to the microwave restriction on the earth landscape that affect obscure wave.
• The enormous footprint by a satellite overcomes the limitation of microwaves base stations. There are three types of satellite which are geostationary earth orbit(GEO), middle earth orbit (MEO) and low earth orbit(LEO). The GEO being the farthest from Earth and LEO the closest.
• Satellites use broadcast transmission which send signals to many receiver at one time and also provides internet services to remote areas of Earth. This satellite also provide GPS information in automobile , which is allow the activities such as navigating,mapping and surveying. An example of most commonly GPS is waze and google maps.
3) Radio
• Radio transmission uses radio wave frequencies to send data directly between transmitters and receivers.
• This radio transmission had high bandwidth and the signal pass through the wall.
• However , this radio transmission also creates electrical interference problems. For example , the radio signal might interrupted when it is been used in another region because different region have different frequencies for specific radio transmission.
4) Infrared
• Infrared light is red light that is not commonly visible to human eyes. Infrared uses special antenna called IrDA port that allows device to communicate with another which applies line-of-sight.
• Infrared is only for short distances and because of infrared can not penetrate the walls , it cannot be use outside a building because sun’s rays contain infrared waves that can interfere with communication.
c) Three types of wireless computer network
1) Short range wireless network
• Short range wireless network is the connection among wireless devices within 100 feet or less. It enable the users to move around while using the devices.
• There are threebasic type of short range networks : Bluetooth, ultra wideband(UWB) and near-field communications(NFC). Bluetooth is used to create small Personal Area Network (PAN) such as the communication between phone and peripherals. Bluetooth 1.0 can linked up to 8 devices within a 10 meter area. Common use of Bluetooth is to transfer or share the pictures or music for cell phones and also computer.
• Ultra wide band(UWB) technology is used to locate people or assets within building by having them tagged (wearing badge). This UWB has a very high speed in excess which is make it’s a good choice for application such as streaming multimedia from lets say a personal computer to a television.
• While , the near field communication the smallest range of any short range wireless networks which is designed to be embedded in mobile phone that is used in credit card related payment or eticketing application.
2) Medium range wireless network
• Medium range wireless network is Is the connection of devices in LAN (within single building or campus area) that happens wirelessly.
• Commonly , the type of medium range wireless network are WiFi , WiFi Direct ,MiFi, super WiFI and wireless nesh networks. WiFi is the technology to connect wireless LAN devices to the internet by using an access point hardware. WiFi provides fast and easy intranet broadband access from public hotspots located at airport ,universities, hotels and also homes. Usually , every café like starbucks have their own WiFi for their customers.
• While , WiFi Direct enables peer to peer communications and its actually offers a similar type of connectivity like Bluetooth but with a wider range. MiFi is a small ,portable devices that provides users a permanent WiFi hotspot wireless wherever they go.
• As for the super WiFI ,it is actually use the lower-frequency white spaces between television channel which works better than normal Wi-Fi. Wireless mesh networks use multiple WiFi access point to create a wide area network that can be quite large.
3) Wide area wireless network
• Wide area wireless network is a network that connect users to the internet over a geographically dispersed territory.
• This wide area wireless network is divided into two categories which is cellular radio and wireless broadband. This network use portions of the wireless spectrum that are regulated by the government.
• Cellular radio(cellular telephones) provides two way radio communications over a cellular network of base stations. This cellular technology is quickly evolving toward higher speeds of transmission by the year. The technology has progressed through sveral stages which are first generation(1G) which use analog signal , second generation(2G) used digital signals , third generation(3G) and fourth generation(4G).
• Wireless broadband or WiMax is the connection that supports long distance connection up to 31 miles (inter-city) connection.