CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
There are some researches about onomatopoeia and comics. The first research that entitled “An Analysis of Translation Sound Onomatopoeia in Naruto, One Piece and Detective Conan” by Feri Ariesta (2015). This research that give the writer idea to continue the research. In her research, she present about 4 kinds of onomatopoeia in comics “Naruto, One Piece and Detective Conan”. They are sound made by human, things, nature and animal. She did research with purpose to know how many onomatopoeias and what kind of translation procedure which found in comic Naruto, One Piece and Detective Conan. The result of her research is 71 onomatopoeias which made by human, 71 onomatopoeias which made by things, 10 onomatopoeias which made by nature, and 7 onomatopoeias which is made by animal.
The second research is “An Analysis Of Onomatopoeias In Garfield Comic” by Tiara Eliza (2012). This research present about the types and meaning of onomatopoeia that is found in comic Garfield (2006). The result of her research is she found two types of onomatopoeia. They are primary onomatopoeia and secondary onomatopoeia.The primary onomatopoeia is the direct imitation of a sound produced by an object while secondary onomatopoeia comes from the sound combination produced by the specific characteristic of an object and its movement. In addition, the meanings of onomatopoeias derive from the lexical and contextual meanings. The lexical meaning refers to the dictionary meaning and the contextual refers to the context of an onomatopoeia in the comic line.
Different with other thesis and journal, in this research, the researcher concerns to the types onomatopoeia and the translation procedure which will be used to translate onomatopoeia words. Therefore, by analyzing onomatopoeia from Indonesian then translate it into English using translation procedure by Peter Newmark.
A. Theoritical Framework
1. Translation
a. Definition
Translation is process of transferring meaning or message from the source language into target language. According to Newmark, Peter (1988), translation is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended the text. Moreover, according to Nida and Taber (1982) see translating as a process of reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. (cited in Simultaneous Translation; 2012, pp. 3)
From the explanation above, the definition of translation is process of transferring the meaning from Source Language into Target Language without reducing the meaning from the author. A translator must understand cultural difference in each language. Therefore, the translator can convey the message from the author from Source Language into Target Language. So, the reader will accept the translation.
b. Translation Procedures
1) Literal Translation
This is the basic translation procedure. In literal translation, the translator converts the grammatical form from SL into the nearest TL equivalent. If lexical word is single translated, the meaning might be different from the context. For example, “DUAARR” translated into Indonesian becomes “BOOOM”. It is sound of explosion
2) Transference
Transference is the process of transferring a SL word to a TL text as a translation procedure. The word which want to translate is become loan word. Because, TL is lack of vocabulary. For example, “ZA ZA” in Japanese translated into Indonesian still “ZA ZA”. It is sound of wave.
3) Naturalisation
This procedure succeeds transference and adapts the SL word first to the normal pronunciation, then to the normal morphology (word-forms) of the TL. For example, “VROOM” in English translated into Indonesian becomes “BRUUM”. It is sound of car
4) Cultural Equivalent
This is an approximate translation where a SL cultural word is translated by a TL cultural word. The cultural word from TL has same meaning with TL. For example, Cricket in British English is translated Baseball in American English
5) Functional Equivalent
This procedure usually for cultural words. It is used when SL doesn’t have equivalent in TL. So, the translator describe the SL word into TL phrase or sentence. For example, Pendekar in Indonesian is translated a expert in martial arts in English.
6) Descriptive Equivalent
This procedure is similar with fuctional equivalent but the description sometimes has to be weighed against function. For example, SAMURAI (the Japanese aristocracy from the eleventh to the nineteenth century) in Japanese is translated Bangsawan in Indonesian.
7) Synonymy
This procedure is used for a SL word where there is no clear one-to-one equivalent, and the word is not important in the text, in particular for adjectives or adverbs of quality. A synonym is only appropriate where literal translation is not possible and because the word is not important enough for componential analysis. For example, “studies” in English can be change into “research”.
8) Through-Translation
This procedure will be used if the translator and the reader already recognize the words. It is usually used when to translate organization. For example, UN (United Nations) in English is translated PBB (Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa) in Indonesian.
9) Shifts Or Transpositions
This procedure involve changing grammar from SL to TL. SHIFTS is Catford’s term and TRANSPOSITIONS is Vinay and Darbelnet’s term. This procedure is divided into four types. The first type is changing from singular to prular, eg.
The second type of shift is needed when SL grammatical structure is not exist in TL. Example, may I help you? (in English) It can be translated into Ada yang bisa saya bantu? (In Indonesia)
The third type is the type that when literal translation is grammatically possible but may not accord with natural usage in TL. Example, the situastion is still critical. It can be translated into Masih dalam situasi yang kritis
The fourth type is the replacement of a virtual lexical gap by a grammatical structure. Example, He is hang out (in English). It can be translated into Dia pergi bermain (in Indonesia)
10) Modulation
Vinay and Darbelnet define that modulation is a variation through a change of viewpoint, of perspective and very often of category of thought.
11) Recognised Translation
This translation procedure is use the official or the generally accepted translation of any institutional term. If appropriate, you can gloss it and, in doing so, indirectly show your disagreement with the official version.
12) Translation Label
This translation procedure is a provisional translation, usually of a new institunonal term, which should be made in inverted commas, which can later be discreetly withdrawn.
13) Compensation
This is said to occur when loss of meaning, sound-effect, metaphor or pragmatic effect in one part of a sentence is compensated in another part, or in a contiguous sentence.
14) Componential Analysis
This is the splitting up of a lexical unit into its sense components, often one-to-two, -three or -four translations
15) Reduction And Expansion
These are rather imprecise translation procedures, which you practise intuitively in some cases, ad Aoc in others
16) Paraphrase
This translation procedure is an amplification or explanation of the meaning of a segment of the text. It is used in an ‘anonymous’ text when it is poorly written, or has important implications and omissions
17) Equivalence
This translation procedure is a different ways of rendering the cliches and standard aspects of language
18) Couplets
Couplets, triplets, quadruplets combine two, three or four of the above-mentioned procedures respectively for dealing with a single problem. They are particularly common for cultural words, if transference is combined with a functional or a cultural equivalent
19) Notes, Additions, Glosses
The additional information a translator may have to add to his version is normally cultural (accounting for difference between SL and TL culture), technical (relating to the topic) or linguistic (explaining wayward use of words), and is dependent on the requirement of his, as opposed to the original, readership
2. Onomatopoeia
a. Definition
Onomatopoeia is a name that represent or imitate sound produced by the real object. Onomatopoeia is words which derived from Greek. They are “poein” means the making and “onoma” means from natural sound. Onomatopoeia will atract the reader to imagine what is the exact sound of the real object. Another definition of onomatopoeia is the fact of words containing sound similar to he noiser they describe, for example hiss and thud. He use of words like this in a piece of writing called onomatopoeic. “Bang” and “Pop” are onomatopoeic words (Oxford English Dictionary, 2000). In KBBI Edisi Lux (2011), onomatopoeia or usually called onomatope is kata tiruan bunyi. According to Taylor, Insup (1990) claimed that onomatopoeic is words which imitate the sound or the motions made by an animal or object. According to Rahman, Suzana (2016) state that onomatopoeic is the sound of words which supposedly imitating the natural sound or the creation words imitating the sound assosiated with object reffered to. Based on explanation above, onomatopoeia is a word or sound which aims to imitate the real object’s activity that has meanings.
b. Types of Onomatopoeia
1) Primary Onomatopoeia
The primary onomatopoeia is the direct imitation of a sound produced by an object.
Example of primary onomatopoeia
Cat Meow
Laughing Haha
Phone Br-r-r-ring
(Thomas, 2004)
2) Secondary Onomatopoeia
Secondary onomatopoeia comes from the sound combination produced by the specific characteristic of an object and its movement. Example of secondary onomatopoeia
Explosion Boom
Collision of Metal Clang
Dripping Water Drip
(Thomas, 2004)
3. Comic
a. Definition
At first nineteenth century, caricature was escalated into modern form with speech baloon. According to Kokko, Vilma (2013) state that comics are graphic narratives comprised of several separate, sequential images, which may use text and conventionalised symbols in completing the message of the images or replacing images. The layout and sequence of the pictures functions like metatext, guiding the reader’s attention. The other expert like Guynes, Sean A (2014) state that Comics are a multimodal narrative form of sequential art created and enjoyed in distinct manifestations across the world.Comics usually published in newspaper, magazine, book and on internet. The use of comic is from entertaining until teaching. Everybody knows comic like everyday life.
Some feature that widely know in comic is pictures and story. For futher details it can include speech baloon, panel, characters, various symbol and aspects of movement and emotion. Althouh, there are comic which without text, it can tell a story with just illustration. Another expert define comics are narrative forms in which the story is told in a series of at least two separate pictures. The individual pictures provide context for one another, thus distinguishing comics from single-frame cartoons. Comics involve linguistic, typographic and pictorial signs and combinations of signs as well as a number of specific components such as speech-bubbles, speed lines, onomatopoeia etc., which serve particular functions. The form and use of these elements are subject to culture-specific conventions (Kaindl, 1999 cited from Kokko, Vilma (2013) Translations of Sound Effects in Seven Comics). So, comics are group of pictures that become a story with any other signs combination like speech baloon, panel, onomatopoeia etc. Comics are created by drawing and writing.
b. Genre of Comics
Comics have been written in a variety of styles and genres, to suit every taste. Here are just some of the many genres to be found in today’s comics:
1) Superhero
One of the most celebrated comic book genres, Superhero comics feature the likes of Superman, Batman, Spider-Man and the X-Men individuals often clad in capes and masks, who use their extraordinary abilities to protect humanity
2) Manga
Manga refers to an Asian style. Manga contains several genres that are marketed to very specific types of readers. They are Shoujo and Shounen. Shoujo is a genre typically aimed at young teenage girls, usually involving drama and romance. Shonen refers to manga primarily intended for boys and features humorous stories and high levels of action.
3) Slice of Life
Many comics and graphic novels offer thoughtful portrayals of real life. These can take the form of autobiography, relationship drama or historical fiction, among other examples. Slice-of-life comics are frequently popular with older teenagers and adults in search of a contemplative read.
4) Humor
This genre is purposively to make the reader laugh. As example, the Simpsons in western and Gintama in Japanese.
5) Non-Fiction
Comics have proven to be a great educational tool, and many have been created to explore such diverse topics as science, history, politics and biography
6) Sci-Fi or Fantasy
Those who like to imagine other worlds will find a multitude of fantastic universes to explore in comics.
7) Horror
Frights, chills and thrills abound in comics with creepy illustrations and suspense-building stories.
B. Conceptual Framework
This study aims to find out types of onomatopoeia and translation procedure which in Fairy Tail and Bakuman Comic. The concept which will be used for analysis data is document analysis. According to Sugiyono, document is a recording of some phenomenon as written text, pictures or monumental works in the past. On the other hand, according to Yvonna Lincoln and Egon Guba, document is written communication that will be used for personal matter rather than official reason. According to Ary et al, document analysis is an activity which focus on analyzing and interpreting data that has been recorded to learn about human behaviour. So, it can be conclude that document is a tool for communicating which record events in the past. Whereas, document analysis is analyzing and interpreting data to learn about activities of human that has been recorded.
Research’s process will be explain below:
1. Reading
First, the writer reads the “Fairy Tail Chapter 362” and “Bakuman Chapter 89” many times to have deep understanding about the content.
2. Collecting
After reading, the writer take a note onomatopoeia which is found in comic.
3. Classifying
The writer classify onomatopoeia that is found based on research question.
4. Analyzing
The writer analyze data which has been collected with using instrument which has been created.
5. Report
The writer report the data with pictures