Name: Jennifer Celis
Chapter 1 Text Assignment
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Compare and contrast developed versus developing countries in terms of wealth, SES, current and future population trends, and value systems.
In Developed countries we have lower unemployment and lower poverty rates as well as lower mortality rates. There is a effective rate of industrialization and the individual income is higher in Developed Countries. Developing countries don’t have as much wealth and they have a higher mortality rate and birth rate. The distribution of income is usually unequal. In Developing Countries there is a slow rate of industrialization.
Describe the basic principles of Freud’s Psychosexual Theory of Development in your own words.
The basic principles of Freud’s Psychosexual Theory is that he believed that there was some type of persistent matter with the patients who experienced trauma in their childhood. Even though the children suppressed their trauma it became intergraded into their subconscious and it affected their behaviorism and changed their personality.
List and describe each of the stages of Freud’s Psychosexual stages in your own words.
The first stage begins when the children are infants, Freud mentions that infants have their sexual sensation around their mouth. The second stage is when they become toddlers they have a interest in going to the restroom. The third stage is early on in childhood this is when the child experience sexual sensations in their privates. The fourth stage is usually the middle age 6-12 years of age and its when the child focuses more on friends and themselves. The last stage is stage five which begins at adolescence their sexual desire comes back and they now look for a partner.
Based on Freud’s Psychosexual Theory of Development, what contributes to an individual’s ability to progress through the stages in a healthy way, and what happens when an individual may experience challenges at any point of development?
In the textbook Freud mentions that the personality is developed by six years of age, or within the three stages. In each stage he says if theres too much or too little gratification the desire could result in the child being fixated and it could potentially shape their future development.
Compare and contrast the basic concepts of Freud and Erikson.
I feel like Freud’s theory is based on the psychosexual stages only and Eriksons rely on the Psychosocial stage. There are five stages in freud’s theory and eight stages in Erikson's theory. Freud also worked on the theory of psychoanalysis.
In terms of Erikson’s theory, what is a “crisis” and how does it impact one’s ability to progress from one stage to the next?
In Erikson’s theory theres a crisis in every stage which he calls a challenge or crisis and he mentions that the person must resolve. Erikson mentions that the crisis prepares individuals for their next stage in life but there are people that will have difficulty dealing with these crisis’s.
List and describe each of the stages of Erikson’s Psychosocial stages in your own words.
The first stage is in infancy and this stage is about trust vs. mistrust. If children are cared for and they are loved they will develop a sense of trust. If the children are not well-loved in infancy they learn to doubt people. The second stage is autonomy vs. shame this stage takes place during toddlerhood. The child develops wisdom of self-distinct from others. In stage three, it begins during early childhood, the challenge is guilt vs. initiative. The Child will become more and more independent and then begin to make their own plans, it they are encouraged by others they can develop the initiative. But, if they are discouraged they will feel guilt. The fourth stage is industry vs. inferiority. This takes place during the middle of a child life 6-12 years and is when they start to learn skills. If they are encouraged by others then they develop skills, and enthusiasm. If they don’t have failed learning what is required they feel inferiority. The fifth stage is mastering their skills and developing a sense of identity. If there is a issue with this challenge the person could experience inadequacy and confusion within their identity. The sixth stage is intimacy and isolation the person must build a relationship or stay single this can affect the person because if they don’t enter into a relationship they will be single. The seventh and eighth stage is based on the person contributing to society and the last stage is them looking back and reflecting on their lives what they accomplished and what they could have changed. If they didn’t accomplish what they wanted to in life then they could feel resentment or regret.
How is Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological theory different from that of Freud and Erikson?
Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological theory is different from that of Freud and Erikson because his theory is based on the social development of the human development rather then the psychosocial and psychosexual theories that Freud and Erikson’s throes are based on. Bronfenbrenner’s theory is not in stages but rather in levels or a system.
List and describe each of the levels, or systems, in Bronfenbrenner’s theory in your own words.
The first level of Bronfenbrenner’s theory is the microsystem level. The microsystem is a immediate environment where they can practice their daily lives. This is regarding relationships with immediate family an example would be a mother, father, or sibling relationships. This can include distant family, and friends. Children are a very important part of the microsystem. Depending on the way the child behaves effects how the parents behave, friends can also affect the child. The next level is the mesosystem. This is where one relationship is affected by another. If the child is not treated well at home by the parents it can affect their relationship. The third is the ecosystem. In the exosystem social establishments, such as school, media, and religion, have indirect, but potentially important, influences on development. The fourth system is the macrosystem and it includes peoples cultural beliefs and values and economic and governmental systems. In the final level or system, the chronosystem, their are changes that occur over a period of time.
Define emerging adulthood, and describe the qualities of an individual in that stage of life.
The term emerging adulthood is used in developed countries. This is regarding people continuing their education into their early ages then getting married and having children in their twenties and thirties. These People aren’t dependent on their parents or family.
List and describe the stages of scientific method in your own words.
The scientific method has five steps the first, is just answering a question. It can be any type of question that was observed. The second step is forming a hypothesis for the answer to the question. The third step is the research on the way to investigate the possible hypothesis. The fourth step is the Collection of data to make sure the hypothesis is right. The fifth and last step is the conclusion depending on the results it will depend on the outcome of this step.
Please review Table 1.3 and be able to recognize the differences between the different types of research methods.
The difference between the research methods are very different depending on the limitations and the advantages.
Define and discuss the following terms with regard to research methodology:
Hypothesis – a hypothesis is what you believe the answer is. Hypothesis’s are used in methodology.
Sample- Samples are used in research methods and the data can help figure out the solution.
Population- A group of people or animals in a area.
Procedure – a certain way of doing something. Two of the same problems can yield different results using methodology even following the same procedures.
IRB- The IRB stands for Institutional Review Board and it is meant to protect the welfare of human research that participate in research projects.
Informed Consent – is when you give permission even though the outcome could be bad.
Debriefing – is asking questions about whats going on.
Correlational – is a type of research used to find links between variables.
Experimental – is a idea that is untested. Methodology uses experimental research.
Independent Variable – A variable that isn’’t dependent of anything else.
Dependent Variable – A variable that is dependent on another.
Natural experiment – is a observational study where the situation allows for a natural change within the research.
Reliability- is being trustworthy or consistent.
Validity – Validity is being logically or fact-based.
Cross Sectional – A cross-sectional study is the examination of the relationship between disease
Longitudinal – is the length or dimension.
Cohort Effects – is used in the area of study in science to describe variations.
Theory – A theory is a belief that isn’t proven yet.