1:
Qualitative- non‐numerical information
Quantitative- numerical information
Observation- qualitative information collected through the use of senses
Interpretation- to put meaning to observations
Description- a list of properties of something
Data- quantitative information which is experimentally determined or obtained from a reference
Experiment- a procedure that is carried out to discover a result
Hypothesis- An unproven idea which tries to explain why nature behaves in a specific way
Theory- a set of hypothesizes that use a large number of observations to be used in the real word
Law- A summary statement which describes a large amount of experimental evidence and how nature behaves when a certain situation occurs
Matter- anything that has mass and occupies space
Substance- Anything that has a unique set of identifiable properties
Physical property- a property which does not change the chemical composition of a substance
Chemical property- A property which changes the chemical composition
Intensive- a physical property that does not depend on the amount of matter
Extensive- a physical property that depends on the amount of matter
Plasma- a gas made of charged particles such as electrons and naked atomic nuclei at extremely high temperature
Hardness- the ability of a solid to resist abrasion or scratching
Malleability- the ability to be flattened into sheets
Ductility- the ability to be stretched into wires
Lustre- the ability to shine when polished
Viscosity- the resistance of fluid to flow
Diffusion- the mixing of fluids as a result of random motion within the fluid
Vapour- A substance diffused or suspended in the air
Vapour pressure- the pressure created by the vapour evaporating from a liquid
Boiling temperature- the temperature at which a liquid changes state to gas
Melting temperature- the temperature at which a solid changes state to liquid
Phase- the state of matter (gas, liquid, solid)
Element- a substance which cannot be separated into simpler substances as a result of any physical processes
Atom- the smallest possible unit of an element which retains the properties
Molecule- a group of two or more atoms joined together by chemical bonds
Ion- an atom or molecule which possesses an electrical charge
Particle- the general term used to describe a small bit of matter such as an atom, molecule or ion
Homogeneous- consisting of only one phase that is visibly evident
Heterogeneous- consisting of different phases that are visibly evident
Pure substance- a substance that has consistent chemical properties and composition throughout the entirety of itself
Mixture- a substance that is made up two or more substances with a variable composition
Mechanical mixture- a heterogeneous mixture of two or more substances
Solution- a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances
Solvent- the component of the solution which is in greater quantity
Solute- the component of the solution which is in smaller quantity
Compound- substances composed of two or more types of atoms but only one type of molecule is present
Kinetic energy- the energy that molecules possess when in motion
Anion- an ion with a negative charge
Cation- an ion with a positive charge
Ionic Compound- Compounds that are composed of a anion and a cation
Covalent- binary compounds of two nonmetals
4:
Solids are composed of tightly packed particles and are very rigid. They do not easily change shape and have a set volume. Liquids match the shape of the container but do not fill it. The particles are close together but slide past each other. Gases fill the container and fill the entire volume. The particles are widely separated and only collide in reactions.
9:
Hand separation- Used for solid in solid mixture or solid in liquid mixtures when the solid is large enough to be picked. Requires very little supplies, if any.
Filtration- Used for solid in liquid mixture. To use filtration, pour a mixture through a filter in order to separate it. The filter catches the solids.
Evaporation: Used for solid in liquid mixture. Heat is applied so the liquid turns to a gas, leaving a solid behind. Used when the liquid is not needed
Distillation- Heat is applied to 2 liquids or a solid and liquid mixture and the first liquid to evaporate is then condensed into a separate container, separating the mixture. Used when the liquid is needed.
Solvent Extraction- Used for solid in solid, solid in liquid, or liquid in liquid mixture where one of the two is more soluble in a particular solvent and the second is not. The solvent is added, dissolving one of the components. The solvent is then removed along with the dissolved component leaving the other component. The solvent is then removed by evaporation or distillation leaving the crystallized component. Used when the solutes have different solubilities.
Recrystallization- Used for solid in solid mixtures. The 2 solids are placed in hot water where both dissolve. They are then placed in cold water so that one crystallizes due to its low solubility in water and the other does not crystallize.
Gravity Separation- Used for a solid in solid or solid in liquid mixture where the density of one material is much greater than the others. Uses vibration or a centrifuge so the denser material collects at the bottom and the less dense at the top.
Chromatography- Used for certain mixtures that can be separated based on differences in the rate at which the components move through a stationary phase under the influence of a moving phase. Based on the fact that different kinds of molecules are absorbed to a different extent by different kinds of substances.
10:
Use a paper filter to separate the sands and liquids. The sands can be separated using gravity separation by vibrating the container so that the white sand settles on top and the black sand on the bottom. Then pick out the white sand and black sand by hand. For the liquids distill them so that the liquid methanol boils first and is condensed into another container.
11:
First use a paper filter to separate the sand and iron fillings from the liquids. Then, use a magnet so that the iron fillings are attracted to the magnet and placed into a separate container. Use a separation funnel to separate the water and dyes from the gasoline since they are immiscible. Use distillation to separate the water from the dyes. Use paper chromatography to separate the 2 dyes into their individual colours. They will travel different distances and they can be cut apart. Then use a solvent to separate the dyes from the paper and evaporate the solvent.
12:
Pick out the pennies with your hands and put them in a separate container. Then, use a magnet to remove the nails from the mixture and put them in a separate container.. Use gravity separation and vibrate the container so that the platinum powder settles at the bottom and the white sand settles on top. Scoop out the white sand and put them in a separate container.
14:
If more PBD were used, the time between each phase would be longer but the temperature would be the same. It is only stretched horizontally since the melting point and boiling point are an intensive but the time to increase the temperature is higher with more mass.