Suzette Johnson,
John Hurst,
English 1101
24, November 2018
From hypertension to heart disease
Introduction
Heart disease kills more people in the US than any other disease. The odd thing is most of the heart-related diseases are very preventable. While as one grows older they are more susceptible to the disease, simple things like regular checkups, a healthy diet and adequate physical activity can largely keep the disease away. Yet, the disease remains a top killer. Perhaps the modernization of the world has led people to work more behind a desk than at any other time in history, but technological advancements have also led to by far many people living far longer than expected. Many countries in the developed world have seen life expectancies of over 70 years. This research paper attempts to look at how hypertension comes about and later leads to heart disease. Longstanding hypertension ultimately leads to heart disease.
Annotated Bibliography
12 sources consisting of 7 articles, 1 website, 2 videos, and 2 book chapters or newspaper articles
Messerli, Franz H, Stefano F. Rimoldi, and Sripal Bangalore. "The Transition from Hypertension To Heart Failure." JACC: Heart Failure. 5.8 (2017): 543-551. Print.
This source traces the evolution of hypertension to heart failure. It discusses the how blood artery and cardiac changes occur as a result of hypertension. The paper also discusses the pathophysiology and the various syndromes that develop as a result. Other than discussing diagnosis, the paper also offers solutions and therapies to help with dealing with persisting hypertension. The paper will be useful in helping to chart the course from hypertension to heart failure. Published in the Journal of the American College of Cardiology shows that the paper is worth its salt considering its presence in the prestigious journal.
Drazner, M.H. "The Progression of Hypertensive Heart Disease." Circulation. 123.3 (2011): 327-334. Print.
This source looks at the progression of hypertensive heart disease. It takes a more detailed approach by focusing on how the disease develops. It considers the various physiological changes that occur and result in what aspects of heart disease. The paper also discusses the factors that influence the shape of hearts following hypertension. The source delves into how the walls of the heart are affected by the high blood pressure. The source is credible since in the disclosures there were no conflicting interests. The author also works at the Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas.
Calhoun, David A, Daniel Jones, Stephen Textor, David C. Goff, Timothy P. Murphy, Robert D. Toto, Anthony White, William C. Cushman, William White, Domenic Sica, Keith Ferdinand, Thomas D. Giles, Bonita Falkner, and Robert M. Carey. "Resistant Hypertension: Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Treatment: A Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association Professional Education Committee of the Council for High Blood Pressure Research." Circulation. 117.25 (2008): 1403-1419. Print.
This paper looks at a form of hypertension that is problematic. Known as resistant hypertension, it is difficult to detect. The paper offers a viable diagnosis which gives the reader a deeper idea of the workings of hypertension. The researchers also offer an evaluation of the disease. The researchers also advice on how to treat it as well as the various treatment methods, pharmaceuticals, and therapies that could work. This source is very credible because it is an official scientific statement from the American Heart Association. The authors are members of the organization's Professional Education Committee of the Council for High Blood Pressure Research.
Diez, Javier, and Edward D. Frohlich. "A Translational Approach to Hypertensive Heart Disease." Hypertension. 55.1 (2010): 1-8. Print.
This source looks at the heart muscle changes that occur as a result of hypertension on a muscular cellular level. The paper also does look at the general development of hypertension-related heart disease. It discusses the current literature developments in the pathophysiology of the disease. However, of interest is the recommendation the paper gives for remodeling the heart after being changed due to hypertension. The authors also offered an optimized diagnosis that sheds light on the nature of the disease. Both the authors work at the Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, at the Centre of Applied Medical Research, at the University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain. The authors have also written other related papers.
Forman, John P, Meir J. Stampfer, and Gary C. Curhan. "Diet and Lifestyle Risk Factors Associated with Incident Hypertension in Women." Jama: the Journal of the American Medical Association. 302.4 (2009): 401-411. Print.
This source investigates some of the risk factors associated with hypertension. More specifically, it focuses on risk factors related to diet and lifestyle. The paper underscores the preventable aspects of hypertension. Even though the paper focuses on women, the risk factors still apply to men. Additionally, the paper offers recommendations on how to go about dealing with risk factors. It offers associations to workable actions taken to reduce the risk factors. The paper is credible because it is published in one of the most prestigious and oldest medical journals, the Journal of the American Medical Association. There were also no conflicts of interests disclosed in the disclosure section.
Lee, Duck-Chul, Xuemei Sui, Timothy S. Church, Carl J. Lavie, Andrew S. Jackson, and Steven N. Blair. "Changes in Fitness and Fatness on the Development of Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors." Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 59.7 (2012): 665-672. Print.
This source provides a long-term view of the impact of fitness and ‘fatness’ has on the development of cardiovascular disease risk factors. The study occurred over a 6 year period. There were 3,148 participants. The study concluded that maintaining or improving fitness as well as preventing fat gain were crucial in reducing heart disease risk factors. The study is credible in that the authors have other publications in the cardiovascular area of medicine. The paper was also good enough for the American College of Cardiology Foundation to retain copyright and usage.
Whooley, M.A, Jonge P. de, E Vittinghoff, C Otte, R Moos, R.M Carney, S Ali, S Dowray, B Na, M.D Feldman, N.B Schiller, and W.S Browner. "Depressive Symptoms, Health Behaviors, and Risk of Cardiovascular Events in Patients with Coronary Heart Disease." Jama. the Journal of the American Medical Association. 300.20 (2008): 2379-2388. Print.
This study looks at the depressive symptoms that are commonly predictive of adverse cardiovascular outcomes. It attempts to understand the mechanisms responsible for the associations between depression and coronary heart disease. The outcome of the investigation shows that the association is related to behavioral factors. Physical activity was the most important behavioral factor. The paper provides insights into how mental health plays a role in the advancement of hypertension and heart disease. This paper is published in the respected Journal of the American Medical Association. While the paper was funded by various research funds and foundations, they had no role in the design or conduct of the study.
Desai, Rishi, director. Hypertension Effects on the Heart | Health & Medicine | Khan Academy. 2012, www.youtube.com/watch?v=0fWuPR1AsJ4.
Desai explains the effects of hypertension on the heart. He uses calculations of pressure and force to show mathematically the effect of high blood pressure on the heart and arteries. He also discusses two major heart problems that hypertension causes. Desai also associates the pressure and force dynamics in play with heart muscular changes that occur. Desai is a physician of pediatric infectious diseases. The video is also from the Khan Academy, a reputable online teaching institution.
Marshall, Tanner, director. Hypertension and Heart Damage | Circulatory System and Disease | NCLEX-RN | Khan Academy. 2015, www.youtube.com/watch?v=SHjxi0bRiLA.
Marshall discusses hypertension and how it damages the heart. He offers some calculations used to determine the extent of hypertension. He also offers a perspective of hypertension on the overall circulatory system. The video considers the effects of hypertrophy in the heart and its negative effects on the heart and the arteries. The video also captures briefly the effects of hypertension on the kidneys, lungs, and brain etc. The video is credible because it is created by the Khan Academy, a reputable online teaching institution.
Andreadis, Emmanuel A. Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease. , 2018. Print.
The book discusses hypertension and cardiovascular disease. It gives a comprehensive analysis of offering individualized patient care. It provides evidence-based medicine insights and application. The book has several contributors who give various insights into treatment and management that would become crucial in patient care. The book is credible because the contributors are experts in the field of cardiology and have experience with diagnosis, research, and treatment. The book is also just recently published, 2016, which ensures that the information will likely be updated for currency.
Mensah, George A. Hypertension and Hypertensive Heart Disease, an Issue of Cardiology Clinics. London: Elsevier Health Sciences, 2010. Print.
The book offers a comprehensive take on hypertension and heart disease. It looks at the various developments that can occur due to high blood pressure. The book also offers a summary of the current state of the art in diagnosis as well as treating and preventing. The book aims to equip cardiologists and other heart specialists. The book buttresses its relevancy by targeting high intelligent readers in the field. The author has also co-authored in another book about strokes heart diseases thus showing he is well versed in the field.
Mayo Clinic. “High Blood Pressure (Hypertension).†Mayo Clinic, Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, 12 May 2018, www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-pressure/symptoms-causes/syc-20373410.
This website explains hypertension in the simplest language. It discusses high blood pressure starting from a brief overview of the symptoms and causes. The site talks about the diagnosis and treatment as well as the doctors and departments that would likely deal with you if have high blood pressure. The source provides the best entry-level explanations on the subjects. The site is managed by one of the most reputable hospitals in the US, the Mayo Clinic. The hospital has won numerous awards over several years in dealing with various diseases and cardiovascular diseases are included too.
Research Reflection
I still have several questions about some aspects of the topic. For instance, while I understand the effects of pressure in enlargening the heart muscles, I still fail to properly understand why hypertrophy is not good for the heart. Yet, hypertrophy is good for the muscles and contributes to making our bodies to have great physiques. Another question that I would still like to know is the genetic factors that are at play in transferring high blood pressure susceptibility to offsprings. My research has surprised me. First, I did not know anything about hypertension and heart disease before I started. So nearly everything I read appeared to be new. I was surprised that hypertrophy while it was good for outer muscles, it was bad for heart muscles. I was also surprised that most of the time hypertension and the associated heart diseases are completely preventable by just being more physically active every day and changing my diet to be healthier.
There are still gaps in my research. For instance, I don't yet understand how increased physical activity which does increase the heart rate and even pressure is good for the heart yet high blood pressure arising from other things is unsafe. I also need to fill up the gaps in how various races and genders are impacted by the disease and whether this is because of cultural, genetic or socioeconomic factors. After all the research I have done, I would feel confident about the finished product. This is because I have included various books and papers that discuss the issue from the onset of high blood pressure to getting the disease which gives me different angles to understand the process. I also feel confident because I am able to make most of the connection from causes of hypertension leading to heart disease. I am also confident because my sources were credible.