AP Psychology Unit 6: modules 26 – 30
Learning Vocabulary
Learning- The process of acquiring new & relatively enduring info/behaviors
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Law of effect- Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors
Respondent behavior- Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus
Habituation- An Organism’s decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it.
Operant chamber- in operant conditioning research, a chamber (also known a Skinner Box) containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer; attached devices record the animal’s rate of bar pressing or key pecking.
Operant behavior- behavior that operates on the environment, producing con
Associative learning- learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning)
Reinforcement- In operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows.
Cognitive map- a mental representation of the layout of one’s environment. F.e. after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it.
Stimulus-Any event or situation that evokes a response.
Shaping- In operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behaviors.
Latent learning- Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is a n incentive to demonstrate it.
Cognitive learning-The acquisition of mental mental info, whether by observing events, by watching others, or through language.
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Discriminative stimulus- in operant conditioning, a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement (in contrast to related stimuli not associated with reinforcement)stimuli.
Insight- a sudden realization of a problem’s solution
Classical conditioning- A type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events.
Positive reinforcement- increasing behaviors by presenting positive reinforcers. A
positive reinforcers. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.
Intrinsic motivation- A desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake.
Behaviorism- the view that psychology should:
should be an objective science
Studies behaviors without reference to mental processes.
Negative reinforcement- increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response.
Extrinsic motivation- a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment.
Neutral stimulus (NS)- in classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning.
Primary reinforcer- an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one one that satisfies a biological need.
Coping- alleviating stress using emotional, cognitive, or behavioral methods
Unconditioned response (UR)- in classical conditioning, an unlearned, naturally occurring response (such as salivation) to an unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
EX: such as food in the mouth
Conditioned reinforcer- a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as a secondary reinforcer.
Problem-focused coping- attempting t o alleviate stress directly-by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor.
Unconditioned stimulus- In classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally/naturally & automatically- triggers a response (UR).
Reinforcement schedule- a pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced.
Emotion-focused coping- attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to one’s stress reaction.
Conditioned response- In classical conditioning, a learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS).
Continuous reinforcement- reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs.
Learned helplessness- the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events.
Conditioned stimulus- In classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response (CR).
partial reinforcement-
External locus of control- the perception that chance or outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate.
Acquisition- In Classical Conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus (UCS), comes to trigger a conditioned response ()
Fixed-ratio schedule-
internal locus of control- the perception that you control your own fate
Higher-order conditioning- Procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus.
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Variable-ratio schedule- in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses.
Self-control- the ability to control impulses and delay short-term gratification for greater long-term rewards.
Extinction- the diminishing of a conditioned response (CR), occurs in classical
conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning
Fixed-interval schedule- In Operant Condition, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed.
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Observational learning- learning by observing others. Also called social learning.
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Spontaneous recovery- the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response.
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Variable-interval schedule- in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals.
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Modeling- the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior.
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Generalization- the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses.
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Punishment- an event that tends to decrease the behavior that it follows.
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mirror neurons- frontal lobes neurons that some scientist believe fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain’s mirroring of another’s action may enable imitation and empathy.
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Discrimination- in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus.
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Biofeedback-
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prosocial behavior- positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior.
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Operant conditioning- a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher.
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People:
Ivan Pavlov-
John B. Watson-
B.F. Skinner-
Edward Thorndike-
John Garcia-
Robert Rescorla-
Edward Tolman-
Albert Bandura- The Bobo doll experiment; a psychologist who