Unit 2: Glorious Revolution and the Enlightenment Era
Maps and Documents
Magazines, Then and Now (pg.188)
Mary Wollstonecraft was a very important figure in the development of equal rights for women. Wollstonecraft wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Women which identified many enlightenment thinkers views on women were. She argued that the Enlightenment stated how people have natural rights as long as they have a reason, so it should apply to women too.
Europe in the Age of the Enlightenment
The maps key contains information about where Academies of Sciences, Observatories, Palaces inspired by Versailles, publication of scientific or philosophical journals, and Universities.
Which geographic distribution was most popular during the Age of the Enlightenment? Universities were the most popular geographic distributions in Europe during the Age of the Enlightenment.
Primary sources 1, 2, 3 (PG. 199)
According to Gibbon, primitive man has progressed to command the animals, fertilize the Earth, to transverse the ocean, and to measure the heavens.The author is sure the progress will continue because war, commerce, and religious zeal have diffused and propagated, so they can never be lost.
Diderot believed that knowledge should be collected and shared among all people because by becoming more educated, we become more virtuous and happier at the same time. He believed children would benefit the most from shared knowledge because they can then transfer the information down to other children.
The difference between “General Will” and “Individual Will” is that general will is the common interests of the public, whereas individual will is the private interests and desires of an individual. Rousseau claims the general will is always good because without communication, individuals wills produce a great number of small differences.
Comparing and Contrasting Sources
Both Gibbon and Diderot agree that knowledge is a necessary duty of man to contribute to the happiness of the human race.
Gibbon would view Diderot as a philosopher because they have similar ideas on education. Gibbon would view Rousseau as a philosopher because his idea is that common interest is what makes man happy.
Essential Questions:
Henry VII wanted to have power over Parliament in order to feel he has the amount of power a king should. Henry was able to recognize the importance of the parliament houses, but spoke mostly with the Lords rather then the commons. However, because of the amount of Power he had over Parliament, Henry didn't need them to grant him money. He used Parliament as an example to show how power comes only from the king.
Elizabeth I was similar to Henry VII and Parliament. SHe rarely called for Parliament to meet because she was not interested in their opinions. She only asked once, when deciding whether or not to execute the queen of Scots. She only cared about Parliament when it came to voting for taxation, which she constantly needed.
Charles I ruled for 11 years without the help of Parliament. He tried to gather Parliament to raise money for a war against the Scots, but they refused. He had secret meetings with the Scots which led to royalist rebellions and and a Scottish Invasion. The court decided that he would be executed for all the things he had done. He was executed in 1649.
Oliver Cromwell was a general on Parliament's side during the English Civil War, and helped overthrow Charles I. After Charles I was executed Cromwell took his place and ruled with Parliament. He ran all issues by Parliament and became a remarkable ruler.
James II wanted to improve the military and Catholic officers. People created a fear of Catholicism and protested through Parliament. James was unhappy and decided to rule without Parliament. He tried to promote Catholic officers and ignored other lords and lieutenants, which eventually led to a loss in subjects.
Many enlightenment thinkers talked a lot about reason. Mary Wollstonecraft argued that women have reason to have equal rights, and John Locke introduced natural rights, individuals have rights to protection. Rousseau believed in an equal balance between emotion and reason. He wrote the Social contract which placed reason before religion showing people that there could be a natural reason for things besides God. All of these enlightenment thinkers had a huge impact on people beliefs and the government.
John Locke influenced the idea of a legitimate government and where government power should come from. He argued that absolutism was not a justified form of government His three natural rights were life, liberty and property giving both the government and the people a mutual obligation, promoting democracy. Montesquieu created three branches of government to prevent one group from having too much power over others. HIs ideas were followed very closely in the writing of the constitution. Rousseau created a social contract between the government and the people agreeing that the society would be governed by the general will. Voltaire influenced the Bill of Rights with his ideas of freedom of speech. Though all ENlightenment thinkers made an impact on today’s society, both Voltaire and Rousseau had the most impact on the Constitution because their ideas were included in the Bill of Rights.
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WHO: John Locke
WHAT: He was a French Philosopher
WHEN: He lived from 1632 to 1704 and published Two Treatises of Government in 1960.
WHERE: England
WHY: He wrote Two Treatises of Government in an effort to justify the Glorious Revolution.
HOW: He studied medicine at the University of Oxford, and Isaac Newton was a strong influence on John Locke
WHY: He was born into a wealthy family and was able to receive a higher level education
IMPORTANCE: His political ideas written in Two Treatises of Government helped influence the american government system we use today.
WHO: Adam Smith
WHAT: Scottish social philosopher and economist
WHEN: He lived from 1723 to 1790 and published The Wealth of Nations in 1776
WHERE: Scotland
HOW: Studied at the University of Oxford
WHY: He wrote The Wealth of Nations to overturn the economic trade system
IMPORTANCE: Smith wrote about wages and the economy, and how work affects a nation’s production.
WHO: Montesquieu
WHAT: philosopher and first political scientist
WHEN: He lived from 1689 to 1755 and wrote the Spirit of Laws, which was published in 1748.
WHERE: France
HOW: Studied at College de Juilly and the University of Bordeaux
WHY: He wrote the Spirit of Laws because he believed England’s government should be separated into three branches: judicial, executive, and legislative.
IMPORTANCE: His works were translated to English and integrated into constitutions used all over the world.
WHO: Voltaire
WHAT: He was an enlightenment writer who wrote freedom of religion, speech and the separation of church and state
WHEN: He lived from 1693 to 1778
WHERE: France
HOW: Attended Lycée Louis-le-Grand and was inspired by John Locke and Francis Bacon’s ideas on liberal societies.
WHY: Voltaire considered himself to be a deist and believed more in separation of church and state than any religion
IMPORTANCE: His thoughts on religion and separation between state and church Influenced the Bill of Rights
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