Annotated Bibliography Assignment
RECL 2P07 Lab 4: Debbie Giguere
Stacey Hughes 6369540
Brock University
Dunn, A. L., Trivedi, M. H., Kampert, J. B., Clark, C. G., & Chambliss, H. O. (2005). Exercise treatment for depression: efficacy and dose response. American journal of preventive medicine, 28(1), 1-8.
The authors are determining how much physical activity is necessary for people suffering from depression and anxiety, in order to notice a positive effect.
This study was a deductive study as the researchers were referring to the theory that physical activity does indeed affect depression and anxiety in a positive way. They were trying to derive from the theory, how much physical activity was required in order to experience or notice the positive results?
The purpose of this research was to examine results for a dose to response relationship between physical activity and depression and anxiety disorders.
The research done by A.L Dunn included different criteria in her method of choice. These include; Inclusion Criteria. This study included participants of both genders of the middle-age with mild to moderate Major Depressive Disorder. These participants were sedentary and were not receiving any other treatment for their depression. She also used Exclusion Criteria which included participants that were over their ideal weight, consumed greater than twenty-one alcoholic beverages per week, and attempted suicide or were hospitalized for their mental illness within the last five years.
When screening the participants for accuracy in their eligibility the researchers complete one telephone screening, and three face-to-face screening visits. This screening was to determine whether or not they could safely adhere to the scheduled exercise and to diagnose the individuals with Major Depressive Disorder. Each participant was required to complete six fifteen-minute sessions of light-intensity exercise, including stretching, cycling, and walking on a treadmill.
After screening the eligibility of participants, one thousand six hundred and sixty-four were randomized to four different treatment sections in an experimental method. The sections were LD/3 (low dose, 3 days/week), LD/5 (low dose, 5 days/week), PHD/3 (public health dose 3 days/week) and lastly PHD/5 (public health dose 5 days/week). The experimental process was over a twelve-week time frame. The results from this experiment were collected through the participant's completion of outcome measures, gauging their depression symptoms and comparing and analyzing them with their initial outcome measures.
The findings of this research study concluded that in fact, physical exercise in the amount recommended by public health (PHD/3), was effective in treating mild to moderated Major Depressive Disorder.
Implications in this study included the rate at which participants did not complete the entire twelve-week experimental process. Also, some aspects of the experiment were supervised by the researchers in a one-on-one environment which was critical in maintaining high internal validity. Lastly, the sample size was extremely small compared to a pharmacological study.
In conclusion, this research study was a proposed experiment proving that indeed exercise is a valid treatment for mild to moderate Major Depressive Disorder and that the recommended amount of exercise given by public health is equivalent to what is needed in order to see the outcome measures improve.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK68727/
Hunt, J., & Eisenberg, D. (2010). Mental health problems and help-seeking behavior among college students. Journal of Adolescent Health, 46(1), 3-10.
http://www.jahonline.org/article/S1054-139X(09)00340-1/pdf
The article is reviewing mental health problems and help-seeking behavior among college students.
This study was an inductive study as there was no theory analyzed by researchers. The study was determining and differentiating between certain populations in order to determine a theory.
The purpose of this study was to review literature specific to this type of research regarding college students as well as broader adolescent and young adult populations. Also, this study drew comparisons between the two populations mentioned earlier.
Included in the study were statistics regarding the current state of mental health along college students, the risk factors among college students, are the mental health problems increasing within this specific population? Lastly, the extent to which college students are receiving treatment for their mental health disorders.
The topic of this specific study is beneficial as it relates specifically to the college student population. It also includes information regarding other populations which can be contrasted in a way to show differences and similarities in detail, as it occurs to this topic.
Random samples were completed at twenty-six colleges and universities in 2007 and 2009. Also, random samples were taken from members of the general public. This population included young adults enrolled in post-secondary education as well as general members of the public within the same age group. Both genders were tested.
These samples proved that 17% of students had positive screens for Major Depressive Disorder and 10% of students had positive screens for Anxiety Disorders. The researchers completed a comparison of college students and young adults not enrolled in post-secondary education which proved that the results were very similar. Almost half of the college students studied met the criteria for at least one mental disorder. Also, the researchers compared their results to results from 2000 which proved that there in fact has been a 10%-15% increase in mental health problems in students. Hunt referred to the "Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study" (p. 5) in order to determine help seeking behavior in the above populations relative to 1985. This area study showed that approximately 19% of respondents received any treatment a year prior to the study. The most recent study done by Hunt determining health seeking behavior showed that only 24% of students are actually or have been receiving treatment for their mental health disorders one year prior to the study.
Implications of this study include, improving the research base by testing participants randomly throughout many different university and college campuses which may also help to adapt concrete ideas. Also, improving the practice and the policy of the study may effectively reduce the resources needed.
In conclusion, this study provided enough information to prove that indeed there are prevalent mental health problems within the college student population but there also are the same problems with other young adults not affiliated with post-secondary education. The rates of help-seeking behavior have improved over a number of years, but the overall percentage is low.
Mammen, G., & Faulkner, G. (2013). Physical activity and the prevention of depression: a systematic review of prospective studies. American journal of preventive medicine, 45(5), 649-657.
http://pilarmartinescudero.es/nov13/tratamprevenciondepresion.pdf
This study is reviewing physical activity and the prevention of depression as a relational topic. It is formatted in a way that provides an overview of the aspects researched.
This is an inductive study as the researchers are attempting to develop a theory regarding physical activity and the preventative measures of depression that can result from it.
The purpose of this study is to determine whether or not physical activity would be an effective way of preventing Major Depressive Disorder before it happens considering how prevalent this disorder is becoming. The researchers discuss that using physical activity as an effective prevention method for Major Depressive Disorder would be beneficial in place of physiologic side effects and costs associated with pharmaceutical antidepressants.
Included in this study are, information and data from previous articles regarding this topic, the selection process of articles and extraction of data, and analysis of this data. Also included are, findings from the studies used, and averages leveled out to determine best practice when it comes to determining the amount of physical activity required to allow for prevention of Major Depressive Disorder. Lastly, this study also included recommendation for future research of this specific topic.
The researchers conducted unobtrusive data collection by finding sources examining the assumed relationship between physical activity and the preventative measures it has on Major Depressive Disorder and had them peer-reviewed by two professional librarians. These specific articles were chosen through systematic review following inclusion criteria and variables. They were assessed using the "Critical Appraisal Skills Programme" (p. 651) to address issues such as; selection bias, PA measurement bias, depression measure bias, and the confounding variables. These peer-reviewed articles were then examined for data regarding the specific topic by determining how the original researchers received the results that they ended up with. Stating genders assessed, ages assessed, countries the participants were from, etc. were also explained in this report.
The findings that resulted from this study were that twenty-five out of thirty studies suggested that indeed physical activity has a positive effect on the prevention of Major Depressive Disorder. The evidence from the findings also concluded that any level of physical activity, even lower levels, can definitely prevent future depression in all stages of human development.
In conclusion this study examined a generous amount of evidence in order to determine that in fact physical activity will inhibit the prevention of the onset of Major Depressive Disorder. It also used previous studies composed by other researchers to prove that in fact any amount of physical exercise is beneficial to these mental disorders. This review provided a formal quality assessment and focused solely on the relationship between the two topics as mentioned previously.
Vankim, N. A., & Nelson, T. F. (2013). Vigorous Physical Activity, Mental Health, Perceived Stress, and Socializing among College Students. American Journal of Health Promotion, 28(1), 7-15.
This study focuses mainly on high intensity physical activity, stress and mental illness, and socialization within the college student community.
This is an inductive study. The researchers are attempting to develop a theory regarding physical activity, stress, and how socialization may or may not be an important factor when it comes to this topic associated with college students.
This study's purpose is to determine the level at which student's in the college level are experiencing or are diagnosed with mental illness. It also determines whether or not these levels change or fluctuate after participating in vigorous physical activity. Lastly, this study explored the level of importance of socialization and physical activity as a whole, in changing the levels of a college student's depression (major diagnosed depression and minor depression symptoms experienced within the last 30 days).
Included is, survey results completed by participants and provides tables displaying and organizing data found during experiments with participants. The article also explains why they used the specific surveys chosen and how they benefit their experiment's accuracy.
Vankim & Nelson conducted numerous surveys and samples through the Harvard School of Public Health Study of College Health Behaviours including undergraduate students in the United States in 2004. Out of these undergraduate students there were approximately These web-based surveys were specifically probability sampling, proportionate to size. These specific surveys assessing physical activity consisted of questions regarding various health risks and their own personal characteristics. The researchers made it clear to participants that if in fact they completed the surveys, there would be cash prizes of up to $1500.00. These surveys were confidential and anonymous, and each participant was aware of that. The average response rate was 28%. Another survey was provided to a different selection of participants regarding vigorous physical activity. More specifically the questions consisted of; how many days did you exercise or complete physical activity that caused perspiration or heavy breathing for twenty minutes at the least?
The specific surveys assessing mental health included the Short Form-26 health scale. This scaled included questions like; Out of the last 30 days, how much of the time have you been a nervous person? Felt down in the dumps? Been a happy person? Etc. Out of these questions asked the response rate was approximately 32%.
Lastly, the researchers examined each student's socialization by two questions summarizing their number of close friends and on average how much time they spent socializing.
The findings resulting from the above-mentioned experiments concluded that students reporting low socialization levels do in fact have lower odds of meeting the physical activity recommendations and in result have scores on their mental illness assessments that show less depression. Whereas the students reporting higher socialization levels have higher odds of meeting physical activity requirements and also have scores on their mental illness assessments showing more major diagnoses of depression.
In conclusion, this study assessed a wide range of students from the college level to determine how socialization effects physical activity and their individual mental well-being.
Annesi, J. J., Porter, K. J., Hill, G. M., & Goldfine, B. D. (2017). Effects of instructional physical activity courses on overall physical activity and mood in university students. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 88(3), 358-364.
This research studies how university courses that require vigorous physical activity effects mental well-being and overall mood in university students.
This study is inductive as Annesi, Porter, Hill & Goldfine are attempting to discover how much of an impact physical activity has on mental well-being and mood in university students specifically. This study is not derived from a previously discovered theory.
The purpose of this experiment is to determine the association between instructional physical activity and changes in negative moods within the university student population. It also analyzes the amount of instructional physical activity needed in order to notice a positive change in mood.
Included in this study done by Annesi is the method in which the experiment was completed. The participants that completed the experiment are included as well as the procedures completed. How the experiment was analyzed is described in detail and the results are provided including the specific test results completed by the participants.
Annesi conducted this experiment by selecting participants that were enrolled in an instructional physical education course from either an East Coast U.S or West Coast U.S University. Participants were also selected for comparative study from the same universities but are not enrolled in an instructional physical education course. These participants completed surveys in private which asked questions regarding physical activity amounts and types that they partake in. The participants were also provided with surveys questioning mood disturbance and consent forms for the researchers to obtain the information.
The experiment provided the participants with the Godin-Shephard Leisure-Time Physical Activity Questionnaire. This questionnaire differentiates between mild physical exercise, moderate physical exercise and strenuous physical exercise and the results from each participant are then totalled for a total score. General mood of the student's enrolled was determined by the Mood States Brief Form. This form questions information regarding; depression, fatigue, tension, confusion, and anger. The form is laid out in such a way that gives the participants a scale to choose from…0 being not at all experienced and 4 being extremely experienced. Again, the amounts are totalled providing the researchers with an overall idea of the participant's general mood.
The findings from the experiment determined that overall mood definitely differed in participants enrolled in instructional physical education as opposed to university students not enrolled in these courses. The degree in which the moods between the two groups of participants differentiated is significant. The association between type and intensity did not necessarily differ between the effect of which it had on mood in the university student participants.
In conclusion, the results from this experiment showed a definite mental health benefit of being enrolled in instructional physical activity courses. An implication of this study is possibly evaluating long term effects of physical activity and its relation to mood and mental wellbeing as it carries into older adulthood after university studies have been completed. This evaluation could provide further insight into whether or not physical activity may benefit the older generations and their mental well-being as well as the younger generations and how they differ.
Aimé, A., Villatte, A., Cyr, C., & Marcotte, D. (2017). Can weight predict academic performance in college students? an analysis of college women's self-efficacy, absenteeism, and depressive symptoms as mediators. Journal of American College Health, 65(3), 168-176.
Aimé's et al. study proves whether or not an individual's weight can predict academic performance in college students.
This study is inductive as Aimé, Villatte, Cyr, and Marcotte are attempting to determine if the participant's weight can predict academic performance in the college student age level. This study is not derived from a previously discovered theory.
This experiment's purpose is to prove the effect on an individual's body mass index and whether or not they perform well in post-secondary education earning a high-level grade point average. It takes a look at the difference between the age groups of young adults in college as well as older adults in college and how this age difference may affect the specific results.
Participants chosen for this experiment were two hundred and ninety-eight French speaking college students from Quebec, Ontario. All participants in this group were aged eighteen to twenty-nine and were all enrolled in undergraduate programs. These programs consisted of; psychoeducation or psychology (30.5%), educational sciences (18.8%), administrative sciences (12.4%), social work (12.1%), and nursing (10.7%) (p.169). Most participants were also enrolled full time while the remaining small amount were working as well as completing their degrees.
This analysis of this report was done by measuring sociodemographic variables and physical activity levels, body mass index, self-reported academic performance, academic self-efficacy, depressive symptoms, and overall school attendance. Sociodemographic variables were measured through a questionnaire covering age, participant's education, living arrangements, occupation, marital status and family income using a grading system of 1-10 (regularly being 10, 1 being not regularly) (p.170). BMI was determined using the ratio of height and weight in each participant. Academic performance was reported by each participant's Grade Point Average. Self-efficacy was graded through a 5-point Likert scale, ranging from "does not apply to me" (1), to "applies very well to me" (5) (p. 170). Depressive symptoms were analyzed using the Beck Depression Inventory. Lastly, attendance was measured by participants indicating how often they attend school on a 1-5 scale. One being "does not attend" and five being "attends regularly".
The findings from the experiment determined that overweight and obese students (according to their specific BMI's) in fact did report a lower Grade Point Average, higher levels of depression and lower sense of academic self-efficacy. That being said, students of normal weight had higher Grade Point Averages as well as lower levels of depression and a higher sense of academic self-efficacy.
In conclusion, 67.8% had a normal weight meanwhile 22.1% were over-weight according to their Body Mass Index scale, leaving 10.1% which were considered to be in the obese category. The experiment conducted analyzed a large group of undergraduate students in an evaluative study through the use of standardized tests. Lastly, the article had no conflicts of interest to be mentioned as all of the research completed and analyzed was ethical and legal within the country of Canada.