Boyer, Pascal. “What Makes Anthropomorphism Natural: Intuitive Ontology and Cultural
Representations.” The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, vol. 2, no. 1, 1996, pp. 83–97. JSTOR, JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/3034634. Accessed 20 Apr. 2018.
Boyer explains in this article that anthropomorphism and “intuitive ontological principles” are a crossover paradox. Boyer also explains that though anthropomorphism can activate certain behaviors in children. Anthropomorphism has a huge part in cognitive development and is used by parents since birth.
Coren, Stanley, Is Anthropomorphism a sin?, Psychology Today, Nov. 2011 Accessed 20 Apr. 2018.
Stanley Coren, an author and professor, and a studying psychologists discusses the dangers of anthropomorphism and the reality of it. We can never tell what an animal is feeling, and he makes sure to point that out. We think we can though because of what anthropomorphism teaches us.
Goldman, Jason G. “When Animals Act Like People in Stories, Kids Can’t Learn.”
Scientific American, 27 Mar. 2014. Web. Accessed 20 Apr. 2018
This is an article written about a psychologist named Patricia Ganea. Young children, before the age of five cannot distinguish the difference between reality and fantasy, unless it is in real life. A child can tell a human and animal apart. Ganea produced an experiment on toddlers from 3-5 to see how they reacted to stories that were anthropomorphized, and ones that were not. The study proved that children have a basic understanding about physical differences between animals and humans, but are not clear on psychological differences.
Gordon, Joan, Talking (for, with) Dogs: Science Fiction Breaks a Species Barrier, Vol. 37, No.
3, Published by SF-TH Inc, November 2010. Accessed 20 Apr 2018.
A book published by Joan Gordon reviewing the intelligence of dogs. She covers several other researchers and writers works, but I picked out one in particular. Joan writes on Konrad Lorenz’s book Man Meets Dog. They both explain that dogs have a specific type of language. They do not use a communication verbally, but through movements. I will use this to show that dogs have a type of intelligence about them and in some form we can understand not what they feel but maybe what they want through their movements.
Markowsky Juliet K. “Why Anthropomorphism in Children’s Literature?” Elementary English, vol. 52, no. 4, 1975, pp 460-462, https://www.jstor.org/stable/41592646?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents. Accessed 20 Apr. 2018
In “Why Anthropomorphism in Children’s Literature?” Markowsky describes what anthropomorphism is and how it is used in children’s literature. Markowsky describes how anthropomorphism has been around for centuries, while giving examples of how it is used. She talks about how it normally reflects some bigger idea, and portrays something that is going on in the world. I plan to use this source to tell my reader why anthropomorphism is used and how it is used.
Plumwood, Val. “ʹBabeʹ: The Tale of the Speaking Meat.” The Eye of the Crocodile, edited by Lorraine Shannon, ANU Press, 2012, pp. 55–74. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt24hcd2.9. Accessed 20 Apr. 2018
Plumwood was an environmental philosopher and activist. She was attacked and nearly killed by a crocodile. Plumwood compares her experience with death, predation, and nature. This article can be used by comparing real life animals and their reflexes against anthropomorphism of animals. This can contradict each other between the actual reactions and the humanized reactions. This is a good comparison when using attacks, death, and fight or flight.
Schneider, S., Nebel, S., Beege, M., & Rey, G. D. (1990). Anthropomorphism in decorative
pictures: Benefit or harm for learning?. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Accessed 20 Apr. 2018
Human faces and characteristics trigger anthropomorphism. Studies have found that using anthropomorphism in decorative pictures has an impact on learning performance, cognitive reactions, motivation, and emotions. The results showed that human faces and anthropomorphism in decorative pictures improves learning styles and performances.
The University of Minnesota. “Social Behavior”. College of Biological Science, 20 Feb. 2015, https://cbs.umn.edu/research/labs/lionresearch/social-behavior. 20 Apr. 2018
In “Social Behavior”, written by the University of Minnesota, describes how a lion pride acts together and how they act in their natural habitat. It talks about how they deal with new lion males taking over, how to protect cubs, and their territorials. They describe how if a new alpha male lion takes over he will kill off the cubs, because they are not biologically his.
Waytz, Adam, Nicholas Epley, and John T. Cacioppo. “Social Cognition Unbound: Insights Into Anthropomorphism and Dehumanization.” Current directions in psychological science 19.1 (2010): 58–62. PMC. Web. 20. Accessed Apr. 2018.
This explains how anthropomorphism can be dehumanizing. Dehumanization means taking a human characteristics and applying them to inanimate objects or animals, resulting in denying humans emotional and thought processing. The authors explain how humanizing an agent can increase the agent’s moral worth. Studies show that dehumanizing can result in aggression, violence, and justification for past wrong-doing.
Wilkes, Kathleen V. “Anthropomorphism and Analogy in Psychology.” The Philosophical Quarterly (1950-), vol. 25, no. 99, 1975, pp. 126–137. JSTOR, JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/2217628. Accessed 20 Apr. 2018
This article is written about the philosophy behind anthropomorphism and the psychological effects. It can be used to argue about the cognitive development in children and the impact anthropomorphism can have on it. The author speaks of Freud’s theories and how metaphors may be used to grasp context, without applying scientific explanation.