Millon, T., Millon, C., Davis, R., & Grossman, S. (1993). Millon Adolescent Clinical
Inventory.
This site describes the Millon Adolescent Clinical Inventory (MACI) in as much detail as possible. They explain in small detail the overview, age range, reading level, other languages, administration, completion time, scoring options, report options, and when it was published. Apart from these small descriptions it goes into great detail towards the bottom for the audience to better understand why/how this test is used. The cost of having this test and anything involving this test is also listed in this webpage. There are also other resources listed such as brochures, training and reporting materials, which is one of my other sources. This source can be used to show a very detailed overview of the MACI and why it is used in present-day society and work as a base for the Pearson presentation they recently published. I plan to use this to give background information on the MACI and how it plays a role for adolescents everywhere. I also thought it was very important to include the norming group used for this test because it can further show why there are a lot of studies toward other adolescent groups that were not involved in the initial norming group. This informative article can be used as a backbone for all the other studies conducted with the MACI. This source came from Pearson, the company behind a lot of psychology related testing manuals, which shows the credibility behind this information. This source was also heavily adapted from what Millon had first published on the MACI therefore, showing further credibility of this information
Trigone, R., & Bockian, N. (2015). Millon’s Contributions to Preadolescent and Adolescent
Personality Assessment: Searching Onward and Upward. Journal of Personality
Assessment, 97(6), 563-571.
This short and informative article explained Theodore Millon’s thought process, inspiration, and overall legacy for his personality theory which then led to his him creating multiple assessments. Millon was thought to be one of the most influential personality theorists of the 20th century and loved children (which is why he was intrigued with the personality patterns of adolescents). He introduced his biosocial learning theory (including personality patterns) during his first major text in 1969. Millon believed that each individual infant is born with certain biologically based dispositions and attributes that are set in place based on the experiences and interactions you have throughout your life. There are explanations on each Millon assessment but I decided to solely focus on the Millon Adolescent Clinical Inventory (MACI) for this article due to it being the major focus of my research. The MACI was created due to a revision of his theory because he wanted to include two more personalities that were introduced in the DSM-III-R. Due to the low time commitment and high reliability, the MACI has received a lot of attention and currently (from 1993-2015) has over 100 studies/research conducted on this assessment. Most studies have a good conclusion toward the MACI therefore continuing the legacy that Millon had put in place. Overall this source can be used as background information on Theodore Millon and the MACI, which can then be cross-referenced with all the studies mentioned in the article. Although this source wasn’t written by Millon, himself, it is still a very credible source due to its publication in The Journal of Personality Assessment, which contains a lot of the studies conducted on the MACI.
I. Description
Millon Adolescent Clinical Inventory (MACI). (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://www.statisticssolutions.com/millon-adolescent-clinical-inventory-maci/
This website provides a short, descriptive summary of what the Millon
Adolescent Clinical Inventory (MACI) consists of, administering it and also lists reliability/validity results and the ability to purchase this assessment. This article provides different details than most other descriptive articles on the MACI. For example, this informative article talks about the specific administrators and/or adolescent groups this assessment is used for. Also, this is the one of the very few resources that explicitly lists the reliability and validity results of the MACI (which are usually only stated in the manual). The MACI’s internal consistency ranges from 0.73 to 0.91, which is considered acceptable and can be cross-referenced with other internal consistency reports. They also provide addition resources if there are any lingering questions. Even though this article is fairly short, this source can be used as a base for understanding the MACI and the statistics behind it and can be cross-referenced with other pieces of research that contain the same information.
Millon, T., & Davis, R. D. (1993). The Millon Adolescent Personality Inventory and the
Millon Adolescent Clinical Inventory. Journal of Counseling and Development:
JCD, 71(5), 570.
This article was written by Theodore Millon, the creator of the Millon Adolescent Personality Inventory (MAPI) and the Millon Adolescent Clinical Inventory (MACI). This article was written in order to describe the upcoming MACI and how it is going to be used by counselors, clinicians, and other mental health advisors. The MACI was introduced as the upcoming replacement of the MAPI. Due to the psychology field having new discoveries every year, Millon developed a new test that would better fit our upcoming adolescent society. They provide background information, the process behind creating the MACI (they showed their process on choosing items with specific correlation results) specific instructions on administering the test, and how to interpret the results. The important aspect of this test is length of the test and the language being used. Since teenagers are known to have a shorter attention span than other groups, the MACI was developed to be short (can be completed within 20 to 30 minutes). The language they decided to use is understandable to anyone with 6th grade reading skill and above. This source can be used to as the background information on the MACI and describe its intentions through information of a credible source, which could also be cross-referenced with the Pearson presentation. Also, I plan to use this as a base for relevant studies focusing on the MACI and whether or not it was used in the correct manner. Due to it being written by Millon (the creator of the MACI) it is a very credible source and was published in the Journal of Counseling and Development.
II. Technical Properties
Caggiano, A. D. (2000). Identifying Violent-Toward-Staff Juvenile Delinquents via the
Millon Adolescent Clinical Inventory and Neuropsychological Measures. Journal of
Offender Rehabilitation, 32(1/2), 147-165. doi:10.1300/J076v32n01_06
This research was conducted in order to identify the personality patterns/scales of “violent-toward-staff” (VTS) juvenile delinquents via the Millon Adolescent Clinical Inventory (MACI). Caggiano decided to focus on this due to the mass increase of juvenile violence therefore leading to more juveniles in the juvenile correctional facilities. Since these juveniles are around the ages of 13 to 19, there is still emotional and personality growth occurring, which can affect their violent tendency. This then causes violent acts toward the staff members in these juvenile correctional facilities therefore, Caggiano wanted to see if the MACI does indeed have a correlation toward personality characteristics. The MACI was administered based on the reading capacity of the participant in order to have full understanding of each question and was scored based on the MACI manual. Caggiano found that most VTS juveniles’ MACI profiles share certain characteristics while non-VTS juveniles do not share the same characteristics, which have not been found before, which is an important discovery. For example, VTS participants answered certain items differently than non-VTS such as the MACI question #21 had more true responses made by VTS juveniles (it’s important that this questions mainly focused on punishment and whether that stopped them from doing what they wanted). This could then help other psychiatrists determine if the individual requires clinical diagnosing/treatment or their behavior is due to trauma or social learning. This study also had certain limitations that should be taken into consideration. The participants consisted of 80% African-Americans therefore may have some sort of cultural bias when it comes to MACI personality scales. Overall, this study can provide a lot of insight of within-subject results and how it relates to the interpretations of the MACI personality scales. This research was published in The Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, which is a reliable source used throughout multiple fields.
Glaser, B., Calhoun, G., Petrocelli, J., Bates, J., & Owens-Hennick, J. (2005). Depression
And Somatic Complaints Among Male Juvenile Offenders: Differentiating Somatizers
From Non- Somatizers with the Millon Adolescent Clinical Inventory (MACI). Journal of
Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology, 16(3). 566-576. doi:10.1080/14789940500098558
This short study was conducted to test any type of participant/assessment bias when it comes to the MACI assessment therefore Glaser et al., wanted to show if the MACI would differentiate between somatizers and non-somatizers. They wanted to focus on the juvenile population due to the recent increase in attention for this specific adolescent group. Another reason why this adolescent group was chosen was because it has been shown that 60% of juveniles have mental health problems therefore focusing on this assessment and its reliability for differentiating is very important. One important thing to note is what the participants consisted of, they were most African-American and White therefore this can be considered a limitation, but did not play a role in the results. The results showed that 71.1% were correctly classified cases which is beyond the expectation the researchers had in mind (which is based off chance) therefore showing that the MACI is helpful in discriminating between somatizers and non-somatizers. This can then be used as a great resource for clinicians or any other mental health specialist when it comes to adolescent assessments used during their mental health screening. This research was published in the Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology, which is credible source used throughout the psychology field
Kennedy, W. A., Licht, M. H., & Caminez, M. (2004) False Positives Among
Adolescent Sex Offenders: Concurrent and Predictive Validity of the Millon
Adolescent Clinical Inventory. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 39(4), 1-13.
doi:10.1300/J076v39n04
This study was conducted in order to show validity of the Millon Adolescent Clinical Inventory (MACI) toward adolescent sex offenders. Due to the MACI having a serious role in sentence proceedings for adolescents committing these crimes, it is important to provide validity studies among this group. Kennedy, et al., were the first to come up with such a study in 2004, which is very surprising. The MACI seems to have a lot of credibility among the psychology field, therefore not much is questioned when it is being used. The MACI also had a broad norming group when it was first initiated, which is why many are questioning their validity. This study will provide evidence/information for any future cases with accused adolescent sex offenders and how the MACI defines them. The results of this study showed the importance of interpreting any outcomes with the MACI and this specific adolescent group. False negatives and positives would be interpreted in ways that could change sentencing proceeding outcomes for the adolescents. With this study, I could better show the importance of MACI outcomes and how they can/should be interpreted and cross-reference it to what the MACI manual stated on interpretations of certain results. Also, this source can show how the MACI may only be reliable for certain adolescent groups and whether the MACI should continue to be used for adolescents in sex offender proceedings. This can also work as evidence to show that this could be a limitation in this specific environment (sentencing proceedings). This article came from the Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, which is reliable source and is also a recent discovery in the psychology field.
Murrie, C. D., & Cornell, G. D. (2000). The Millon Adolescent Clinical Inventory and
Psychopathy.
This source is a study showing the correlation between the Millon Adolescent Clinical Inventory (MACI) and the study of Psychopathy. Due to psychopathy being studied throughout adults in our society, they wanted to see if the MACI can be used as an assessment tool for detecting any psychopathy traits in adolescents. One important aspect of this study is how it’s one of the first studied conducted on MACI and how it could be helpful in seeing patterns of psychopathy in adolescents. Also, Millon never once mentioned MACI when talking about psychopathy therefore, conducting this study will provide insight on how this assessment could work as an assessment tools for personality traits. In order to capture any results, participants were administered the MACI and the PCL-R within the same three-day time period. In conclusion, the study showed evidence of certain MACI scaled working as a useful tool for identifying psychopathic youth, therefore starting the trend of researching adolescent psychopathy (in relation to the MACI). These results can be used as reliability evidence, in terms of the MACI working as a useful tool that identifies certain personality aspects in adolescents. This source can also be used to show how the MACI is not meant to diagnose but if used with a test that does diagnose—it could work as reassurance for mental health clinicians everywhere. This article was found in the Journal of Personality Assessment and is fairly recent therefore showing great credibility.
Newman, J. E., Larsen, J. L., Cunningham, K. B., & Burkhart, B. R. (2015). An
Examination of the Factor Structure of the Millon Adolescent Clinical Inventory
in a Sample of Detained Adolescent Boys. Psychological Assessment, 27(3), 1022
1036. doi:10.1037/a0038779
This aim of this study was to reexamine past factor models of the MACI toward detained adolescent boys and use exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) approaches in order to further conclude the MACI’s validity. Since the MACI is widely used in the juvenile justice system it is important to re-confirm any past validity studies toward present-day adolescents and such research is scarce in the psychology field. Due to the MACI manual not providing any type of detailed information on their factor structure to measure the test development, Newman et. al., decided to put this to the test. Also, Newman et al., were one of the first people to re-examine such results using CFA. They also decided to conduct a scale level analysis of the MACI due to past studies focusing on the MACI scaled. These results further show the importance of re-examining any validity finding from past studies involving the MACI. I plan to use this evidence to show lack of further questioning and examining validity studies for the MACI. Since the MACI has such credible studies on their validity (which end up concluding a strong validity result) it tends to not be questioned. Due to these results, there are recommendations given by Newman et. al., which could be used in my research. This study could work as a form of explaining limitations of the MACI and be connected toward other studies that conclude around the same results. This study is located in the Psychological Assessment book, which is a credible source used in the psychology field.
Penney, S. R., Morettu, M. M., & Da Silva, K. S. (2008). Structural Validity of the MACI
Psychopathy and Narcissism Scales: Evidence of Multidimensionality and
Implications for Use in Research and Screening. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent
Psychology, 37(2), 422-433.
This study was conducted to test the structural validity of the egotistic scale of the Millon Adolescent Clinical Inventory (MACI) toward other self-report scales used throughout psychopathy. Penney et al., mainly focused on the MACI due their ability to determine psychopathic and narcissistic personality traits/scaled in adolescents. This allowed them to show the importance of the structure of psychopathy and narcissism in adolescents. Since the MACI has been shown to have statistically significant validity and reliability toward other adolescent groups, Penney et al., decided to continue this research with a less studied group. Most of the items that were used from the MACI provided evidence that they were statistically significant therefore, having a strong structural validity. Only two out of the sixteen items (from the MACI) did not provide statistically significant evidence. Overall, this resource continues the multiple studies on the reliability and validity if the MACI and continues to conclude that this assessment should be used for any adolescent group. This article was published in the Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, which is a credible source used throughout the psychology field.
Pinto, M., & Grilo, M. C. (2004). Reliability, Diagnostic Efficiency, and Validity of the
Millon Adolescent Clinical Inventory: Examination of Selected Scales in
Psychiatrically Hospitalized Adolescents. Behaviour Research and Therapy,
42(12), 1505-1519. DOI: 10.106/j.brat.2003.10.006
This study is very important toward the Millon Adolescent Clinical Inventory (MACI) due to what was being examined. Pinto and Grilo examined the reliability, diagnostic efficiency, and validity of certain MACI scales. Unlike other studies on the validity of the MACI, this focuses on specific MACI scales instead of specific adolescent groups. Therefore, this can work as a general consensus on how reliable this assessment is toward the target group (adolescent in clinical environments). Other assessments and/or scales were tested against the MACI (such as the BDI, DSM-IV, AAIS, etc.) to make sure there was enough evidence to conclude a strong validity and reliability correlation. In conclusion, the MACI seems to show strong validity and reliability with this adolescent group except the internal consistency. The internal consistency was considered to be generally acceptable which is what Millon has interpreted when the MACI was first published, but could have been interpreted in a way that seemed more reliable than the actual outcome. Although there were some limitations discussed, this study seems to show the best evidence for the MACI being a reliable assessment for adolescents in psychiatric facilities (which is the main reason MACI is assessed and used). This source could work to show a non-bias view on the MACI and to show re-examination of any past validity study. Since this study was published around the same time as my other validity/reliability sources, it could be used as a cross-reference. Therefore, connecting all the validity/reliability studies together in a way that would show a general consensus on whether the MACI is truly reliable or not. This source came from Behaviour Research and Therapy, which a credible source in the psychology field.
Salekin, R. T. (2002). Factor-Analysis of the Millon Adolescent Clinical Inventory in a
Juvenile Offender Population: Implications for Treatment. Journal of Offender
Rehabilitation, 34(3), 15.
This study conducted a factor-analysis of the MACI toward a sample of adolescent (juvenile) offenders in order to bring importance to the treatment they receive. Since the MACI is one of the most used assessment for troubled adolescents they wanted to see if the MACI’s results would affect overall treatment plans. This is mainly due to the MACI assisting clinicians in providing accurate treatment for these adolescents. It is also important to state that (in the past) the MACI did not have much studies/research on juvenile adolescent therefore, this is a very important study. They used a two-factor structure for the seven clinical scales which accounted for 66.2% of the variance. The MACI was administered as required (paper and pencil) and then scored by computer to avoid any type of experimenter/administrator bias. The results concluded that when seven clinical scales of the MACI were factor analysis they were consistent with the juvenile offenders’ responses. They also concluded that they depressed mood and psychopathic precursor domains were clinically meaningful when it comes to providing treatment for this specific adolescent group. Salekin discovered that many adolescents tend to have substance abuse problems (which is why they end up in the juvenile system) which was supported through the MACI Substance Abuse scale. Overall these findings show the important role the MACI plays when it comes to providing and aiding clinicians with results to this specific adolescent group. Although this assessment is not meant to diagnose, it does provide accurate information which can then be used to bring awareness to treatment of mental health issues of these troubled adolescents. This research was published in The Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, which is a credible source used throughout multiple scientific fields.
Salekin, R. T., Ziegler, T. A., Larrea, M. A., Anthony, V. L., & Bennett, A. D. (2003). Predicting
Dangerousness with Two Millon Adolescent Clinical Inventory Psychopathy Scales:
The Importance of Egocentric and Callous Traits. Journal of Personality Assessment,
80(2), 154-163.
This was a short but very informative research report on the correlation of psychopathy and the Millon Adolescent Clinical Inventory (MACI) which is important due to how psychopathy has slowly gained tremendous recognitions for juveniles. Salekin et al., decided to investigate the ability of the MACI’s Psychopathy Scale to predict recidivism within an adolescent group of juveniles. It is important that these individuals were tested two years after their initial juvenile court evaluation and the participants were equally diverse therefore excluding any type of bias. (But it is also important to note the population of juveniles) The overall results concluded that the MACI provides an overall recidivism rate of 63.3% compared to the base rate of violence which is 31%. Therefore, this evidence shows that the relationship between psychopathy and recidivism depend on the conceptualization of psychopathy used due to the mixed results. This can then help clinicians working in juvenile court systems detect psychopathy by using the MACI which can then help in coming up with the correct treatment plan or rehabilitation needed for each individual. Overall this research can work as a backbone for future research and as a cross-reference due to its reliability. This research can be deemed credible since it was published in The Journal of Personality Assessment, a widely known psychological source.
III. Practical Aspects
Millon, T. (2014). Millon Adolescent Clinical Inventory Interpretative Report with
Grossman Facet Scales. Pearson. Retrieved from:
https://images.pearsonclinical.com/images/Assets/MACI/MACI_InterpretiveRe
ort.pdf
This source is an interpretive report conduct on a high school student to show
how to interpret and conduct the MACI assessment. In the beginning of the
report it states that these results should be taken into consideration when it comes to diagnosing this individual and that they should be reevaluated periodically in order to see attitude patterns and emotional growth. There were interpretive considerations, personality patterns, Grossman personality facet scales, expressed concerns, clinical syndromes, any noteworthy responses, diagnostic hypotheses, and prognostic and therapeutic implications. It is important to note that item contents were excluded to protect the integrity of the test and the individual. Each section is broken down and interpreted in order to provide the most details as possible about the personality and any clinical implications of the individual. Another important aspect of this interpretive report is that is cross-references the DSM-IV by providing specific item content answers (of the MACI) and then advising on what they individual could be diagnosed with (based on the DSM-IV). Overall these interpretations can be used to determine the purpose of the MACI and how it works with adolescents. This report was written by Theodore Millon, who is the creator of the MACI therefore showing great credibility.
Tringone, R., & Maccow, G. (2016). Overview of Millon Adolescent Clinical Inventory
(MACI). Retrieved from
http://downloads.pearsonclinical.com/videos/041317MACI/MACI-Webinar
Handout-041317.pdf
This source is a short presentation provided by Pearson (the company behind the Millon Adolescent Clinical Inventory) in order to show an overview of the MACI. This source is used for educational purposes and shows information that may not be available on the actual MACI website. Trigone and Maccow explain in full detail every aspect of the MACI, from MACI scales to administrating and interpreting the results. This resource is the most recent out of my list therefore, they have updated information that isn’t provided in past studies. For example, this presentation incudes psychopathology, which was recently added due to a past study analyzing the MACI and psychopathology. Therefore, this presentation can be cross-referenced with past studies to show that the MACI is updating as certain results are found. Along with any other source that is related to Pearson, this presentation can be used as background information on how the MACI works and is assessed. This resource seems to be a better way of explaining the MACI in a clear, concise way instead of a broad, general overview. This source came from Pearson and was presented by psychiatrists who have been trained on the MACI, therefore showing credibility.
IV. Uses, Value, Strengths, Weaknesses, Professional Commentary in Literature
Baum, L. J., Archer, R. P., Forbey, J. D., and Handel, R. W. (2009). A Review of the
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory—Adolescent (MMPI-A) and the
Millon Adolescent Clinical Inventory (MACI) With an Emphasis on Juvenile
Justice Samples. Assessment, 16(4), 384-400. doi:10.1177/1073191109338264
This research focused on the importance of the literature available, between the years 1992 through 2007, on certain adolescent assessments such as the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory—Adolescent (MMPI-A) and the Millon Adolescent Clinical Inventory (MACI). Baum et al., mainly wanted to show emphasis on juvenile adolescent samples for both the MMPI-A and the MACI because of the lack of mental health resources available for this specific adolescent group. They created eight different topics to categorize the citations (literature): methodological, forensic, specific populations, reviews, multicultural, validity, factor structure, and external criterion. It was also discovered that there was a significant difference in literature available for the MMPI-A (277) compared to the MACI (84). The MACI mainly had forensic-based citations, while the MMPI-A mainly had methodological-based citations. There was also evidence that the MACI works as a reliable instrument for juvenile adolescent because of their consistent results and their ability to identify gendered personality differences. The MACI is now receiving more research attention therefore, showing the importance of this assessment for different adolescent groups. This information can be used as a cross-reference with all the other resources to show what type of citation (topic category) they might fall under and the role it plays with current/past research. This source is credible due to where it was published and their cross-references.
Blumentritt, T.L., Angle, R.L. & Brown, J.M. Journal of Child and Family Studies
(2004) 13: 163. https://doi org.go.libproxy.wakehealth.edu/10.1023/B:JCFS.0000015705.84619.36
This source is a follow-up study which was also conducted by Tracie L. Blumentritt on the validity Millon Adolescent Clinical Inventory (MACI) has with Mexican-American youth. This study tested the correlation of the MACI personality patterns and the DSM-IV symptomology with troubled Mexican-American Adolescents. Like the past study, they showed the importance on conducting research on other non-white minority groups since the MACI had a strong white norming group. They also added the importance of having different cultural norms and values which could affect the way people interpret their personality. An important thing to point out is that this study did not have a hypothesis but instead consisted of finding evidence that helped answer their question. Another important aspect of the study is how they used adolescent who do not have any European background, which could have skewed the results. The results showed that only certain MACI personality patterns are related to mental health symptomology in this adolescent group. With these findings, I will be able to provide evidence on how the MACI works for these minority adolescent groups, but only in a specific way. This could also be used to show any limitations the MACI has and provide any suggestions to change/improve their test items and interpretations based on cultural values and norms. This source came from the Journal of Child and Family Studies, is relatively current and has researchers with past published studies therefore showing credibility of the study.
Blumentritt, T.L., & VanVoorhis, C. W. (2004). The Millon Adolescent Clinical
Inventory: Is It Valid and Reliable for Mexican American Youth? Journal of Personality Assessment, 83(1), 64-74.
Blumentritt and VanVoorhis conducted a study in which they studied the internal consistency reliability and the construct-related validity of the Millon Adolescent Clinical Inventory (MACI) toward Mexican American Youth. The results showed that the MACI shows consistent evaluations within this minority group. Due to the Mexican American youth being one of the largest minorities in America (and is growing at a much faster rate than expected) it is important to make sure the MACI is inclusive. The MACI only had 6% of Hispanic youth involved in the initial norming group, therefore conducting a study to make sure there is no bias involved was important. Through variant of the convergent/discriminant validity method and examining the differences in BR mean scale score elevations, Blumentritt and VanVoorhis could concluded the reliability and validity of the MACI in this minority group. In order to further research this question, they made sure to include multiple in-groups (residential treatment facility for substance dependence, alternate educational facility for students who had been expelled from regular education & county juvenile justice facility) within this minority group. The results of this study can be used by psychiatrists that work with minority groups, such as Mexican-Americans and have a consistent outcome when it comes time to evaluate them. This source will provide reliability and validity evidence that will show inclusivity within the MACI and minority children, which is very important in modern-day society. Also, it will provide the MACI with non-bias evidence of it being reliable in general. This source is very credible due to it coming from an APA approved journal, Journal of Personality Assessment.
Oxnam, P., & Vess, J. (2008). A Typology of Adolescent Sexual Offenders: Millon
Adolescent Clinical Inventory Profiles, Developmental Factors, and Offence Characteristics. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology, 19(2), 228-242. doi:10.1080/14789940701694452
This research focused on the different Millon Adolescent Clinical Inventory
profiles adolescent sexual offenders fall under and how different those results are from the typology of adult sex offenders. They decided to focus on adolescent sex offenders because they tend to come from dysfunctional families and continue this personality trend when they become adults. Following this concept, (most) adolescent who are sex offenders have experience some kind of sexual behavior trauma within their families, therefore leading to a never-ending cycle of illegal sexual acts. Oxnam and Vess concluded that there was a distinct four-group categorization within this adolescent group: inadequate, antisocial, conforming, and passive-aggressive. These categorizations were then cross-referenced with the MACI to find any similarities in profile characteristics. The antisocial group had the highest personality elevations with the unruly and oppositional scales of the MACI. The inadequate group scored statistically significant on the doleful, oppositional, and self-demeaning pattern scales of the MACI. The conforming and passive-aggressive group had no correlation to any of the MACI profile characteristics. This source contains wonderful insight on how the MACI can help detect adolescent behavior based on sexual behavior trauma. Oxnam and Vess also cross-reference Millon’s manual and provide the exact interpretation of these profile characteristics, which is another reason why this research is important when discussing interpretations of the MACI. This research was published in the Journal of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology, which is a very credible source used throughout the psychology field.
Velting, D. M., Rathus, J. H. and Miller, A. L. (2000), MACI Personality Scale Profiles Of
Depressed Adolescent Suicide Attempters: A Pilot Study. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 56(10), 1381-1385. doi:10.1002/1097-4679(200010)56:10<1381:AIDJCLP9>3.0.CO;2-R
This study was fairly short due to it being a pilot study therefore, working as a backbone for anybody who would want to do further research. The main focus on this study was to examine the extent to which certain Millon Adolescent Clinical Inventory (MACI) personality scaled discriminates depressed adolescents (specifically clinically referred) with or without history of suicide attempts. This study was conducted due to lack of research with this topic on adolescents. One important aspect of this study was the participants. They were all mainly a part of a non-white minority, therefore making this a limitation. Although this is considered a limitation it can work as a cross-reference to other studies conducted on minorities (such as Blumentritt and VanVoorhis). I believe this is more helpful and should not be considered a limitation, especially since the MACI has thousands of studies that have participants being mainly white. Therefore, I will use this source as a way to further emphasize the importance the MACI and minorities. The results came out as expected, such as suicide attempters obtaining a higher score on the forceful and borderline scales, therefore showing that the MACI could be used as a form of discriminating depressed adolescents. This could also be cross-referenced with other studies that involves MACI personality scales and specific adolescent groups. As stated before, this source can be used a cross-reference due to it being a pilot study and can’t be considered a full study. This pilot study came from the Journal of Clinical Psychology, which is a credible source used throughout the psychology field.