Overview
The sole objective of the process is to minimize future road accident occurrence and severity once the scheme has been built and the road comes into use. The identification of potential safety hazards on new road project at the appropriate Type, so that they can be eliminated or otherwise treated to mitigate their adverse effect at minimum cost .To decrease the rate of accidents at a particular location. The identification of potential safety hazards features of an existing road so that they can be eliminated or otherwise treated before they become accident prone location.
Road safety audit is formal procedure for assessing accident potential and safety performance in the provision of new road schemes, the improvement and rehabilitation of existing road & in maintenance of roads. The role of auditor is to provide independent advice in the form of written recommendations. The designer or client then considers the advice and formal decision is made by them on whether or not to adopt each of the recommended safety alterations. The primary role of audit team is to identify the potential problems of a highway project by conducting the site inspection & collecting data from various agencies.
Chapter-1 INTRODUCTION
Road Safety Audit (RSA) is a formal procedure for assessing accident potential and safety performance in the provision of new road schemes and schemes for the improvement and maintenance of existing roads.
Road safety audit procedures were developed in 1989 by British traffic engineers and evolved from a tool used by railway engineers to examine safety issues on railways. RSA’s were soon adopted by Australia, New Zealand, Denmark, and many other developed countries in the early 1990s (FHWA 2009a). The development of the road safety audit procedures was refined before adoption by the American transportation community. In 1996, the FHWA sponsored a tour of Australia and New Zealand to study their road safety audit programs to learn strategies on how to implement road safety audits in the United States. From the lessons learned, FHWA sponsored a road safety audit workshop in St. Louis to develop procedures to be used in the road safety audit pilot program. The first pilot program included thirteen states and provided a basis for use of road safety audits in the United States (Wilson and Lipinski 2004). As road safety audits have gained popularity in the United States they have also gained recognition and acceptance in other parts of the world. The Asian Development Bank, in collaboration with United Nations Economic Commission for Europe and the World Bank, has recently sponsored the use of road safety audits and have a published their own toolkit to be used in conducting a road safety audit (ADB 2003). Countries around world are starting to realize the low cost tool of saving lives. There are two different RSA processes that can be used. The first one is the traditional RSA that looks at projects before they are built or operational, Pietrucha et al. (2001) described a road safety audit as a process where a team of experts attempts to 9 identify features of the roadway operating environment as potentially dangerous and work to eliminate or change those features in different parts of the design process. The other RSA process used and the process that is used throughout this research is called Road Safety Audit Reviews (RSARs) and can be defined as “an evaluation of an existing roadway section by an independent team, focusing solely upon safety issues” (Wilson and Lipinski 2004). Most states DOTs have reactive safety programs that focus on highcrash locations or have black spot treatment programs. RSARs are different in that they are proactive in nature and use crash data when available but are not dependent on it. RSARs focuses more on safety issues associated with the roadway, all road users, operating under all environmental conditions, and to identify the safety issues associated with the existing facility (Wilson and Lipinski 2004).
1.1. General
A road safety audit is the continuous monitoring of the safety factor of new and existing highway and traffic management scheme, which involve improvement of existing layout. The fundamental goal of road safety audit is to insure that there is less future problems on highway. A accidents are occurs due to collision of two or more vehicles, cyclist and vehicle, pedestrian and vehicle, fixed object and vehicle, overturned vehicle near public road, etc. in our routine life as the transportation is increasing it will also increase safety issue in this area of extensive research and work. In developing countries like India, the road accidents increasing year by year. So it is necessary to reduce road accident and work towards the road safety. To apply the road safety audit in real life, the first thing is to know the geometric features of highways.
This accidents will effect of people for a long time. The Gujarat State Road Transport Corporation provides facility of transportation to approximately 24 lakh people every day. Road safety audit provides to assess the road accident and will give the better sa than cure”. For improving road safety audit will the work road on new roads , safety,
Existing road sand therefore the maintenance of the existing road. Road safety audit contained the internal part of designing, planning, construction maintenance of road, this will become the compulsory rule for newly road.
In past, there is no priority to road safety audit but now a days India also started believing in the importance of road safety audit .because of this Ministry of Road Transport and Highway sponsored the project Under this project, Manual for Road Safety Audit has been prepared. First Road Safety Audit was carried again by CRRI IN 2000 on Indore Bypass.
1.2 Scope of Road safety audit
India has the second largest road network in the world with over 3 million kms of roads of which 60% are paved. These roads make a vital contribution to India’s economy. On the whole, however, the facilities for the road users fall far behind acceptable standard, leading to a huge death toll resulting from road accidents. In recent times, there has been a growing concern over the road safety problem.
The Road Safety problem in India demands a multidimensional approach. Road Safety Audit is only one important component: Subcontracts India is doing ground breaking work in the following areas:
1.Feasibility/Concept Audit
Feasibility/Concept audits are conducted at an early Type when preliminary design plans may or may not have yet been generated. At this Type the advantages and disadvantages of major elements such as alignments and intersection types are assessed against each other from a safety perspective.
Feasibility/Concept audits are normally conducted for medium to large projects only, but can be of benefit to smaller projects depending on the nature of the works. Why audit at the Feasibility/Concept Type? There is greatest scope for change at these Type Avoids problems that cannot be avoided at a later Type Ensure all road users have been considered in the design
To check that the project fits into the overall environment suitably or whether additional works will be required
2. Preliminary/Functional Type Audit
Preliminary/Functional Design audits occur at a critical Type in the design process where horizontal/vertical alignments, super-elevation, sight lines, intersection layouts, access locations and all road user groups are considered. Site inspections are undertaken at this Type to uncover any unknown existing features that may impact on the works, and to gain a general appreciation of the site conditions in relation to the proposed design. How does Preliminary/Functional Design Type Audit work? Checks that lane widths, batters and general road designs are acceptable at an early Type Checks potential conflict points
Avoids wasting time if only a detailed design is done and it turns up significant issues Checks for potential hazards Checks that all road users have been considered
3. Detailed Design Audit
Detailed Design audits assess the design at a Type when the major conceptual and layout decisions have already been made. They reassess the road design aspects as done in the Preliminary audit, but focus on the final details such as barrier terminations, correct type and placement of signs, batter slopes and table drain profiles, pedestrian facilities, drainage, roadside objects, signals and so on. Site inspections are also undertaken at this Type if they have not already been undertaken at the preliminary Type. Why undertake a Detailed Design Type Audit? It is the last chance to make alterations to plans before construction where the cost of changes dramatically increases Check the signing and linemarking
Check that all the details of the road furniture work together and connect well to the conditions of the existing road Check that all road users have been considered
4. Pre-Opening Audit
Pre-Opening audits are a final check to ensure that the road has been built as designed and to identify any safety issues. The new road is assessed in detail, along with its connections to
Existing roads during the day and night. At this Type many of the issues raised can be rectified with only minor modifications. However, this is often dependent on the audit process to this point.
Why undertake a pre-opening audit?
To check for issues that may have been missed through the design process. To check for issues resulting from poor or incorrect construction. To check for issues resulting from genuine mistakes.
It is the last chance to rectify any problems before exposing them to the travelling public
5. Post-Opening Audit
When a post-opening audit is commissioned, normally the project is of a magnitude that has also required a pre-opening audit. The post opening audit checks that issues raised in the pre-opening audit have been adequately addressed, and has a particular emphasis on how all road users are coping with the new road facility and whether any significant operational problems are being observed (above and beyond normal teething issues).
Why undertake a post-opening audit?
To check that issues raised in the pre-opening audit have been satisfactorily addressed
Often not all road features are complete at the time of the pre-opening audit, hence it is also an opportunity to check the completed road To check that traffic is coping adequately with the new road conditions.
6. Existing Conditions Audit
An assessment of an existing road with or without an accident problem, pedestrian environment or building access can be made. Road Safety Audit will adopt the following procedures to identify existing problem areas and potential problem areas based on risk management principles and develop suitable counter measures:
Analyze existing accident problems: Location, time of accident/s, conditions during accident/s Travel the total length of the route to investigate the known accident sites and assess the road in general Assess existing conditions that are potential hazards
Record location of deficiencies and photograph some of the problems identified
Development of suitable counter measures Assessment will be conducted during the day and night
7. Non-Motorized User Audits
Government policy encourages consideration of the needs of non-motorized users and supports efforts to increase safety and accessibility by non-motorized modes.
The non-motorized user audit is defined as: A systematic process applied to Highway Schemes, by which the Design Team identifies scheme objectives for non-motorized users, documents the design decisions affecting non-motorized users, and reviews designs and construction to assess how well objectives have been achieved.
Non-motorized users are considered to be pedestrians, cyclists and equestrians. Non-motorized user audits require particular consideration to be given to the needs of disabled people, who may use any of these modes or other equipment such as wheelchairs.
8. Construction/Traffic Management Plans Audit
Traffic Management Plans are audited to ensure that traffic will be safely channeled through/past a work site, and to anticipate common driver behaviors that may result from confusion due to the changed conditions. Engineering judgment is often called upon in situations where standards cannot necessarily be met. Expertise in barrier design and application and traffic engineering is also critical at this Type. Following implementation of the Traffic Management Plan, an audit should be undertaken to assess how the plan is operating so that adjustments can be made as soon as possible where site conditions were not anticipated on the plan.
Why undertake a Construction/Traffic Management Audit?
Changed road conditions in a confined space give rise to the potential for crashes
Construction contractors are often not equipped with expertise in traffic management and will miss many subtle but important issues. To check that signs and devices are standard to ensure consistency and clarity for road users To avoid conflicting messages between existing and temporary signs Check that all road users have been considered including road workers, motorists, cyclists and pedestrians Inner city construction sites often require a deviation from the standards in order to proceed due to the absence of space. Careful consideration and judgment is required to determine an acceptable deviation Minimize exposure to legal action in the event of an accident within the work zone.
1.3 Road safety audit Phases
a. Completion of preliminary design, preferably prior to the submission for planning permission
b. Completion of detailed design, usually before the tender documents have been submitted
c. Completion of construction prior to opening (or completion if on a ‘live’ highway)
d. Collision monitoring (12 months and 36 months after opening of the highway scheme)
1.4 Types of Road safety audit
There are four different Types of a Road Safety Audit each forming their own independent report but refer to each other and these are detailed below:-
Type 1
Type 1 Road Safety Audits are undertaken at the completion of preliminary design and where possible, before planning consent is granted. This is the last occasion at which land requirements may be increased and it is therefore essential to consider fully any road safety issues which may have a bearing upon land take before planning consent is granted. At the Road Safety Audit Type 1 all team members shall visit together and examine the existing highway layout or features and where the new highway improvement scheme ties into the existing highway.
Type 1 – Completion of Preliminary Design
• Will the new road drain adequately
• Can all accesses be used safely
• Are horizontal and vertical alignments consistent with required visibility
• Is provision for right turning vehicles required
• Have pedestrian and cycle routes been provided where required
• Are lighting columns located at new junctions and where adjoining existing roads
• Are any road markings proposed at this Type appropriate
Type 2
Type 2 Road Safety Audits are undertaken at completion of the detailed design Type of the works. The Audit Team will be able to consider the layout of junctions, position of signs, carriageway markings, lighting provision and other issues. At the Road Safety Audit Type 2 all team members shall visit together and examine the existing highway layout or features and where the new highway improvement scheme ties into the existing highway.
Type 2 – Completion of Detailed Design
• General basic design principals
• Local alignment
• Visibility
• Junctions layout and visibility
• Non motorized user provision
• Road signs, carriageway markings and lighting
Type 3
The Type 3 Road Safety Audit should be undertaken when the Highway Improvement Scheme is substantially complete and preferably before the works are open to road users. The Audit Team will examine the scheme site during daylight and during the hours of darkness, so hazards particular to night operation can also be identified. The Audit Team Leader shall invite representatives of the Police, the Local Authority and Maintaining Agent to accompany the Audit Team to offer their views for the Type 3 Audit.
Type 3 – Completion of Construction
• The Audit Team should consider whether the design has been properly translated into the scheme as constructed and that no inherent road safety defect has been incorporated into the works.
• Particular attention should be paid to design changes which have occurred during construction.
• Design principles
• Local Alignment
• Visibility
• Junction layouts
• Non motorized user provision
• Road signs, carriageway markings and lighting
Type 4 – (Monitoring)
During the first year a Highway Improvement Scheme is open to traffic, a check should be kept on the number of personal injury collisions that occur, so that any serious problems can be identified and remedial work arranged quickly. Type 4 collision monitoring reports shall be prepared using 12 months and 36 months collision data from the time the scheme became operational.
These reports shall be submitted to the Overseeing Organization. The collision records shall be analyzed in detail to identify:
• Locations at which personal injury collisions have occurred
• Personal injury collisions that appear to arise from similar causes or show common factors.
The analysis should include identification of changes in the incident population in terms of number, types, and other collision variables, and comparisons should be made with control data. Where the Highway Improvement Scheme is an on-line improvement then the collision record before the scheme was built should be compared with the situation after opening. The collision data should be analyzed to identify the influence of problems and recommendations identified at previous audit Types, and any Exception Reports.
If collision records are not sufficiently comprehensive for detailed analysis, the police should be contacted to ascertain the availability of statements and report forms, which could aid the 36-month data analysis.
The collision monitoring reports should identify any road safety problems indicated by the data analysis and observations during any site visits undertaken. The reports should make recommendations for remedial action.
1.5 Objectives
The sole objective of the process is to minimize future road accident occurrence and severity once the scheme has been built and the road comes into use.
• The identification of potential safety hazards on new road project at the appropriate Type, so that they can be eliminated or otherwise treated to mitigate their adverse effect at minimum cost.
• To decrease the rate of accidents at a particular location.
• The identification of potential safety hazards features of an existing road so that they can be eliminated or otherwise treated before they become accident prone location.
Chapter-2 LITERATURE REVIEW
1. ROAD SAFETY AUDIT: AN IDENTIFICATION OF BLACK SPOTS ON BUSY CORRIDOR BETWEEN NAROL- NARODA OF AHMEDABAD CITY
Parikh Vaidehi Ashokbhai, Dr. A.M. Jain
demand for transportation, safety is an issue of major social concern and an area of extensive research work. The rate of accident in developing countries like India increases year by year. An accident is an unplanned and uncontrolled event, which occurred on a road open to a public traffic resulting in personal injury, damages to the property and loss of life in which at least one moving vehicle was involved. The location in a road where the traffic accidents often occur is called a Black Spot. To reduce this adverse effect of transportation the work towards road safety is become necessary now a day. The main objective of this paper is to find out black spots and to understand the importance of road safety audit in the developed as well as in developing country for reducing vulnerability of accident in the main corridor of urban area. For this research paper the study area selected is corridor of Narol to Naroda national highway-Ahmadabad city of Gujarat state.
2. ROAD SAFETY AUDIT FOR FOUR LANE NATIONAL HIGHWAYS
Dr. S. S. Jain, P. K. Singh, Dr. M Parida
Road Safety Audit (RSA) is a formal procedure for assessing accident potential and safety performance of new and existing roads. RSA is an efficient, cost effective and proactive approach to improve road safety. It is proved that RSA has the potential to save lives. The RSA was originated in Great Britain and is well developed in countries like UK, USA ,Australia, New Zealand, Denmark, Canada, Malaysia and Singapore. It is at varying stages of implementation in developing nations like India, South Africa, Thailand and Bangladesh. RSA appears to be an ideal tool for improving road safety in India, as basic and accurate data on accidents have yet to be collected.
3. Road Safety Audit: A Case Study Navsari to Chikhli National Highway 48
Krunal Baraiya, Prof. Nekzad Umrigar, Dr. L. B. ZALA
I found that over 1.3milion people dead by road accident but there is no safety for them in our country. The accidents are linearly increasing. Because of this accidents, peoples loss there life and also it will affect the economically. Due to this accidents people have to suffer by hospital cost or treatment. These accidents can be reduce by road safety audit with involved better safety measure, good serviceability, proper geometric design of a location, traffic signs, signals, markings, street lighting, bridges, culverts, proper parking management, removing side obstacles from the road ,etc. Road safety audit will reduce the road accident and increase the life of people. I have collected data of from Navsari CH 00.00km (NH-48) to Chikhli CH 38.00km (NH-48) from police home office for my paper. I have been observed the road accident, condition of road, condition of signal of this road and also I have counted the numbers of different types of vehicle and made the graph regarding to that data. According to that data I have also taken the remedial measurement. On NH-48 where 721 accident in the duration of 2011 to 2015. So measure to reduce road accidents and road audit at the stretch has been shown. Keywords
4. Research Paper on the Road Safety Audit and a Case Study on Kaithal-Kurukshetra Road Haryana, India
Hitesh kumar1, Mrs. Monika2
Road safety audit is formal procedure for assessing potential and safety performance in the provision of new road schemes, the improvement and rehabilitation of existing road and in maintenance of roads. The role of auditor is to provide independent advice in the form of recommendation. The primary role of auditing identifying the potential problems of a highway project by conducting the site inspection and collecting data. The objective of the study in the identification of accident prone areas on the road from FIR, to study the effect of roadway geometrics and traffic conditions on the road and development of statistical relationship between accident and various factors causing accidents. The road selected for the study is Kaithal Kurukhetra, Haryana, India. Accident prone locations are identified by the all analysis.
5. “Road Safety Audit: A Case Study for Wardha Road in Nagpur City”
MANISH.D.KATIYARI, PROF.S.D.GHODMARE M-TECH (TRANS ENG, RESEARCH SCHOLAR)
India has a road network of an estimated 3.3 million km, which carries nearly 65 per cent of freight and 85 per cent of passenger traffic. The road traffic is estimated to be growing at an annual rate of 7-10 per cent, while the vehicle population is growing at a rate of 12 per cent per year. A Road Safety Audit (RSA) qualitatively estimates and reports on potential road safety issues and identifies opportunities for improvements in safety for all road users. The Road Safety Audit consists of safety principles to the design of a new or a rehabilitated road section, to prevent frequent occurrence of accidents or to reduce their severity. In this project analysis of one of the major arterial street of Nagpur city will be undertaken. The location of interest for the analysis is Wardha Road from Morris College Square to Airport Intersection. The roadway carries considerable amount of traffic throughout the day and it has number of conflict points such as merging of traffic from flyover. A detailed analysis of Wardha Road will be carried out from the point of view of safety and supplemental analysis regarding the traffic growth and accident analysis will also be performed. The project aims to identify deficiencies, developing mitigating strategies, improving public relations,enhancing credibility of the roads and calculating the crash rate of intersection or length of roads. Keywords: Accident, road safety
6. ROAD SAFETY AND ROAD SAFETY AUDIT IN INDIA: A REVIEW
Abdul Rahoof1 , Bipin Kumar Singh2
India is compounding and road traffic wounds (RTI) have been expanding in the course of recent years. A Road Safety Audit (RSA) is a formal technique for evaluating wellbeing execution examination of a current or future road or crossing point by an autonomous review group. Road wellbeing reviews can be utilized as a part of any period of venture advancement from arranging and preparatory building, configuration and development. RSAs can likewise be utilized on any estimated venture from minor rustic roads to between state National Highways. RSAs can be seen as a proactive minimal effort way to deal with enhance wellbeing. In this paper we review the concept of the road safety audit and its stages.
Chapter-3 METHODOLOGY
1.In carrying out the safety audit of the road project following methodology was adopted, the sequence of steps are as shown in Figure .
• The Information relating to the design standards adopted for the road project was obtained from NHAI.
• Detailed engineering drawings of the road were requested from the NHAI in form of hard as well as soft copies to get an idea of the project from the point of adequacy in design. Road Safety Audit of National Highways in India at Construction Stage Dr. Kayitha Ravinder & Dr Jakkula Nataraju 13th WCTR, July 15-18,2013 – Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 4
• Field visits were made by driving / walking along the project road to appreciate other physical and environmental features that required special attention from the point of view of safety during day time as well as night time. Some typical aspects studied include pedestrians, roadside developments and sociological aspects which needed special attention focusing on provision of appropriate facilities. RSA Checklists (IRC-SP-88:2010) was taken to ensure that problems and situations that can affect the road safety at the desired stage of road safety audit have been taken into consideration. These checklists broadly covered the aspects like
Fig.: Methodology adopted for Road Safety Audit at Pre-opening stage Whether information regarding the construction zone approaching has been provided well in advance or not.
• Whether standard procedure and contract conditions provided for proper management of the construction site and road users are properly and safely accommodated.
• Whether the transitions from the existing road to the road works safe and clearly laid out.
• Whether the width of the lanes is satisfactory for the traffic passing through the works area. • Whether sight and stopping distances adequate at works and at intersections.
• Whether bus stops appropriately located with adequate clearance from the traffic lane for safety and visibility.
• Whether appropriate street lighting or other delineation provided at the road works to ensure that the site is safe at night. Check the night time visibility of traffic control devices.
Check for proper education and training programmed for site operators and managers, which would assist in creating and maintaining safer environment for construction workers and road users.
• For clear and sufficient information to the road user, advance warning signs installed or not.
• Is there any provision of marked lanes for safe and clearly guiding road users.
• Whether suitable measures provided through construction zones to control driver behavior.
• Check for the adequacy of traffic control devices (such as signs, markings, cones, drums, delineators, barricades, flashing lights etc.) required for each zone i.e., at advance warning zone, at approach transition zone and at work zone? Check for placement and visibility of these control devices.
• Has permission been taken while changing the standard layouts from safety point of view.
• Whether police and other emergency services been consulted. Appropriate recommendations / remedial measures for the identified safety deficiencies during the construction stage was provided or not, was checked conforming to IRC-SP88:2010. However, some of the important safety audit observations at construction stage have been discussed in the subsequent sections in brief.
2. Safety Audit can be applied to a) New Roads b) Existing / constructed Roads. On new roads or roads to be improved or built, the audit will lead to identification of accident prone situations and on existing or already constructed roads, the audit will suggest appropriate mitigation measures to reduce the possibility of accidents.
Road Safety Audit (RSU) basically comprises of three (3) Stages:
Stage 1 – Audit during design and planning
Stage 2 – Audit during Construction
Stage 3 – Audit after the completion of the project
In the present context, since Stage 1 (design and planning) has been completed in most of the stretches, an audit in real terms is not possible. However, the designers can best identify the shortfall in the designs and the reasons thereof. Hence the requirement of ‘Non compliance report for rural roads design’ should be completed by the PIUs/PICs.
Stage 2 is generally carried out during construction as temporary measure on high volume highways / roads in urban area, and is not essential for low volume ODR’s. However, the PIUs/PIC’s (as it requires continuous monitoring, considered to be beyond the scope of PMC) may carryout such an audit based on IRC SP 55-2001.
Stage 3 is carried out in completed stage of the project and PIUs/PIC’s who are at site, should carrying out the same for the entire completed road stretch as per the Format provided for ‘Non Compliance Report For Rural Roads After Completion’.
The RSA would be based on the above feedback from PICs, and Site Reconnaissance, wherever completed, and required mitigation measures may be implemented.