Communicable disease information sheet
July 7th, 2018
Author:
Kinjalben Patel
MEASLES
Measles is a highly contagious viral infection with a rash erupting all over the body accompanied by a high fever.
• Severe measles is more possible among malnourished young children, especially those with deficient vitamin-A.
• Around 3/10 people with measles spread one or more complication including Pneumonia, ear infection or diarrhea.
• Measles is still common in numerous developing countries, particularly in parts of Africa and Asia.
Mode of transmission
➢ Measles is transmitted via nose, mouth or throat of infected person.
➢ Patients are contagious from 4days before rash appears to 4days after rash appears
➢ The virus remains in the air for 2 hours after it is expelled from the body
Sign and symptoms
➢ High fever
➢ Runny nose
➢ Cough
➢ Red eyes (conjuctivitis)
➢ Rash
➢ Sore throat
➢ Light sensitivity
➢ The most serious complications include blindness, encephalitis and dehydration.
Diagnosis
➢ Samples of oral fluid for serological and viral RNA testing
Management and prevention
➢ Drink plenty of fluid
➢ Pain killer to relieve symptoms
➢ Avoid contact with people for 4days after rash appears, for example- school, meeting
➢ May prescribed antibiotic for conjunctivitis
➢ Have all rounds of vaccine
Vaccine schedule
➢ First dose between 12 & 15 months of age
➢ Second dose between ages 4-6 or at list 28days after the first dose
➢ Adults with no evidence of immunity should get at list one dose
Global eradication of measles
➢ Three biological criteria are important for disease eradication:
1. Humans are only pathogen reservoir
2. Accurate diagnosis tests
3. Vaccination should available at resendable cost
TETANUS
Tetanus is an infection caused by bacterium clostridium tetani characterized by muscle spasms.
• The bacteria generally gain access through a break in the skin such as a cut or puncture wound by a contaminated object.
• Bacteria normally found in soil, saliva, dust and manure.
• Incubation period of tetanus may be up to several months, but is typically about ten days.
• The disease develop mostly in persons non immunized.
• Mostly in hot, damp climates with soil rich in organic matter.
Sign and symptoms
➢ Muscle spasms
➢ Fever
➢ Headache
➢ Sweating
➢ Trouble swallowing
➢ High blood pressure
➢ Fast heart rate
Diagnosis
➢ Diagnosis is based on clinical features
Management and prevention
➢ Infection can be inhibited by proper immunization with the tetanus vaccine.
➢ Anti-biotic
➢ Muscle stimulative may be used to control spasms.
➢ Benzodiazepines
➢ Mechanical ventilation may be required it a person’s breathing is affected.
➢ Supportive care
Vaccine schedule
➢ During childhood five doses are recommended, sixth given during adulthood.
➢ Adult should receive a booster dose every ten year.
➢ Women who are pregnant should up to date with their tetanus immunization, if not, immunizing them Can prevent neonatal tetanus.
Rubella
Rubella as an infection caused by rubella virus.
➢ It is also known as German measles
➢ Rash normally start on the face and spread to the rest of the body.
➢ Rubella is usually spread via the air through coughs of people who are infected.
Sign and symptoms
➢ Swollen lymph nodes
➢ Itchiness / rush
➢ Fever
➢ Sore throat
➢ Fatigue
➢ Joint pain
➢ Testicular swelling
➢ Inflammation of nerves
➢ Infection during early pregnancy may result in miscarriage, cataracts, deafness or heart problem.
Diagnosis
➢ Diagnosis is definite by discover the virus in blood, throat, and urine.
Management and prevention
➢ Rubella is preventable with rubella vaccine.
➢ It is given in combination with measles and mumps vaccine. Known as MMR vaccine.
➢ WHO recommends first dose be given at 12-18 months of age with second dose 36 months.
➢ Use of MMR vaccine is not recommended during pregnancy.
➢ Susceptible pregnant women should be vaccinated soon as soon possible after delivery.
➢ But symptoms can be manage to diminish comfort.
Vaccine schedule
➢ First dose of vaccine between 9-12 months of age and second dose offend given mixed with measles vaccine.
➢ Group of women with childbearing age can be vaccinated.
References:
1. Atkinson, William (2011). Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases (12 ed.). Public Health Foundation. pp. 301–323. ISBN 9780983263135. Archived from the original on 2017-05-01. Retrieved 2017-05-05.
2. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Lambert, N; Strebel, P; Orenstein, W; Icenogle, J; Poland, GA (7 January 2015). "Rubella". Lancet. 385: 2297–307. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60539-0. PMC 4514442 . PMID 25576992.
3. ^ Jump up to:a b "Rubella (German Measles, Three-Day Measles)". cdc.gov. December 17, 2014. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 30 March 2015.
4. Jump up^ Neighbors, M; Tannehill-Jones, R (2010). "Childhood diseases and disorders". Human diseases (3rd ed.). Clifton Park, New York: Delmar, Cengage Learning. pp. 457–79. ISBN 978-1-4354-2751-8.
5. ^ Jump up to:a b "Rubella vaccines: WHO position paper" (PDF). Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 86 (29): 301–16. 15 July 2011. PMID 21766537. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 June 2015.
6. Atkinson, William (May 2012). Tetanus Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases (12 ed.). Public Health Foundation. pp. 291–300. ISBN 9780983263135. Archived from the original on 13 February 2015. Retrieved 12 February 2015.
7. ^ Jump up to:a b c "Tetanus Causes and Transmission". www.cdc.gov. January 9, 2013. Archivedfrom the original on 12 February 2015. Retrieved 12 February 2015.
8. ^ Jump up to:a b c d "Tetanus For Clinicians". cdc.gov. January 9, 2013. Archived from the original on 12 February 2015. Retrieved 12 February 2015.
9. Milner, Danny A. (2015). Diagnostic Pathology: Infectious Diseases E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 24. ISBN 9780323400374. Archived from the original on 2017-09-08.
10. ^ Jump up to:a b Stanley, Jacqueline (2002). Essentials of Immunology & Serology. Cengage Learning. p. 323. ISBN 076681064X. Archived from the original on 2017-09-08.
11. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f Caserta, MT, ed. (September 2013). "Measles". Merck Manual Professional. Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp. Archived from the original on 23 March 2014. Retrieved 23 March 2014.
12. Jump up^ "Pinkbook Measles". www.cdc.gov. 24 July 2015. Retrieved 25 November 2017.