Lily Price
HOTA Summer Work Assignment
The First Nations Peoples of Canada have received more fair opportunities from the Canadian government when compared to the United States Native Americans. Assess the validity of the statement.
1.
https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/aboriginal-people-government-policy/
Taylor, John Leonard. “Indigenous Peoples and Government Policy in Canada.” The Canadian Encyclopedia.
T: This article is discussing the history of the relationship between the First Nations Peoples of Canada and the Canadian government. The article shows the advancement of policy and government involvement in indigenous people’s affairs. It goes into detail describing both the governmental agencies and policies put into place over time regarding indigenous peoples. The shifts from colonization to encouraging self governance are shown.
O: This article comes from the canadian encyclopedia which is funded by the government of Canada. It was originally published in 2006 but the last edit was in 2016. The purpose is to educate the public on the history of the relationship between the indigenous peoples and government of Canada, specifically pertaining to rights and property. The article clearly shows the opportunities and policies regarding indigenous peoples and the government of Canada which helps one to answer the question by giving background on the subjects. The article has value as it gives specific information and context to the history of the First Nations Peoples of Canada. The limitation within this source is it exclusively discusses the relationship within Canada and there is no information regarding the relations in the United States.
M: This source is a New Social History source as it was written in 2006 and focuses on the experiences of common people in opposed to those directly in places and positions of power at the time.
A: The argument is not explicit but the author is discussing how indigenous people’s policy in Canada has meant “Indian Policy”. Another argument the author shows is the government’s initial stance on indigenous peoples coming from a colonizational time. Opposingly, since the late 1960s, the government has switched to a stance of self-determination. This shows the evolution of the Canadian government regarding indigenous peoples over time.
S: The argument within this source can be discovered through comparing the amount of policy and protections/opportunities given to The First Nations Peoples of Canada versus given to The Native Americans of the United States. The policy within Canada can be compared to that within the United States and show the viewpoint of the country’s government during a particular time. By having an extensive timeline of the relations in Canada, you can better articulate an argument comparing this country to the United States.
2.
https://www.oyez.org/cases/1900-1940/187us553
“Lone Wolf vs. Hitchcock.” Oyez.
T: This is a court case between the United States Government and the Kiowa chief Lone Wolf. This case was argued in 1902 and a decision was made in 1903. The court case held that the United States government had a right to repeal treaty obligations between them and Native American tribes.
O: This court case comes from the early 1900s in the United States. The case is between the US government and the chief of a Native American tribe. The chief claimed the US government had violated the terms of a treaty between the two parties. The purpose of this court case was to bring justice to the Native Americans who claimed the government had unjustly taken their land from them. This court case shows the United States Government’s discrimination and supremacist actions toward Native Americans. By claiming the terms of a treaty can be violated, the government does not treat Native American tribes as equal partners. The value of this source is it clearly shows the US Government’s perspective during the early 1900s regarding Native American affairs. This court case also provides the perspective of a Native American during this time. The limitation of this source is that it is purely American and has no reference or comparison to Canada at this time.
M: This a Nationalist source as the court case occurred in the early 1900s. Also, the government at this time had clear motives to pursue their own agenda of Manifest Destiny at the cost of the Native Americans.
A: The argument this source is making is the US Government has a right to violate the terms and agreements within treaties between the government and the Native Americans. This was done in order to unjustly take over native lands and exploit them for resources. The Native Americans were arguing against this.
S: This source is important as it explicitly depicts the perspective of both the US Government and Native Americans during the early 1900s which can then be compared to that of the Canadian Government.
3.
http://www.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/eng/1360948213124/1360948312708
Northern Affairs Canada. “The Numbered Treaties (1871-1921).” Government of Canada; Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada, 4 June 2013.
T: This article discusses the Numbered Treaties that occured between the Canadian Government (Monarchy) and The First Nations peoples from 1871-1921. These treaties allowed the government to settle and take resources from indigenous land in modern day Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, Saskatchewan, and the Northwest Territories.
O: This article comes from the Canadian Government’s website. The specific treaties were put into place by the various monarchs in Canada at the time. The purpose of the source is to inform the public of various treaties. The specific treaty’s purpose was to allow the Canadian Government to take the land of The First Nations peoples in order to make settlements and extract resources. The treaties claimed the Government had an agreement with the First Nations peoples. However, presently it can be observed that these treaties were not an agreement between equal partners. This shows the Canadian Government’s position of power over the indigenous peoples. This source is valuable as it depicts the motives of the Canadian Government during this time. Additionally, it makes a comparison between the Canada and The US. The comparison being both countries had an interest in expanding their territories west. The limitation of this article is there is a lack of the First Nations peoples’ perspective during this specific time period in Canada.
M: This a Nationalist source as it emphasizes Canada’s intention to explore and settle westward at the cost of the indigenous peoples. The country pursuing the concept of Manifest Destiny during the late 1800s
A: The argument being made is the Canadian Government’s motive in making this treaty and pursuing the First Nations peoples’ lands was for settlement and resources. The Canadian government, fearing rapid US expansion, looked to move west quickly, seizing many of the indigenous peoples’ lands.
S: This source is important as it shows the Canadian Government had similar interests and motives as the US government. Both countries sought to expand west as fast as possible. In this process, the indigenous peoples were exploited and robbed of their native homelands and their respective resources.
4.
http://minorityrights.org/directory/
“Directory.” Minority Rights Group.
T: This source discusses the current state and standard of living for various minority groups all over the world. There are specific statistics regarding both First Nations and Native Americans. These statistics are for current US and Canada.
O: This source comes from the Minority Rights Group. They aim to bring attention to problems plaguing minority groups across the world including the First Nations Peoples of Canada and Native Americans in the US. The purpose of the website is to provide statistics regarding present times and also provide historical context including the development of these nations and the roles the minorities had in it. These statistics and historical background help the reader to compare and contrast the First Nations and Native Americans. This including the opportunities they possessed. This source has value as it is specifically focusing on the lives of the First Nations and Native Americans rather than coming from a federal government perspective. The limitations of this source is it is from a UK based group. In addition, there are not primary sources.
M: This is a New Social History source. This source emphasizes the problems minorities and common people within the country are facing. Also, the indigenous peoples’ roles in the development of the countries.
A: The argument being made in this source is minorities specifically in this case First Nations and Native Americans face a lower standard of living within countries dominated by White Americans. This source describes various legislation and experiences each individual indigenous group has faced in their respective countries,
S: This source is important as it provides statistics and historical background on both First Nations peoples of Canada and Native Americans. This information can be compared within the two indigenous peoples groups. This information can be used to decide which country’s government has provided more opportunities to either group.
5.
https://www.justice.gov/otj/about-native-americans
“About Native Americans.” The United States Department of Justice, 17 June 2014, www.justice.gov/otj/about-native-americans.
T: This article comes from the Department of Justice in the United States. It is discussing the current relationship between the United States Government and Native American Tribes. As well, it describes what a Federally Recognized Tribe means today.
O: This article comes directly from the United States Government specifically the Department of Justice. It was last updated 2014 so it is a relatively up to date source for the present day. The purpose of this source is to inform the public on the current relationship between the US Government and Native American Tribes. They describe this relationship as “government to government”, describing the tribes to have powers of self-government. This shows the Government to see tribes as being a separate entity and partly self-governing. The value of this article is it clearly depicts how the United States Government sees their relationship with the Native Americans. The limitation of this source is since it is directly from the United States Government, it lacks the viewpoint or perspective of Native Americans themselves. Additionally, this is a purely American source and lacks any information regarding the relationship between indigenous peoples and the federal government in Canada.
M: This is Neo Whig/Republican source as the government views the relationship between Native Americans and The US Government as government to government. It does not mention the low standard of living for Native Americans or the rates of violence and discrimination they face.
A: The argument this source is making is that the relationship between Native Americans and the US Government is government to government. They claim the US Government to have a strong relationship and Native American tribes to have a fair stake in US politics and government.
S: This source is important as it shows the US Government’s perspective on its relationship with Native Americans today. This source depicts Native Americans as having a fair stake and many opportunities in today’s politics despite the lack of Native Americans in the US Government at the federal level.
6.
https://mn.gov/indianaffairs/tribes_whiteearth.html
“Tribes: White Earth.” Minnesota Department of Human Services.
T: This is discussing various acts by the United States Government regarding Native Americans. Specifically, The Nelson Act of 1889 which relocated Native Americans to the White Earth Reservation so the government could exploit their lands for resources. These resources being given to European Americans.
O: This Act was signed during Grover Cleveland’s presidency in early 1889. This Act directly affected Native Americans in Minnesota, relocating them from their home lands to a reservation. The purpose of this Act was to relocate Native Americans in order to open their lands for use by European Americans. This Act shows the United States Government’s motives in relocating Native Americans. The Government had an interest in relocation in order to exploit the lands for resources. The value of this Act is it gives the viewpoint of the United States Government during this time period and gives the reader insight into their motives. Adversely, the limitation is there is not a viewpoint of the Native Americans themselves. Also, this source is purely American and does not reference Canada.
M: This a Nationalist source as the Act was put into effect in the late 1800s. Additionally, it promotes the agendas of white European Americans rather than the Native Americans.
A: The argument being made by this Act is that the United States Government has a right and interest in relocating Native Americans to reservations as their land provides valuable resources for the Government. The underlying message of the Act is that the resources and land the Native Americans possess should be used by European Americans instead.
S: This source is important as it clearly displays the United States Government’s interest in promoting the lives of European Americans over Native Americans. The Government was not providing opportunities to Native Americans but rather stripping them from their homes and forcibly relocating them.
7.
https://www.canada.ca/en/canadian-heritage/services/rights-indigenous-peoples.html
Heritage, Canadian. “Indigenous Peoples and Human Rights.” Canada.ca, 25 Oct. 2017.
T: This article comes from the Canadian Government’s website and discusses the current governmental protections Indigenous peoples have. It describes anti-discrimination legislation currently in place in Canada for the Indigenous peoples.
O: This source was published directly by the Canadian Government in order to show the legislation in place for Indigenous peoples. The purpose of this source is to describe anti-discrimination Acts and Charters in Canada. This source contains specific legislation as well as edits and revisions made to them by the Canadian Government. The value of this source is that it shows specific efforts made by the Government of Canada to reduce discrimination and improve the standard of living for Indigenous peoples including the First Nations Peoples of Canada. The limitation of this article is it is from the Canadian Government and does not possess a Indigenous or First Nations perspective. Additionally, it is purely about legislation in Canada and does not have information about legislation in the United States.
M: This is a New Social source as it is from the present time and describes efforts to improve the lives of common people despite the source coming directly from the Canadian Government.
A: The argument being made in this source is that the Canadian government has written legislation and made particular efforts to reduce discrimination and improve the lives of Indigenous Peoples in Canada. The article was created to show the Canadian Government is attempting to provide Indigenous Peoples with more opportunities.
S: This source is important as it shows specific legislation made by the Canadian Government. This can be compared to legislation made by the United States Government to show the efforts made by the government for The First Nations Peoples of Canada versus the Native Americans of the United States.
8.
http://www.chrc-ccdp.gc.ca/eng/content/indigenous-peoples
“Indigenous Rights.” Canadian Human Rights Commission / Commission Canadienne Des Droits De La Personne.
T: This source describes the various problems facing indigenous peoples in Canada today. There are discrepancies between the treatment of Indigenous peoples and other citizens of Canada. It also specifically describes the challenges facing Indigenous youth and women.
O: This source comes from the Canadian Human Rights Commision. The Commision aims to improve the living standards for minorities in Canada. This specific article pertains to the problems still plaguing Indigenous communities today in Canada. The purpose of this source is to draw attention to particular problems and discriminatory behavior Indigenous peoples suffer through. They are also calling attention to the efforts being made to fix these problems and discrepancies. The value of this source is it gives statistics and examples of how Indigenous Peoples in Canada face immense problems, but it also shows the efforts the Canadian Government is making to solve these. The limitations of this source is it only discusses the problems within Canada as it is a Canadian commision, the article makes no reference to the problem Native Americans in the United States face.
M: This is a New Social source as it is from present times and emphasizes the problems and struggles of the under-represented Indigenous Peoples of Canada rather than the viewpoint of the Canadian Government.
A: The argument this source is making is Indigenous peoples in Canada still face many struggles in present day Canada. The author is stating facts that prove Indigenous peoples face high rates of incarceration and violence unlike other Canadian citizens.
S: This source shows that despite efforts of the Canadian Government in the past, Indigenous peoples still deal with discriminatory actions in their lives and they do not possess the same opportunities other Canadians have.
9.
https://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llsl&fileName=004/llsl004.db&recNum=458
“A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774 – 1875.” Hillie John Franz Collection: Veterans History Project (Library of Congress.
T: This Act was signed into action by Andrew Jackson. The treaty allows the president to “grant unsettled lands west of the Mississippi in exchange for Indian lands within existing state borders”. This followed with the forced removal of Native American Tribes from their lands leading to what is now known as the “Trail of Tears”. It is believed 4,000 Cherokee Indians died on this forced march.
O: This Act comes from the United States Government in 1830 under the presidency of Andrew Jackson. At this time in history, the United States was looking to expand their territory. The purpose of this Act was to remove Native Americans from the land in the South and move them to unsettled land in the Western United States. The United States was looking to give the Native American’s land to other Americans. The Act explicitly shows the United States Government’s intent to move Native Americans off their lands and homes in order to use the land to their own advantage. This Act shows the US Government’s viewpoint of Native Americans during this time. This Act is valuable as a source as it shows the supremacist views of the US Government in regard to Native Americans, and the lack of opportunities given to them. The limitation of this treaty is it is from the viewpoint of the US Government. It lacks the viewpoint of a Native American during this time. In Addition, it is purely a document from the United States and does not include Canada.
M: This is a Rationalist source as it is from the early 1800s. This Act emphasizes the principles of the Early United States and the ideas of Manifest Destiny.
A: The argument within this source is that the United States Government has a right to seize the lands of the Native Americans. They also believe they possess the ability to forcibly remove and relocate Native Americans across the country.
S: This source is important as it shows the United States Government’s beliefs during that time and the discriminatory actions they took against the Native Americans. There is a lack of opportunity for Native Americans and thousands were killed during the forced migration.
10.
https://www.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/eng/1307460755710/1307460872523#chp3
Northern Affairs Canada. “First Nations in Canada.” Government of Canada; Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada, 2 May 2017.
T: This source describes the changing relationship between the Canadian Government and the First Nations Peoples from 1820 to 1927. The Canadian Government looked to “civilize” the indigenous peoples in Canada as well as expand their territories westward.
O: This source comes from the Canadian Government specifically Crown-Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada. The purpose of this source is to inform readers of the history of the relationship between the Canadian Government and First Nations. Specifically, focusing on section four regarding 1820 to 1927. This source shows the perspective of the Canadian government during this time. They believed they were more civilized and “above” the indigenous peoples. This combined with the philosophy of Manifest Destiny pushed the Canadian Government to overtake many indigenous lands. The value of this source is it shows the perspective of the Canadian Government which can be compared with that of the US Government at this time. The limitation of this source is it lacks the perspective of the First Nations Peoples of Canada during this time.
M: This a current source but the Acts described within are Nationalist. The canadian government sought to “civilize” indigenous peoples and expand west at the cost of the First Nations peoples. There was little regard for their lives.
A: The argument being made in this source is similar to that of the United States at this time. The Government had the mindset that they had a duty to expand westward overtaking indigenous lands without regard.
S: This source is important as it shows that the Canadian Government and the United States government had a similar perspective during the 19th century.