International migration is a common phenomenon in modern society, which influenced by several factors. Some reports indicate that climate change, political and economic conditions drive international migration, and they are independently affecting migration. The structure of the essay is regarding to three factors. It argues that all factors have impacts on migration, not caused by an independent factor, but by three interrelated factors. Climate change drives international migration mostly, and economic and political conditions also exert impacts on it. To be more clarify, although climate change affects migration, some people migrate is not due to climate conditions, but relating to other factor.
Some recent researches report that extreme climate exerts influence on agriculture and residence that contributes to migration. According to Foresight (2011, p.2), drought or other extreme climate can decrease productivity. A study of Southwest Mexico illustrates that some countryside farmers relay on rain-fed agriculture. Therefore reducing in rainfall relating to increasing from migration in America (Munshi, 2003, p.10). To be more specific, some migrants move from rural to urban due to losses for climate change, but more importantly, they want to get better education and health services from developing area which relating to policy (Saunders 2011, p.2). In addition, slightly higher temperature from some seasonal region will cause decreasing in productivity (Parry et al., 2007, p. 12). if the temperature increases by 3°C or above, global productivity will reduce (Parry et al., 2007, p. 12). Apart from that, ecosystem problem is an obvious factor that can cause migration. Parry et al (2007, p.12) points out that changing in carbon dioxide in atmosphere cause ocean acidification, corals, crabs, squids, marine snails, clams and oysters can be affected. Also some costal region including deltas, which are low costal urban areas might be suffering from subsidence and tropical storm landfall (Parry et al., 2007 p. 12).
However, climate change cannot cause migration in some financial situations. another report by Foresight (2011, p.4) and Piguet et al. (2011, p4) shows that some areas such as low-lying cities in costal region and deltas have already adapted to this unstable climate due to the frequent exposure to this weather. Therefore climate change in these places might not be a reason why people migrate.. Aside from that, although some people are suffering from climate, they are still unable to migrate due to poverty so they do not have ability to pay a huge amount of migration expense (Castles, 2000; De Hann, 2000; Skeldon, 2002, p, 9). In this case, the climatic factor is not a factor affecting immigration, but economic factors have formed.
Apart from climate change, economic conditions give a large impact on migration, which shows on people who migrate depend on income and countries’ conditions. According to Castles, S (2013, p1), an essential factor that influences migration is economics integration. Also large fluctuation in salary may cause migration. A report written by Simpson, N (2011, p.18) indicates that when the income gap between origin countries and host countries increase, there are more possibility people migrates from low-income countries to high-income and vice versa. Therefore, if the interest gains from migration are not as high as people thought, the migration rate will reduce (Simpson, N, 2017, p.18). In addition, if there are many fluctuations on incomes, workers are more willing to have a stable job with stable income, which might cause migration (Simpson, N, 2017, p.18). Some countries appear to have inequality on income, especially for people who have high- skilled jobs and low-skilled jobs (Simpson, N, 2017, p.18). This situation can be push of migration. Meanwhile, migrants who have high level of education might back to those countries that have better returned (Simpson, N 2017, p.18). A recent report illustrates that high tax rate can decrease the actual income, which reduce the migration rates in some countries that have high tax rate (Geis et al., 2013, p.19). The report also mentions that high cost of tax on purchasing in host countries might obstacle the migration rate because of increasing in migration cost, which also limited people who are looking for investment (Clark et al., 2007 and Beine et al., 2011, p.19). According to Castles. S (2013, p.2), seeking a better place to live and work is one of the motivations on migration. Moreover, from the same report, it mentions that a majority of migrants have middle-income, and they can bear the migration cost (Castles. S, 2013, p.2). This part of people sometimes migrates because they have limited opportunity in origin countries (Castles. S, 2013, p.2). And exchange rate relating to income also affects migration (Simpson, N, p.21). Apart from income, unemployment rate is one of the reasons they migrate from their countries, and they want to go a country with low unemployment rate (Hunt, 2006, p20). On countries conditions perspective, people who migrate from LDCs (low development countries) to MDCs (more development countries) become more popular than before (Castles, S., 2013, p.13).
Nevertheless, some economics factors can be related to climate change. For instance, food shortage increases the price; some people cannot bear the high price (Burkina Faso of Henry et al., 2004 and Mali of Findley, 1994, p.10). Thus, economics also affects migration, and climate change is relating to some economics factors.
Political conditions cannot be ignoring mainly reflect in political conflict and nation’s policy affects migration. One evident shows that social and culture conditions also influenced migration (Skeldon, 2006, p.1). In addition, tax and other welfare from origin countries is not promoting the migration (Clark et al., 2007 and Beine et al., 2011, p19). Yet, insurance from host countries can boost migration. A report points out that people migrate to host countries in order to get better insurance (Clark et al., 2007 and Beine et al., 2011, p.19). Also if the health care and education system are more attractive, people are much more willing to migrate into the countries (Clark et al., 2007 and Beine et al., 2011, p.19). Some people migrate because their child’s education, so if the government has an outstanding and generous education or helping system, the migration rate will increase undoubtedly (Clark et al., 2007 and Beine et al., 2011, p.19). Apart from that, war is one of the main reasons that people migrate. Issue causing by war is that Political regimes depressing people, and people afraid of political persecution, which forcing them to leave from their countries (Hatton and Williamson，2011, p.20). There are some people who refuse to embezzle or corrupt has been forcing to leave from their home, too (Hatton and Williamson，2011, p21). However, similar to poor people who is suffering from climate change, poor people is not capable migrate to other countries due to financial problem. Therefore, political conditions exert impact on migration.
In conclusion, all three factors including climate change, economic and political conditions can influence migration, and three factors bind together so they are not very independent. Generally, climate change causes nature disasters, which gives rise to affecting on agriculture, farmers or residents’ lives. And these impacts cause migration. On economics aspect, difference and gap in income, job opportunity and countries’ conditions cause migration. At last, political conditions mainly affect migration via political conflict and nation’s policies, such as war and insurance welfare.