1.Absreact
This research focuses on Althammeh dialects , as that Althammeh dialects are different from Hijazi dialect and others of dialects in KSA ,the difference in phonological aspects . The problem of this study is substitution in the phonetic letters . The purpose of this study is recognition this the color of the dialects that surrounded by sounds and linguistic differences between the monolingual dialects. The importance of the study ,the researcher finds that this study aims to find out the phonetic phenomena of Tihama tribes dialects . The methodology that we took samples of teachers group aged (30-35) and old men group aged (50-70). It is expected to this research will help a lot of community members in the identification of this dialects and maintain on its authenticity .
2.Introduction
Dialects are science of language sciences ,although it did not mention among the ancient sciences and it is a branch of sociolinguistics. Dialectology studies different phenomena and factors that related with language .Dialectologists are focused on properties of phonetics that compatible with geographical distribution basically . It offers scientific analysis of language configuration in Arabic language. Arabic language lacks historical dictionaries .The study completed dialects past and present ,enabling them to discover the laws which goes by the Arab in developed. Also, the study of dialects in our time ,especially for its practical benefits in the military field and intelligence field. The study of contemporary accents reveal to us the facts about the old dialects .
There are several reasons made me doing this research. It is interesting to know the sources of Althammeh dialects .Knowing phonetic aspects in this dialects and keeping in a special dictionary The reasons that made me selecting this topic . The importance of language in a human life .Identifying of the factors that led to the change this dialects ,whether geographical factor ,social factor and political factor.
3.Statement of The Problem
The problem is to change word sound to another sound .For example , the car, it means in Arabic language[ Alssuyarah] . they pronounce this word [Amssuyarah], changing sound l to m. The L sound is lateral they replaced it with m letter that produced by nasal . We observed the previous example that Al in Arabic language is an article. It pronounced Am in certain villages in Tihama. Another example, an orange it means in Arabic language[ Burtagal] they pronounce this word[ Burtaghal] ,changing sound g to gh . We observed the previous example that the g sound is plosive ,It pronounced gh. There are problem in phonological aspects in this dialects.
4. Purpose of The Study
The purpose of the study is maintaining on authenticity this dialects in Tihama. We must know the source of this dialects. Also the purpose of this study distinguishes Althammeh dialects from other dialects. Putting the dictionary for this dialects. Learn a lot about these dialects.
5.Research Question
6-Imortance of The Study
The importance of the study is to correct and treat pronunciation some words from lateral sound into nasal . Also this study aims to characterize this dialects. Identifying the phonological components. Take care of these dialects strengthen the classical language.
7-Literature Review
Sociolinguistics is the descriptive study of the effect of any and all aspects of society, including cultural norms, expectations, and context, on the way language is used, and the effects of language use on society. Sociolinguistics differs from sociology of language in that the focus of sociology of language is the effect of language on the society, while sociolinguistics focuses on the society's effect on language. According to Hudson(1996) sociolinguistics is the study of language in relation to language. Following Downes(1998) echoes it ,sociolinguistics is that branch of linguistics which studies just those properties of language. Building to Gumperz(1971) has observed that sociolinguistics is an attempt to find correlations between social structure and linguistic structure and to observe any changes that occur.
Dialectology is a study of language that focuses on understanding dialects. It is part of a larger group of studies called sociolinguistics, which evaluates the many elements that shape communication in whole cultures or in smaller groups. When dialectologists study language they are principally concerned with identifying how the same language can vary, based on a number of circumstances. This does not simply mean pronunciation changes, but can also mean differences in word choice, spelling and other factors. According to Ilhem(2013) Dialectology has long been stereotyped as a limited scope of research since dialectologists long lived with the prejudice of being data collectors who amused their time to wander in rural meadows and converse with old peoples; and if there was any relationship between dialectology with other disciplines it was of- ten viewed as intricate and sometimes controversial through many classificatory approaches. Following Gumperz (1982a, p. 20) has pointed out, many regions of the world provide plenty of evidence for what he calls ���a bewildering array of language and dialect divisions. Building Haugen (1966a) has pointed out that language and dialect are ambiguous terms.
Al-Mozainy (1981) and Abaalkhail (1998) investigate phonological phenomena such as vowel alternation and syllabification. L+H*] This pitch accent is the most common type of pitch accent in the data produced by HA speakers. This bitonal pitch accent starts from a low point in the speaker���s range to the high point. Chahal (2001) and Hellmuth (2006) to be the most common pitch accent used by Lebanese speakers and Egyptian speakers, respectively. Chahal (2001) recognizes this pitch accent as a most common pitch accent in this Arabic dialect. This pitch accent is not observed in Egyptian Arabic (Hellmuth 2006).
Among older speakers it remains a lateral fricative in Rij��l Alma��� and in ��ayl���abb��n in the Hadramawt (Habtour 1988). There are indications that the non-plosive emphatics may originally have been realized as affricates in some Semitic languages (Steiner 1982). Beside the lateral affricate reflex of *��� in R��zi�����t, a non-pharyngealised /st/ reflex of the emphatic sibilant is attested in a number of north Yemeni dialects (Behnstedt 1987a, 1998) and in Faifi ��� e.g. stayfin ���summer��� (Yahya Asiri p.c.). On the basis of frequent similar sound changes in Egyptian Arabic, Biblical Hebrew and Syriac, Behnstedt (1987a:8���9, 1998, cf. also Steiner 1982) suggests that /st/ may have originally been an affricate *ts which was subject to metathesis, making affrication in these varieties the phonetic correlate of emphasis.
In common with many Yemeni dialects spoken in the Central Highlands ( Na��m 2009), the western mountain range and southern ���As��r, Mehri devoices and pre-glottalises pre-pausal consonants, and post-glottalises pre-pausal vowels ( Watson and Asiri 2007, 2008). Pausal glottalisation in these varieties results in glottalised (ejective) oral stops, pre-glottalised fricatives and pre-glottalised and, at least partially, devoiced sonorants. Examples include: San���ani and Rij��l Alma���: dag����k��� < /dag��g/ ���flour���; Rij��l Alma���: x��lit��� < /x��lid/ ���Khalid [proper noun]���; Mehri: ��ay������� < /��ay��/ ���man���, bi-�����w����l < /bi-�����w��l/ ���firstly���.
8.Methodology
As discussed in section1 , Tihama is located in southern of KSA . It is important place to discover phonological aspects. Before I made questionnaire I did my best to get the phonological aspects used in this dialect. I met some teachers and old men indirect way in some villages . After that choosing six teachers aged (30-35) randomly .Finally with the help of manager he gave me appointment to meet old men from their villages . Some of the participants mentioned above were volunteers and this helped me a lot .
A questionnaire using a descriptive design is proposed for this study. A questionnaire will be included as the date collection method . The questionnaire contains of ten questions. It depends clear and direct questions . Each question has two answers ,the first probability may be correct and second may be wrong. If the first probability was ,do use (g) instead of (gh) (yes or no). This questionnaire was designed six teachers aged (30-35) .I collected some information from old men without any questionnaire but indirect way .I asked old men oral question about Althammeh dialects.
9.Expected Findings
It is expected that ,this research had to concern some phonological aspects in Tihama. It gives a new study to the field of dialectology. It gives reader a new idea about dialects in southern of KSA .It was clear and direct. It is expected will help us to know about this dialect.
This research will interest the phonological aspects of this dialect .This dialects will be maintain for a new generation in Tihama . This dialects were used in TIhama for communicate purpose between each other.This research will add to the knowledge of Saudies about dialects in KSA. It gives readers clear impression about this dialects.