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A KEY RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DIABETES MILLITUS TYPE II WITH ARETHROSCLEROSIS
Abdulsahib S Jubran
Medical Laboratory Techniques Department, the University College of Humanities, Najaf, Iraq
abdalsahebsaad@yahoo.com
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a form of hardening of the blood vessels, caused by fatty deposits and local tissue reaction in the walls of the arteries. Diabetes mellitus is a documented high risk factor for the development of atherosclerosis. Twenty volunteers were participated in this study. In addition to fifteen, apparently healthy persons were selected as a control group. Their age ranges were comparable to that of volunteers. Blood Glucose level, sera Cholesterol level, and sera Triglyceride level were measured spectrophotometrically. Blood Glucose, Cholesterol level, and Triglyceride levels were significantly (p'''0.05) increased in volunteers compared to the control group. Diabetes is a major cause of severe atherosclerosis. High blood glucose is simply high levels of sugar in the blood stream, leading to high Triglyceride, cholesterol and inherited factors.
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Introduction
Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common metabolic disorders. It is a multiple disorders and it is classified into two main types, insulin-dependent and non-insulin dependent, recently identified as a pre-diabetic condition called metabolic syndrome (1). Atherosclerosis is a form of inurement of the blood vessels, produced by fatty pledges and resident tissue reaction in the arteries walls (2). Diabetes mellitus is a recognized highly danger factor for the growth of atherosclerosis, Heart disease and stroke, rising mainly from the belongings of atherosclerosis, reason for 65% of deaths among diabetics (3). Diabetes mellitus type II is related with a noticeable increase in the menace of atherosclerotic diseases, counting coronary heart disease, peripheral arterial disease, and cerebrovascular disease (4). A key factor in the pathogenesis of type II DM is Insulin resistance. Insulin resistance and its associated metabolic irregularities can be cause abundant of the augmented cardiovascular risk of type II DM (5). Among the aberrations related with insulin resistance are dyslipidemia, hypertension systemic inflammation and a prothrombotic state. This discusses the role that each of these complaints plays in the cardiovascular risk of type II DM (6).
Sampling and Methods
This study involved about twenty volunteers, the mean age '' SD was (49.5 '' 5.3) years aged, selected randomly from Al-Sadder Medical City in Al-Najaf Al-Ashraf City, while the control samples were collected from 15 apparently healthy persons aged (44.1 '' 5.9) years aged. The blood samples were taken during morning and fasting. Sera was obtained by allowing blood samples to clot then centrifuged at 2000 xg for 10 minutes. The biochemical parameters measured to include Glucose, HDL-C, and TG.
Determination of Glucose: Glucose oxidized to gluconic acid and hydrogen peroxide by glucose oxidase. Hydrogen peroxide reacts with o-dianisidine in the presence of peroxidase to form a colored product. Oxidized o-dianisidine reacts with sulfuric acid to form a more stable colored product. The intensity of the pink color measured at 540 nm is proportional to the original glucose concentration (7).
Determination of T-Cholesterol: The cholesterol present in the sample originates a colored complex. The intensity of the color formed is proportional to
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cholesterol concentration in the sample Record absorbance at 500nm regent blank reaction color is stable for 1hour (8).
Determination of Triglyceride: Enzymatic hydrolysis of serum triglycerides by lipase generates free fatty acids and glycerol. The glycerol released is phosphorylated by adenosine triphosphate (ATP) forming glycerol-1-phosphate (G-1-P) and adenosine-5'''-diphosphate (ADP) in the reaction catalyzed by glycerol kinase. G-1-P is then oxidized by glycerol phosphate oxidase to dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DAP) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). A quinoeimine dye is produced by the peroxidase-catalyzed coupling of 4- aminoantipyrine (4-AAP) and sodium N-Ethyl-N-(3-sulfopropyl) m-anisidine (ESPA) with H2O2, which shows an absorbance maximum at 540nm. The increase in absorbance at 540nm is directly proportional to glycerol (and triglyceride) concentration of the sample (9).
Results and discussion
The present study investigated the relationship between D.M. type II disorder and Arthrosclerosis disease compared with controls. Age, Glucose, Cholesterol, and TG levels for patients and controls were given in below Table.
The group
Age
Glucose (mg/dL)
Cholesterol (mg/dL)
TG (mg/dL)
Patient
49.5 '' 5.3
156.1 '' 20.3
241 '' 18.0
182.2 '' 38.6
Control
44.1 '' 5.9
86.7 '' 18.1
162.3 '' 10.4
120 '' 12
There is a significant elevation in Glucose, Cholesterol, and TG levels, (P''' 0.05), (P''' 0.05), (P''' 0.05) respectively for patients compared with control group.
The growing of glucose concentrations mentions to Diabetes mellitus which considered by hyperglycemia (10). Adding, there are a promotion of cholesterol and TG in patients compared with controls, which reflect an indicator of Atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is a form of inurement of the blood vessels, produced by fatty pledges
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and confined tissue response in the intima of the arteries (11). Diabetes mellitus consider one of the secondary causes that development of atherosclerosis (12). Heart disease (13) and stroke (14). Additional problems of diabetes, such as sightlessness, gangrene and kidney disease (15), all consume some absence of blood source in their genesis. Common blood vessels have an internal inside layer, called endothelium, that saves blood flowing effortlessly by producing local NO. NO assists to reduce the flat muscles in the walls of the vessels and avert cells from stabbing to the walls (16). A disturbance of this mechanism is supposed to be at the heart of the augmented development of plaques in diabetes. High blood sugar, raised fatty acids and triglycerides principals to tackier walls, hopeful the accessory of cells that yield local tissue retort (17). The tissue reaction additional tricks fluctuating particles and dissimilar blood cells, piling up and inurement the vessel walls (18). Insulin arouses the manufacture of NO by the cells coating the blood vessels (19). In diabetics who are resilient to the activities of insulin, this stimulatory result is missing, ensuing augmented propensities towards plaque creation (20). In the attendance of elevated blood sugar and confrontation to insulin, the coating cells of the blood vessels not only decrease making of NO, they also rise the construction of materials that tighten the blood vessel, further hopeful plaque establishment. The even muscles of the blood vessels are also agitated in diabetes (21). Platelets and clotting factors are also pretentious by the extraordinary blood sugar, fatty acids and free radicals in diabetes (22). The blood cells are much tackier and the factors that constrain clots do not act fine under the atypical conditions of diabetes (23). Specialists once supposed that atherosclerosis, or toughening of the arteries, settled when too much cholesterol blocked arteries with fatty pledges called plaques. When blood vessels developed totally obstructed, heart attacks and strokes happened (24). Now most approve that the body's immune system the reaction to fatty build-up, more than the build-up the situation, makes heart attack risk (25). Immune cells roving with the blood mistake fatty deposits for interlopers, similar to bacteria, homebased in on them, and attack. This reasons inflammation that brands plaques more probable to great, disagreement and cut off blood stream (26). In compare to diabetes, workout and decent diet transport about quicker blood flow through blood vessels. The strength formed by fast, stable blood flow as it slogs along blood vessel walls has been exposed by recent studies to defend arteries from atherosclerosis (27).
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Atherosclerosis can disturb any blood vessel with calamitous belongings to the tissues provided by the vessel complicated. When it involves the arteries providing the heart, it mains to Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) (28). This typically marks in circumstances of angina or heart attacks. Association of other arteries primes to Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD) (29). When it comprises the arteries of the brain, the disorder can product in strokes (30). Passable handling of diabetes with existence alterations has an extremely positive influence, reinstating normal function and dropping plaque creation (31).
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